Timeline of Afghan history

This is a timeline of Afghan history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Afghanistan and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Afghanistan. See also the list of heads of state of Afghanistan and the list of years in Afghanistan.

Prehistory

Year	Date	Event
50,000 BCE		First known evidences of humans living in Afghanistan, and that farming communities of the region were among the earliest in the world.^[1]
3300–2350 BCE		The Bronze Age Helmand culture in the middle and lower valley of the Helmand River, in southern Afghanistan (Kandahar, Helmand and Nimruz province) and eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan province).^[2]
2400-1700 BCE		The Bronze Age Oxus civilization in present-day northern Afghanistan, eastern Turkmenistan, southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan.^[3]^[4]

16th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
1500 BCE		The earliest textual mention of Gandhara civilization, in ancient Indian manuscripts the Rigveda and the Zoroastrian Avesta.^[5]^[6]

7th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
678-549 BCE		Kabul valley becomes part of the Median empire.

6th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
550 BCE		Cyrus II captures Kabul, which becomes a center of learning for Zoroastrianism and Buddhism.
516 BCE		Darius I invades Afghanistan, makes it part of the Achaemenid Empire.

4th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
330-327 BCE		Alexander III of Macedon conquers Afghanistan.
312 BCE		Afghanistan becomes part of the Seleucid Empire after the death of Alexander III and breakup of the Macedonian Empire.
305-303 BCE		The Hindu Kush, Gandhara, Arachosia (centered around ancient Kandahar) and areas south of Bagram become part of the Maurya Empire after Chandragupta Maurya defeats Seleucus I in the Seleucid–Mauryan war. Introduction of Buddhism to the region which becomes a major religion alongside Zoroastrianism and ancient Hinduism.

1st century BCE

Year	Date	Event
15 BCE		Buddhist Apracharajas dynasty with territory covering Swat, Gandhara, Taxila, and parts of eastern Afghanistan. (till 50 CE)

1st century CE

Year	Date	Event
19 CE		Suren kingdom founded by Gondophares with capitals in Kabul and Taxila, and territory covering southern Afghanistan, eastern Iran and northwest regions of the Indian subcontinent. (till 226 CE)
30 CE	27 January	Kushan Empire founded by Kujula Kadphises in the Arghandab River valley.^[7] (till 375 CE)

2nd century

Year	Date	Event
120		Kanishka becomes emperor of the Kushan Empire. He extends his empire from present-day southern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, north of the Amu Darya (Oxus) in the north west to Northern India, as far as Pataliputra in the Gangetic Plains. A follower of Buddhism, he encourages Buddhist teachings, art and architecture.
151		Kanishka Stupa is built. Reported by modern archeologists and ancient Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang to have had a diameter of 87 metres, height of 180–210 metres and covered with jewels.^[8]
191		Vasudeva I becomes emperor of the Kushan Empire. His reign lasts till 232 CE.

4th century

Year	Date	Event
320		Kidara Huns kingdom established,^[9] lasts till about 467.

5th century

Year	Date	Event
440		Hephthalite (White Huns) empire established with its capital at Kunduz. Buddhism, Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism were their major religions.

6th century

Year	Date	Event
570		The smaller of the Buddhas of Bamiyan, known as the "Eastern Buddha" built (approximate year based on carbon dating), during Hephthalite rule.

7th century

Year	Date	Event
618		The larger of the Buddhas of Bamiyan, known as the "Western Buddha" built (approximate year based on carbon dating) during Hephthalite rule.
630		Chinese monk, scholar and traveler Xuanzang visits Balkh, reports about a 100 Buddhist convents, 30,000 monks, large number of stupas and other religious monuments. The most remarkable stupa was the Navbahara, which possessed a gigantic statue of the Buddha.
665		Establishment of the Buddhist Turk Shahi dynasty, with its capital in Kapisi near the present-day town of Bagram.
680		Establishment of the Zunbil dynasty in present southern Afghanistan region, with its capital in Ghazni.
683		Turk Shahi king routs the Arab army of the Umayyad Caliphate led by Yazid ibn Ziyad, who is killed in battle and an Arab invasion is decisively repulsed.^[10]
698		Zunbil king defeats an Arab 'Army of Destruction' led by Ubayd Allah b. Abi Bakra, who is forced to offer a large tribute, give hostages including three of his sons and take an oath not to invade Zunbil again. Twenty five thousand of the thirty thousand strong Arab army killed.^[11]^[12]

