Timothy James Keller was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, on September 23, 1950, to Louise A. Keller (Clemente)[6] and William B. Keller, a television advertising manager.[7][8][9][10]
In 2008, Keller published his first book since his 1989 report to his denomination on diaconal ministries, Ministries of Mercy. The book, The Reason for God, was based on common objections to the Christian faith heard during his ministry in New York City. The book reached seventh on the New York Times Nonfiction bestseller list.[4]
Redeemer Presbyterian Church grew from 50 people to a total attendance of over 5,000 people each Sunday as of 2008, leading some to call Keller "the most successful Christian evangelist in the city".[16][18] In 2004, Christianity Today praised Redeemer as "one of Manhattan's most vital congregations".[19]
The church's emphasis on young urban professionals, whom Keller believed exhibit disproportionate influence over the culture and its ideas,[20] has given the church an unusual makeup for a US megachurch. The majority of the congregation is made up of single adults; it is also over forty percent Asian-American, and has many congregants working in the arts and financial services. In his preaching, "he hardly shrinks from difficult Christian truths, [but] he sounds different from many of the shrill evangelical voices in the public sphere."[16] Keller often critiqued both political parties and avoided taking public stances on political issues, resulting in a politically centrist church.[21]
Redeemer Presbyterian Church has also founded Hope for New York, a non-profit organization that sends volunteers and grants to over 40 faith-based ministries serving social needs in New York City; the Center for Faith and Work, to train professionals in Christian theology; and Redeemer City to City, to train and fund pastors in New York and other cities.[22]
Keller was a co-founder of The Gospel Coalition, a group of Reformed leaders from around the United States. His mentoring of younger church leaders, such as Scott Sauls[23] in Nashville and Steve Chong[24] in Sydney, increased his influence globally.
On July 1, 2017, Keller stepped down from his role as senior pastor of Redeemer Presbyterian Church. The move was part of a larger vision to shift his efforts from preaching to training the next generation of church leaders and starting new churches in global cities through Redeemer City to City.[25]
Keller shunned the label "evangelical" because of its political and fundamentalist connotation, preferring to call himself orthodox because "he believes in the importance of personal conversion or being 'born again,' and the full authority of the Bible."[16] He identified with Calvinist theology,[26] although he had been critiqued by some in that tradition for his interpretation of its doctrines.[27] He was described as a "doctrine-friendly emerging pastor".[28]
The centerpiece and underpinning of Keller's ministry was his teaching of the doctrine of the gospel, emphasizing the doctrines of total depravity, unmerited grace and substitutionary atonement. This teaching is summarized in his oft-used explanation, "The gospel is this: We are more sinful and flawed in ourselves than we ever dared believe, yet at the very same time we are more loved and accepted in Jesus Christ than we ever dared hope."[29] This understanding of the gospel is contrasted to what Keller called "traditional religion" (which he defines as a set of rules, rituals or actions that enable an individual to earn salvation or favor with God) as well as "irreligion" (which he defines as the belief that there is no God or no need for his favor). This has been referred to as a "gospel third way," or "gospel-centered" approach. Typical of this teaching is his interpretation of the Parable of the Prodigal Son (see The Prodigal God), based on a teaching of one of Keller's mentors, Edmund Clowney.
Keller's preaching and writing in his apologetics is characterized by a respectful orientation towards an educated and skeptical audience outside the faith. His most explicit work on the subject was The Reason for God,[4] which he attributed to thousands of conversations with skeptical New Yorkers over the course of his ministry (Reason, p. xix).