9th century

Year	Date	Event
815		Defeat of the Turk Shahis by the Arab Abbasid Caliphate. The Turk Shah is forced to convert to Islam and pay an annual tribute.
850		Overthrow of the unpopular Turk Shah Lagaturman by his minister Kallar and establishment of the Hindu Shahi dynasty.

10th century

Year	Date	Event
964		Jayapala of the Hindu Shahi dynasty conducts a number of invasions of Ghazni, the capital city of the Ghaznavids.

11th century

Year	Date	Event
1001	27 November	Mahmud of Ghazni's army defeats the Hindu Shahi army of Jayapala in the Battle of Peshawar (1001)

13th century

Year	Date	Event
1219-1221		Mongol invasion of Afghanistan as part of the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire, resulting in thousands killed in the cities of Kabul, Kandahar, Jalalabad.
1221		In pursuit of the fleeing Khwarazmian king Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, Genghis Khan massacres the entire population of Bamiyan after his favorite grandson Mutukan is killed in the Siege of Bamiyan, but leaves the Buddhas of Bamiyan unharmed.
1259		Division of the Mongol Empire after Genghis's death. Afghanistan become part of the Chagatai Khanate.

14th century

Year	Date	Event
1383-1385		Invasion of Afghanistan by Timur, leader of neighboring Transoxiana (roughly modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and adjacent areas), becomes a part of the Timurid Empire.

16th century

Year	Date	Event
1504		Babur, deposed ruler of Fergana and Samarkand captures Kabul (Siege of Kabul (1504)).

18th century

Year	Date	Event
1709	21 April	Mirwais Hotak, an influential Afghan tribal chief, gained independence at Kandahar after a successful revolution against the Persian Safavid dynasty.^[13]
1709–1713		The Persian government sent two large armies to regain Kandahar Province but suffered defeat by the Afghans.^[13]
1715	November	Mirwais died of a natural cause and his brother Abdul Aziz inherited the throne until he was killed by Mahmud Hotaki, son of Mirwais.^[13]
1722		Battle of Gulnabad: Led by Mahmud, the Afghan army captured the Safavid capital of Isfahan and Mahmad was declared Shah of Persia.^[14]
1725	22 April	Mahmud was murdered by his cousin Ashraf, son of Abdul Aziz, and succeeded him as Shah of Persia.^[15]
1729	29 September	Battle of Damghan: Afsharid forces led by Nader Shah defeated Ashraf and his forces.
1738		Nader invaded and destroyed Kandahar, and restored the Abdali ethnic Pashtus to political prominence.
1747	19 June	Ahmad Shah Durrani of the Abdali Pashtun confederacy declared the establishment of an independent Afghanistan, with its capital at Kandahar.^[16]

19th century

Year	Date	Event
1809		Durrani signed a treaty of alliance with the United Kingdom.^[17]
1819	July	Battle of Shopian: Sikh Khalsa Army of Ranjit Singh defeated the Durrani force led by governor Jabbar Khan, annexing Kashmir into the Sikh Empire.
1823		Dost Mohammad Khan took the throne in Kabul, where he proclaimed himself emir.
1823	March	Battle of Nowshera: Sikh Khalsa Army of Ranjit Singh defeated a Durrani force led by Azim Khan, capturing the Peshawar Valley.
1837	November	Siege of Herat: A Persian force attempts to capture Herat but are defeated and leave in 1838.
1839	March	First Anglo-Afghan War: A British expeditionary force captured Quetta.
1839	23 July	British capture Ghazni in the Battle of Ghazni and install Shuja Shah Durrani as the puppet ruler of Afghanistan.
1841	November	First Anglo-Afghan War: A mob killed the British envoy to Afghanistan.
1842	January	Massacre of Elphinstone's army: A retreating British With mostly Indian regiment force of sixteen thousand was massacred by the Afghans.
1857		Afghanistan declared war on Persia.
1857		Afghan forces re-captured Herat.
1878	January	Second Anglo-Afghan War: Afghanistan refused a British diplomatic mission, provoking a second Anglo-Afghan war.
1879	May	Second Anglo-Afghan War: To prevent British occupation of a large part of the country, the Afghan government ceded much power to the United Kingdom in the Treaty of Gandamak.
1880	22 July	Abdur Rahman Khan was officially recognized as emir of Afghanistan.
1893	12 November	Abdur Rahman and British Raj representative Mortimer Durand signed an agreement establishing the Durand Line.

20th century

Year	Date	Event
1901	1 October	Habibullah Khan, son of Abdur Rahman, became emir of Afghanistan.
1919	20 February	Habibullah was assassinated. His son Amanullah Khan declared himself King of Afghanistan.
	May	Third Anglo-Afghan War: Amanullah led a surprise attack against the British.
	19 August	Afghan Foreign Minister Mahmud Tarzi negotiated the Treaty of Rawalpindi with the British at Rawalpindi.
1922		Solar Hijri calendar officially adopted in Afghanistan.^[18]
1929	January	Amanullah was forced to abdicate in favor of Habibullāh Kalakāni in the face of a popular uprising.^[19]
1929	15 October	Former General Mohammad Nadir Shah took control of Afghanistan.^[20]
1933	8 November	Nadir was assassinated. His son, Mohammad Zahir Shah, was proclaimed King.
1964	October	A new constitution was ratified which instituted a democratic legislature.^[21]
1965	1 January	The Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) held its first congress.
1973	17 July	Mohammad Daoud Khan declares himself President in a coup against the king, Mohammad Zahir Shah.
1978	27 April	Saur Revolution: Military units loyal to the PDPA assaulted the Afghan Presidential Palace, killing President Mohammad Daoud Khan and his family.
	1 May	Saur Revolution: The PDPA installed its leader, Nur Muhammad Taraki, as President of Afghanistan.
	July	A rebellion against the new Afghan government began with an uprising in Nuristan Province.
	5 December	A treaty was signed which permitted deployment of the Soviet military at the Afghan government's request.
1979	14 September	Taraki was murdered by supporters of Prime Minister Hafizullah Amin.
	24 December	Soviet–Afghan War: Fearing the collapse of the Amin regime, the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan.
	27 December	Operation Storm-333: Soviet troops occupied major governmental, military and media buildings in Kabul, including the Tajbeg Palace, and executed Prime Minister Amin.
1988	14 April	Soviet–Afghan War: The Soviet government signed the Geneva Accords, which included a timetable for withdrawing their armed forces.
1989	15 February	Soviet–Afghan War: The last Soviet troops left the country.
1992	24 April	Afghan Civil War (1989–1992): Afghan political parties signed the Peshawar Accord which created the Islamic State of Afghanistan and proclaimed Sibghatullah Mojaddedi its interim President.
	24 April	Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezbi Islami, with the support of neighboring Pakistan, began a massive bombardment against the Islamic State in the capital Kabul.
	28 June	As agreed upon in the Peshawar Accord, Jamiat-e Islami leader Burhanuddin Rabbani took over as President.
		Taliban attacks and looting of the National Museum of Afghanistan result in loss of 70% of the 100,000 artifacts of Afghan culture and history.
1994	August	The Taliban government began to form in a small village between Lashkargah and Kandahar.
1995	January	The Taliban, with Pakistani support, initiated a military campaign against the Islamic State of Afghanistan and its capital Kabul.
1995	13 March	Taliban tortured and killed Abdul Ali Mazari leader of the Hazara people.
1996	26 September	Afghan Civil War (1996–2001): The forces of the Islamic State retreated to northern Afghanistan.
	27 September	Afghan Civil War (1996–2001): The Taliban conquered Kabul and declared the establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Former President Mohammad Najibullah, who had been living under United Nations protection in Kabul, was tortured, castrated and executed by Taliban forces.
	30 September	Taliban pass decree that all women should be banned from employment.^[22]
1998	August	Afghan Civil War (1996–2001): The Taliban captured Mazar-i-Sharif, forcing Abdul Rashid Dostum into exile.
	11 August	Destruction of the Puli Khumri Public Library by the Taliban. The library contained over 55,000 books and old manuscripts and was considered by Afghans as one of the most valuable and beautiful collections of their nation and their culture.^[23]^[24]
	20 August	Operation Infinite Reach: Cruise missiles were fired by the United States Navy into four militant training camps in the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