Another central theme in Keller's teaching was idolatry, based on the teachings of Martin Luther,[35] and John Calvin,[36] the Ten Commandments, and other parts of the Bible. Keller stated that contemporary idol worship continues today in the form of an addiction or devotion to money, career, sex, power and anything to which people seek to give significance and satisfaction in life other than God (detailed in his book Counterfeit Gods).[37][38]
Keller criticized the evangelical alliance with Republicans and argued that Christianity is a much broader global movement that agrees with some liberal and some conservative issues, and critiqued them both.[39][40] He argued for giving to charitable causes and caring for the needs of the poor, based on biblical texts such as the Torah and the parable of the Good Samaritan.[41][42]
Attributed partly to his congregation of upwardly mobile Manhattanites, Keller was a leader in applying Christian theology to secular vocations such as business, art and entrepreneurship. The Center for Faith and Work at Redeemer has sponsored business competitions and theological education for working professionals. His views on Christianity and culture are outlined in his books Every Good Endeavor and Center Church.
Keller was an avid fan of the work of C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien, both well-known Christian authors, and also supported the Harry Potter novels which have been considered pagan by certain conservative Christians.[43]
Keller held a complementarian view of gender that believes that the Bible teaches defined roles for both genders, but the specific duties accompanying each gender's role are undefined.[44] He held that "Marriage provides the personal growth that comes through cross-gender relationships."[44] He elaborated on the biblical view of sex and marriage in his book The Meaning of Marriage and believed homosexual sexual behavior is inconsistent with Scripture.[45] Keller was a signatory of the Manhattan Declaration[46] and was opposed to abortion,[47] but not opposed to contraception.[30][47]
While at Westminster Theological Seminary, Keller was mentored by Harvie Conn, an early advocate of ministry in urban centers. He was recruited to start Redeemer Presbyterian Church due to a shortage of biblically orthodox churches in center-city Manhattan. He delivered a plenary address on the subject at the Lausanne Conference of 2010.[48]
Through Redeemer City to City, Keller mentored and chaired a network of center-city churches that represents similar ministry values worldwide.[49] He wrote extensively on the importance of cities and gave a biblical theological framework for ministry in cities in his book on ministry, Center Church.[50]
Keller married Kathy Kristy in 1975; they had three children.[7] Keller suffered from thyroid cancer in 2002.[51]
Keller credited cancer and the possibility of death as the pivotal point for the transformation of his prayer life, forcing him to be still and meditate in an otherwise hectic life.[52]
Center Church Europe (Wijnen, Uitgeverij Van, 2014) Contributors are José de Segovia, Leonardo De Chirico, Michael Herbst, Frank Hinkelmann, Martin de Jong, Jens Bruun Kofoed, Daniel Liechti, András Lovas, David Novak, Stefan Paas and Martin Reppenhagen. ISBN978-9-051-94480-8
Romans 8–16 For You (The Good Book Company, February 2015) ISBN978-1910307298
Preaching: Communicating Faith in an Age of Skepticism (Viking, June 2015) ISBN978-0-525-95303-6
The Songs of Jesus: A Year of Daily Devotionals in the Psalms (Viking, November 2015) ISBN978-0-525-95514-6
^"William B. Keller ... there's plenty to talk about!" The Morning Call (Allentown, Pennsylvania) August 14, 1965, Sat., p. 12 (accessible on newspapers.com)
^Hart, D. G. (2013). "Looking for Communion in all the Wrong Places: Tim Keller and Presbyterian Ecclesiology". Engaging with Keller: Thinking Through the Theology of an Influential Evangelical. p. 217.
^Keller, Timothy. "Post-everythings". byFaith (magazine). Westminster Theological Seminary. Archived from the original on February 2, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
^Carnes, Anthony 'Tony' (December 2004). "New York's New Hope". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on March 16, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
^DeVine, Mark (2009), "The Emerging Church: One Movement, Two Streams", in Henard, William; Greenway, Adam (eds.), Evangelicals Engaging Emergent: A Discussion of the Emergent Church Movement, Nashville, TN: B&H, pp. 17–18
^Keller, Timothy (2021). Hope in Times of Fear: The Resurrection and the Meaning of Easter (1st ed.). New York: Viking. pp. 7–10. ISBN978-0-525-56079-1.