21st century

Year	Date	Event
2001	2 March	Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan by the Taliban with dynamite, on orders from its leader Mullah Omar.
	9 September	Resistance leader Ahmad Shah Massoud was killed in a suicide bomb attack by two Arabs who were disguised as French news reporters.
	20 September	After the September 11 attacks in the United States, U.S. President George W. Bush demanded the Taliban government to hand over al-Qaeda head Osama bin Laden and close all terrorist training camps in the country, which the Taliban refuses the following day for lack of evidence connecting bin Laden to 9/11 attacks.^[25]
	7 October	Operation Enduring Freedom: The United States and the United Kingdom began an aerial bombing campaign against al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
	October	Reports of Taliban having destroyed at least 2,750 ancient works of art at the National Museum of Afghanistan during the year.
	5 December	The United Nations Security Council authorized the creation of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to help maintain security in Afghanistan and assist the Karzai administration.^[26]
	20 December	International Conference on Afghanistan in Germany: Hamid Karzai chosen as head of the Afghan Interim Administration.
2002	July	2002 loya jirga: Hamid Karzai appointed as President of the Afghan Transitional Administration in Kabul, Afghanistan.
2003	14 December	2003 loya jirga: A 502-delegate loya jirga was held to consider a new Afghan constitution.
2004	9 October	Hamid Karzai was elected President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan after winning the Afghan presidential election.
2005		Taliban insurgency: An insurgency began after a Pakistani decision to station around 80,000 soldiers next to the porous Durand Line border with Afghanistan.
2006	1 March	Bush and wife visited Afghanistan to inaugurate the renovated Embassy of the United States in Kabul.
2007	13 May	Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes: Skirmishes began with Pakistan.^[27]
2010		U.S. President Barack Obama sent additional 33,000 U.S. soldiers to Afghanistan, with the total international troops reaching 150,000.
2011		After the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan, many high-profile Afghan officials were assassinated, including among them were Mohammed Daud Daud, Ahmed Wali Karzai, Jan Mohammad Khan, Ghulam Haider Hamidi, and Burhanuddin Rabbani.
2011		National Front of Afghanistan was created by Tajik leader Ahmad Zia Massoud, Hazara leader Muhammad Mohaqiq and Uzbek leader Abdul Rashid Dostum
2016	31 December	United States troops withdraw from Afghanistan after 15 years.^[28]
2020	29 February	U.S. signs peace agreement with Taliban, committing the U.S. to a drawdown of troops and conditional full withdrawal by 1 May 2021. The agreement further required the Afghan government to release 5,000 Taliban prisoners in exchange for 1,000 Afghan soldiers held by the Taliban.
2021	15 January	U.S. completes the final Afghanistan troop drawdown of the first Trump administration, reducing the U.S. troop level to 2,500.^[29]^[30]
	14 April	US President Joe Biden orders complete withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan by 11 September 2021 (later revised to 31 August 2021).
	1 July	US forces leave Bagram Airfield, its largest base in Afghanistan after nearly 20 years.
	15 August	Kabul falls to Taliban (Fall of Kabul).
2023	October - December	Pakistani government ordered the expulsion of Afghans from Pakistan.^[31] Iran also decided to deport Afghan refugees back to Afghanistan a few months later.^[32]

References

^ "Afghanistan: VII. History (Archived)". John Ford Shroder. University of Nebraska. 2009. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
^ Art and Archaeology of Southwest Asia (2021-03-15). A Warehouse in 3rd Millennium B.C. Sistan and Its Accounting Technology. Retrieved 2024-08-03 – via YouTube.
^ Vidale, Massimo (21 June 2017). Treasures from the Oxus: The Art and Civilization of Central Asia. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83860-976-4.
^ Lyonnet, Bertille; Dubova, N. A., eds. (2020). The world of the Oxus Civilization. Routledge worlds. New York: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-138-72287-3. The Oxus Civilization, also named the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or Culture) (BMAC), developed in southern Central Asia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age and lasted for about half a millennium (ca. 2250–1700 BC)...
^ "Rigveda 1.126:7, English translation by Ralph TH Griffith".
^ Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1997). A History of Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 130–. ISBN 978-81-208-0095-3.
^ Osmund Bopearachchi, 2007, Some observations on the chronology of the early Kushans
^ Dobbins (1971).
^ Cribb, Joe (2010-01-01). "The Kidarites, the numismatic evidence.pdf". Coins, Art and Chronology II, edited by M. Alram et al.: 99.
^ Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015). The Huns. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4.
^ Hugh Kennedy (2010). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Hachette UK. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-297-86559-9.
^ S. Frederick Starr (2015). Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. 107: Princeton University Press. p. 680. ISBN 9780691165851.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 29. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
^ "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 30. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
^ "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 31. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
^ "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 33. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
^ Husain, Farrukh (2018). Afghanistan in the age of empires: the great game for South and Central Asia (1st ed.). India: Silk Road Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-5272-1633-4.
^ "Calendars". Encyclopædia Iranica. 1990.
^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 9781558761551.
^ Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 275. ISBN 9781558761551. Nadir received word of the victory in Ali Khayl and immediately set out for the capital, arriving in the city on the 15th.
^ Richard S. Newell (1997). "The Constitutional Period, 1964-73". In Peter R. Blood (ed.). Afghanistan: A Country study.
^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "UNHCR - Chronology of Events January 1995 - February 1997". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 2006-10-21. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
^ Civallero, Edgardo (2007). "When memory is turn into ashes" (PDF). Acta Academia. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
^ Censorship of historical thought: a world guide, 1945–2000, Antoon de Baets
^ "Why Did the United States Invade Afghanistan?". fff.org. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
^ "United Nations Security Council" (PDF). UN. Naval Postgraduate School. December 5, 2001. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
^ "Up to 7 Afghan troops killed in Pakistan clash". Reuters. 13 May 2007. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
^ Sennott, Charles M. (May 5, 2015). "The First Battle of the 21st Century". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2015. Even after 14 years of war in Afghanistan, the U.S. military has not fully succeeded in restoring security to the country or defeating the Taliban. Now, at the request of the new Afghan government, the United States has delayed the completion of its troop withdrawal from the country until 2016 at the earliest.
^ "US War in Afghanistan: 1999–2021". Council on Foreign Relations. 2021.
^ Burns, Robert (January 15, 2021). "Pentagon says US has dropped to 2,500 troops in Afghanistan". Associated Press.
^ "'What's wrong?': The silence of Pakistanis on expulsion of Afghan refugees". Al Jazeera. 22 November 2023.
^ "Afghans Banned From 16 Provinces In Iran As Forced Exodus Continues". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 4 December 2023.

External links

"Afghanistan Profile: Timeline". BBC News. 17 December 2010.
"Afghanistan Profile: Timeline". Timelines of History.

[JFS-1] "Afghanistan: VII. History (Archived)". John Ford Shroder. University of Nebraska. 2009. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-31.

[Vidale-2] Art and Archaeology of Southwest Asia (2021-03-15). A Warehouse in 3rd Millennium B.C. Sistan and Its Accounting Technology. Retrieved 2024-08-03 – via YouTube.

[3] Vidale, Massimo (21 June 2017). Treasures from the Oxus: The Art and Civilization of Central Asia. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83860-976-4.

[4] Lyonnet, Bertille; Dubova, N. A., eds. (2020). The world of the Oxus Civilization. Routledge worlds. New York: Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-138-72287-3. The Oxus Civilization, also named the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or Culture) (BMAC), developed in southern Central Asia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age and lasted for about half a millennium (ca. 2250–1700 BC)...

[sacred-texts.com-5] "Rigveda 1.126:7, English translation by Ralph TH Griffith".

[Macdonell1997-6] Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1997). A History of Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 130–. ISBN 978-81-208-0095-3.

[OB-7] Osmund Bopearachchi, 2007, Some observations on the chronology of the early Kushans

[8] Dobbins (1971).

[9] Cribb, Joe (2010-01-01). "The Kidarites, the numismatic evidence.pdf". Coins, Art and Chronology II, edited by M. Alram et al.: 99.

[10] Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015). The Huns. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4.

[Hugh_Kennedy-11] Hugh Kennedy (2010). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Hachette UK. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-297-86559-9.

[S._Frederick_Starr-12] S. Frederick Starr (2015). Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane. 107: Princeton University Press. p. 680. ISBN 9780691165851.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

[Browne29-13] "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 29. Retrieved February 10, 2012.

[Browne30-14] "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 30. Retrieved February 10, 2012.

[Browne31-15] "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 31. Retrieved February 10, 2012.

[Browne33-16] "AN OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF PERSIA DURING THE LAST TWO CENTURIES (A.D. 1722-1922)". Edward G. Browne. London: Packard Humanities Institute. p. 33. Retrieved February 10, 2012.

[17] Husain, Farrukh (2018). Afghanistan in the age of empires: the great game for South and Central Asia (1st ed.). India: Silk Road Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-5272-1633-4.

[18] "Calendars". Encyclopædia Iranica. 1990.

[19] Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 9781558761551.

[:0-20] Muḥammad, Fayz̤; Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib (1999). Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 275. ISBN 9781558761551. Nadir received word of the victory in Ali Khayl and immediately set out for the capital, arriving in the city on the 15th.

[cs-21] Richard S. Newell (1997). "The Constitutional Period, 1964-73". In Peter R. Blood (ed.). Afghanistan: A Country study.

[22] United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "UNHCR - Chronology of Events January 1995 - February 1997". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 2006-10-21. Retrieved 2015-11-01.

[Acta_Academia-23] Civallero, Edgardo (2007). "When memory is turn into ashes" (PDF). Acta Academia. Retrieved 2 January 2021.

[antoon-24] Censorship of historical thought: a world guide, 1945–2000, Antoon de Baets

[25] "Why Did the United States Invade Afghanistan?". fff.org. Retrieved 27 July 2015.

[26] "United Nations Security Council" (PDF). UN. Naval Postgraduate School. December 5, 2001. Retrieved October 6, 2010.

[di-27] "Up to 7 Afghan troops killed in Pakistan clash". Reuters. 13 May 2007. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2019.

[28] Sennott, Charles M. (May 5, 2015). "The First Battle of the 21st Century". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 30, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2015. Even after 14 years of war in Afghanistan, the U.S. military has not fully succeeded in restoring security to the country or defeating the Taliban. Now, at the request of the new Afghan government, the United States has delayed the completion of its troop withdrawal from the country until 2016 at the earliest.

[29] "US War in Afghanistan: 1999–2021". Council on Foreign Relations. 2021.

[30] Burns, Robert (January 15, 2021). "Pentagon says US has dropped to 2,500 troops in Afghanistan". Associated Press.

[31] "'What's wrong?': The silence of Pakistanis on expulsion of Afghan refugees". Al Jazeera. 22 November 2023.

[32] "Afghans Banned From 16 Provinces In Iran As Forced Exodus Continues". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 4 December 2023.

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v t e Years in Afghanistan (1528–present)
16th century	1528	Afghanistan portal
18th century	1729 1738
19th century	1823 1826 1834 1839 1840 1841 1842 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900
20th century	1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
21st century	2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

v t e Timeline of Asian history
Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma (Myanmar) Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan
Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau