Categories
  Encyclosphere.org ENCYCLOREADER
  supported by EncyclosphereKSF

Timeline of Cypriot history

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 25 min


This is a timeline of Cypriot history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Cyprus. To read about the background to these events, see History of Cyprus. See also the list of presidents of Cyprus.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
Millennia: 1st BC · 1st · 2nd · 3rd

Epipaleolithic and Neolithic periods (up to circa 3,800 BCE)

[edit]
Year Date Event
12000–11000 BCE The earliest site of putative human activity on Cyprus is Aetokremnos, situated on the south coast. Fossilised animal remains and lithic tools indicate that seasonal hunter-gatherers were active on the island from around 12,000 BC.[1][2]
Extinction of the endemic to Cyprus pigmy hippos and pigmy elephants, likely due to human presence.[3][4]
9500–8800 BCE The first permanent settlements are formed in Asprokremnos, Klimonas and Roudias, founded by Pre-Pottery Neolithic populations who also introduced dog, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs, foxes, and deer to the island. Klimonas is to date the oldest known farming village in the world.[5]
8700–7000 BCE A second phase of early migration is thought to have occurred between 8700 and 7000 BCE, with settlements at Akanthou, Mylouthkia, Shillourokambos, and Tenta.[6][7] DNA data obtained from three individuals whose fragmentary remains were found in a Neolithic disused and filled-in water well at Kissonerga-Mylouthkia, revealed high Anatolian-related ancestry.[8]
Water wells discovered in western Cyprus are believed to be among the oldest in the world, dated at 9,000 to 10,500 years old.[9]
Remains of an 8-month-old cat buried with a human body were discovered at Shillourokambos.[10] The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old, predating ancient Egyptian civilisation and pushing back the earliest known feline-human association.[11]
7000 BCE The Neolithic village of Khirokitia (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) is founded.[12]
6000 BCE The village of Khirokitia is suddenly abandoned for unknown reasons. The island appears to have remained uninhabited for about 1500 years, until the next phase of settlement that gave rise to the Sotira culture.[13]
4600 BCE Second phase of Khirokitia settlement by Pottery Neolithic farmers from Anatolia or the Levant.[14]
3800 BCE Large earthquake hits Cyprus and heralds the end of the Neolithic culture on the island.[15]

36th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
3500 BCE First signs of metalwork on the island marking the beginning of the Chalcolithic period.[15]

37th–26th centuries BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
3600–2600 BCE Socio-cultural continuity with the previous period and increase of settlements on the island. The chalcolithic population of Cyprus continues to use stone, but now in combination with copper for objects like chisels, hooks and jewellery. Female fertility and cruciform figurines, as well as Red-on-White pottery, predominate.[16]

25th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
2450 BCE Transition from the Chalcolithic to the Bronze Age and emergence of the Philia culture following further migrations from Anatolia. Metallurgy, cattle, donkey and woolly sheep are introduced to the island. A new form of distinctive pottery, Red Polished Ware, and other intrusive elements appear in archaeological data and material culture.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

23rd–17th centuries BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
2250–1700 BCE Continuity with Philia characterised mostly by peaceful development. Bidirectional trading contacts with Minoan Crete and the Levant develop.[25][26]

16th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
1600 BCE Exploitation of copper, urbanization and foundation of Enkomi, the first industrial centre in Cyprus.[27][28]
Trading contacts between Cyprus and Egypt suggested by Egyptian artefacts from the Hyksos period found in Cyprus.[29]
1550 BCE Literacy is introduced on the island with the Cypro-Minoan syllabary, first attested in Enkomi.[30][31][32]
Destruction of the Hyksos Kingdom by Ahmose I leads to a breakdown of political and economic bonds between Cyprus and Hyksos. An incomplete weathered cartouche dating to the early XVIIIth Dynasty of Egypt found in Cyprus may be indicative of a new era of connections with the outside world.[33][29]

15th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
1446 BCE Thutmose III extends his influence over Cyprus under the name of "Isy" or "Irs" (probably referring to Alasiya), which is reported offering minerals and timber as a tribute to the Pharaoh.[29][34]

14th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
ca 1300 BCE Close trading contacts between Cyprus and the Aegean develop, attested by the import of luxury Aegean items and "Aegeanization" of Cypriote craftmanship. Mycenaean traders start visiting the island and establishing stations for the exportation of copper.[35][36][37][38][39]

13th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
ca 1200 BCE The first documented name of a Cypriote king, Kushmeshusha, is attested in letters sent to Ugarit from Alasiya (Cyprus) sometime in the 13th c. BCE.[40]
1220 BCE Tudhaliya IV annexes Cyprus (disputed).
1210 BCE The last king of the Hittites, Šuppiluliuma II, wins a decisive naval battle against Alashiya (Cypriots) off the coast of Cyprus, in the first recorded naval battle in history.[41][42]

12th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
1190–1180 BCE Invasion by the Sea Peoples.[43][44]
1179 BCE Migrations of Aegean populations to Cyprus attested by abundant locally produced Mycenaean-style (IIIC:1b) pottery and other Aegean/European features. The Hellenization process of the island begins.[45][46][15][47][48]

11th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
1150–1050 BCE A second, major wave of Greek settlements takes place following the Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greece, accompanied by the appearance of further Aegean features including long dromoi graves and the introduction of the Greek language.[49][50][51][52][36][53][54][35][55][56]
1100 BCE Appearance of the Cypriot syllabary, used both for Arcadocypriot Greek and Eteocypriot. The script, which had evolved from the pre-existing Cypro-Minoan syllabary, lasted until the end of the 3rd Century BCE when it was eventually replaced by the Greek alphabet.[57]
1050 BCE Foundation of the city-kingdom of Amathus, the last autochthonous urban centre in Iron Age Cyprus where the Eteocypriot language survived until about 400 BCE.[58]
Emergence of the City States, which would eventually come to be known as the Ten City-Kingdoms of Cyprus.

Centuries: 10th BC · 9th BC · 8th BC · 7th BC · 6th BC · 5th BC · 4th BC · 3rd BC · 2nd BC · 1st BC

10th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
ca 1000 BCE Literary evidence of Phoenician presence at Kition under Tyrian rule.[59]

9th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
850 BCE The royal tombs in the city of Salamis are built.
800 BCE Phoenician merchants settle in Kition.[60][61]

8th century BC

[edit]
Year Date Event
709 BCE The kingdoms of Cyprus are subjugated by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, although no evidence of occupation is apparent in archaeological data and material culture; rather, the kingdoms seem to have "offered their submission to Sargon II" and had a client-state relationship.[62][63][64]

7th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
631 BCE Cyprus is no longer mentioned in Assyrian records after the death of King Ashurbanipal of Assyria.

6th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
570 BCE Cyprus is conquered by the Egyptians under Amasis II.
545 BCE Cyprus pledged allegiance to the Achaemenid Empire.[65]
526 BCE Amasis II dies. His son Psammetichus III succeeds him as pharaoh.
525 BCE The kingdoms of Cyprus gave naval support to Cambyses II of the Achaemenid Persian Empire in anticipation of his invasion of Egypt.[65]
Battle of Pelusium (525 BCE): The Persian army defeat the Egyptian army at Pelusium.

5th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
499 BCE Ionian Revolt: Aristagoras, the appointed tyrant of Miletus, rebells against Persian rule.
Ionian Revolt: With the support of Athens and Eretria, Aristagoras captures Sardis, the capital of the Persian satrapy of Lydia.
498 BCE Ionian Revolt: The kingdoms of Cyprus joined the revolt except the Kingdom of Amathus.
497 BCE Ionian Revolt: The Cypriot rebels besieged the pro-Persian Kingdom of Amathus.[66]
Ionian Revolt: The Persian army reestablished control over Cyprus.
451 BCE The Athenian expedition in Cyprus under the command of Cimon besieged the city of Kition, but later retreated to Salamis.
450 BCE The Athenians in Salamis defeated an attacking Persian forces and retreated from Cyprus.
Kition increases in importance and annexes Idalion.[67]
Phoenician rulers establish themselves in Salamis.
411 BCE The Teucrid Evagoras I regains the throne of Salamis.

4th century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
391 BCE Evagoras attempts to establish himself as an independent ruler on Cyprus with Athenian help.
386 BCE Under the Treaty of Antakidas, Persian rule over Cyprus is accepted by Athens.
376 BCE Cyprus became a de facto Persian vassal after a peace treaty was concluded between King Evagoras I of Cyprus and Persia.
350 BCE A Cypriot rebellion begins.
344 BCE The Cypriot rebellion is crushed by Artaxerxes III.
333 BCE The island is finally liberated from Persian rule by Alexander the Great.
332 BCE Pythagoras of Salamis and other Cypriot kings plea to Alexander The Great during the beginning of the siege of Tyre.
The siege of Tyre ends.
331 BCE The rule of Nicocreon begins.
325 BCE The Archaic and Classical Period ends.
310 BCE The rule of Nicocreon ends.
Menelaos is made satrap of Cyprus.
306 BCE The reign of Menelaos ends.
Antigonus begins his rule.
301 BCE The reign of Antigonus ends.
The Ptolemaic Lagid Dynasty begins.

3rd century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
ca 300 BCE The prominent Cypriot philosopher, Zenon of Kitium, becomes the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy in Athens in the early 3rd century BCE.[68]
245 BCE Kingdoms are abolished under the Ptolemaic rule. Greek alphabet and koine Greek are established as the official administrative tools. Both the Eteocypriot and Phoenician languages become extinct and the island is thereafter fully Hellenised.[69][15][70][71][72][73]

2nd century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
116 BCE Cleopatra sends her son Ptolemy Philometor to Cyprus.
109 BCE Cleopatra sends Alexander, her son and the brother of Ptolemy IX Lathyros, to Cyprus.
107 BCE Alexander returns from Cyprus and becomes king of Egypt. Ptolemy campaigns in Palestine.

1st century BCE

[edit]
Year Date Event
58 BCE Cyprus becomes a Roman province.
43 BCE Cyprus is placed under the rule of Cleopatra VII, with its governor being Serapion. However, Serapion defected against Cleopatra.
41 BCE Ptolemaic rule in Cyprus was restored after Serapion was captured and executed under orders from Cleopatra VII.
30 BCE The Ptolemaic Lagid Dynasty ends and Cyprus returns to Roman rule.

Centuries: 1st · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th · 6th · 7th · 8th · 9th · 10th

1st century

[edit]
Year Date Event
45 Apostle Paul, St. Barnabas and St. Mark introduced Christianity in Cyprus and converted the Roman governor Sergius Paulus.

2nd century

[edit]
Year Date Event
115 Kitos War: A messianic Jewish revolt begins, which results in the massacre of 240,000 Greeks in Cyprus.[74][75] Trajan intervenes to restore the peace and expels the Jews from Cyprus.
116 Kitos War: The revolt ends.

3rd century

[edit]

4th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
335 The revolt of the usurper Calocaerus is suppressed by Flavius Dalmatius.
350 Salamis is rebuilt by Constantius II, the son of Constantine, after being destroyed by earthquakes and renamed Constantia.
395 Cyprus becomes part of the Byzantine Empire.

5th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
431 The Church of Cyprus achieves its independence from the Patriarch of Antioch at the First Council of Ephesus.

6th century

[edit]

7th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
649 The Arabs under Mu'awiya invade and occupy Cyprus.
683 The Arab garrison is withdrawn after its defeat at the hands of Constantine IV.
688 Emperor Justinian II and Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan sign a treaty under whose terms no garrisons are to be stationed on the island, and all taxes collected are to be divided between the Arabs and the Emperor.

8th century

[edit]

9th century

[edit]

10th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
965 Byzantine rule is restored on the island by Nicepheros Phokas.

Centuries: 11th · 12th · 13th · 14th · 15th · 16th · 17th · 18th · 19th · 20th

11th century

[edit]

12th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1185 Cyprus becomes an independent Empire under the reign of Isaak Comnenus.
1192 The reign of Isaac Komnenos comes to an end after the island's ruler refuses to release prisoners and treasure captured from three English ship wrecks on their way to Acre, and Richard I conquers Cyprus. The island is then sold to the Templar Order, who in turn sell it to Guy of Lusignan of the House of Lusignan.[76]
Guy of Lusignan and his descendants begin their rule of the island as an independent kingdom, known as the Kingdom of Cyprus.
1193 Altheides of Cyprus, the traveling philosopher, is born.[77]

13th century

[edit]

14th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1347 Black Death hits Cyprus and wipes out one fifth to one third of its population.[78]
1361 Antalya and Corycus in Anatolia are briefly annexed by the Kingdom of Cyprus.[79]

15th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1474 Catherine Cornaro becomes the last monarch of the Kingdom of Cyprus, succeeding James II.[80]
1489 February The Venetian government forces Catherine to cede her rights over Cyprus because she had no heir. The rule of the Lusignan dynasty comes to an end after nearly three centuries.[81]
Cyprus becomes an overseas colony of the Venetian Republic.
9 June Ottoman Turks raid the Karpasia Peninsula.[82][83]

16th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1539 Ottoman Turks attack Limassol.[83]
1570 1 July Ottoman Turks invade Cyprus with 80,000 men.
25 July Ottoman army besieges Nicosia.
9 September Nicosia falls to the Turkish invaders. 20,000 Nicosians, Greek and Latin, are killed in the aftermath. About 1,000 survivors are bound and shipped out to be sold in the Constantinople slave markets.
1571 Having been under siege since the previous year, Famagusta also falls to the Ottomans marking the end of the Venetian rule. Most Christians still remaining in the city are massacred and the Venetian commander Marco Antonio Bragadin is tortured, mutilated and flayed alive.[84][85][86][87]
Cyprus is now subjected to Ottoman rule. The first Ottoman settlers arrive on the island.
1572 A period of Ottoman occupation of the island begins, during which twenty-eight bloody uprisings will occur.

17th century

[edit]

18th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1788 The Chronological History of the island of Cyprus, later described as "the only scholarly monograph of modern Greek literature since the fall of Constantinople", is published by Kyprianos Kouriokourineos, one of the most prominent Greek-Cypriot intellectuals and clerics of the 18th century.[88]

19th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1821 The Cypriots sided with Greece in a revolt against Ottoman rule. The island's leading churchmen and notables were executed as punishment. 20,000 Christians fled the island.
1869 The Suez Canal opened.
1878 12 July British occupation began. The British took over the administration of the island, by mutual agreement, in order to protect their sea route to India via the Suez Canal. In exchange, Britain agreed to help Ottoman against future Russian attacks.
22 July Sir Garnet Joseph Wolseley became Crown commissioner.
1879 Sir Robert Biddulph became Crown commissioner.
1886 Sir Henry Ernest Bulwer became Crown commissioner.
1892 [Sir Walter Sendall] became Crown commissioner.
1898 Sir William Frederick Haynes Smith became Crown commissioner.

20th century

[edit]
Year Date Event
1904 Sir Charles King-Harman became Crown commissioner.
1911 Sir Hamilton Goold-Adams became Crown commissioner.
1914 Britain annexed Cyprus in response to Turkey's alliance with Germany and Austro-Hungary in World War I.
1915 Sir John Eugene Clauson became Crown commissioner.
1920 Sir Malcolm Stevenson became Crown commissioner.
1925 Cyprus became a British Crown Colony. Sir Malcolm Stevenson was made governor.
1926 Sir Ronald Storrs became governor.
1931 Greek Cypriots demanding Enosis, the union with Greece, instigated their first serious riots. The government-house in Nicosia was burned down; martial law was declared afterwards and the legislative council was abolished. The Greek National Anthem and the display of the Greek flag were banned. The British invented the terms "Greek Cypriot" and "Turkish Cypriot" and used the latter against the "Greek Cypriots" so as to cease Enosis demands.
1932 Sir Reginald Edward Stubbs became governor.
1933 Sir Herbert Richmond Palmer became governor.
1939 Cypriots fought with the British in World War II, Greek Cypriots demanding Enosis at war's end. The Turkish Cypriots wanted British rule to continue.
Sir William Denis Battershill became governor.
1941 Sir Charles Campbell Woolley became governor.
1946 The British Government began to imprison thousands of displaced Jews in camps on Cyprus.
Sir Reginald Fletcher, Lord Winster, became governor.
1949 The British Government finished imprisoning displaced Jews.
Sir Andrew Barkworth Wright became governor.
1950 Archbishop Makarios III was elected the political and spiritual leader of Cyprus, the head of the autocephalous Cypriot Orthodox Church and leader of the campaign for Enosis with the support of Greece.
1954 Sir Robert Perceval Armitage became governor.
28 July Minister of State for the Colonies, Henry Hopkinson, says that there were certain territories in the Commonwealth 'which, owing to their particular circumstances, can never expect to be fully independent'.[89]
1955 Sir John Harding became governor.
1 April A series of bomb attacks marked the start of a violent campaign for Enosis by the National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA) under George Grivas, a Cypriot ex-colonel in the Greek army. Grivas took the name Dighenis and conducted guerrilla warfare from a secret hideout in the Troodos Mountains.
1956 Britain deported Makarios to the Seychelles in an attempt to quell the revolt.
1957 Field Marshal Sir John Harding was replaced by the civilian governor Sir Hugh Foot in a conciliatory move.
1958 27 January First of 2 days of serious rioting by Turkish Cypriots. Seven were killed by British security forces.[89]
7 June Turkish press office in Nicosia is bombed. Inter-communal clashes as Turkish Cypriots invade Greek sector.[89] On 26 June 1984 the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension.[90] On 9 January 1995 Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim in the Turkish newspaper, Milliyet.[91]
12 June The first massacre between Greeks and Turks on Cyprus. British police released from arrest a group of 35 Greeks in the region of Guenyeli. A Turkish mob attacks the unarmed group, killing some of them.[89]
1959 18 October British minesweeper HMS Burmaston intercepts the Turkish registered boat, Deniz. Loaded with weaponry, the boat is scuttled by its 3-member crew. The crew, all Turkish nationals, are arrested for importing munitions without a permit.[92]
28 October Archbishop Makarios III and Dr. Fazıl Küçük appeal to their respective communities to hand over illegal weapons.[92]
15 November Deadline to hand over illegal weapons.[92]
1960 British occupation ended.
The British, Greek and Turkish governments signed a Treaty of Guarantee to provide for an independent Cypriot state within the Commonwealth of Nations and allow for the retention of two Sovereign Base Areas at Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Under the treaty, each power received the right to take military action in the face of any threat to the constitution. Cyprus became independent of foreign rule. The Greek Cypriot Archbishop Makarios became the first president, with Turkish Cypriot Dr. Kutchuk his vice president. Both had the right of veto. Turkish Cypriots, who formed 18% of the population, were guaranteed the vice-presidency, three out of ten ministerial posts and 30% of jobs in the public service. They were further guaranteed 40% representation in the army and separate municipal services in the five major towns. Overall, a very complex constitution was drafted, which demanded a majority of votes overall as well as within each community for many decisions.
1963 Greek Cypriots began to view the constitution as unworkable and proposed changes abolishing all veto rights and many ethnic clauses; these proposals were rejected by Turkish Cypriots and the Turkish government. Inter-communal fighting erupted. Tylliria was bombarded with napalm bombs. A UN Peace Keeping Force was sent in, but soon proved powerless to prevent incidents. Thousands of Turkish Cypriots retreated into enclaves where they were embargoed by the Greek Cypriots. The UN attempted to supply them with food and medicine. Akritas plan
1964 The Battle of Tylliria takes place. Greek-Cypriot forces storm the Turkish-held Kokkina enclave, prompting a Turkish military intervention and airstrikes on the Greek forces. However, Soviet pressure prevented the Turks from going any further, and when the battle ended after four days of fierce fighting, the Kokkina enclave had been reduced to 50-40% of its original size.
1971 EOKA B' is being created
1973 The Turks emerged from their enclaves.
1974 see Timeline of events in Cyprus, 1974
1975 Turks announced a Federate State in the north, with Rauf Denktaş as leader. UN Forces remained as buffer between the two zones.
1977 Makarios died. He was succeeded by Spyros Kyprianou.
1983 The Turkish Federated State declared itself the independent Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), with Denktaş as president. The new state was not recognised by any country except Turkey and was officially boycotted.
1992 UN sponsored talks began between the two sides.
1995 The UN talks ran into the sand, but with a commitment to resume.

21st century

[edit]
Year Date Event
2001 The European Court of Human Rights found Turkey guilty of continuing human rights violations against the Greek Cypriots.
2003 Cyprus was set to join the European Union in May 2004. Renewed negotiations about the status of the island took place.
23 April The line which divided the two parts of Cyprus was partly opened. Thousands of Turkish and Greek Cypriots crossed the buffer zone to the "other side" after 30 years.
2004 24 April 2004 Annan Plan Referendum: The Annan Plan was accepted by the majority of Turkish Cypriots but overwhelmingly rejected by the Greek Cypriots.
1 May The sovereign Republic of Cyprus joined the European Union, however the EU acquis was suspended in the occupied north, Akrotiri and Dhekelia and the United Nations Buffer Zone.
2008 Demetris Christofias replaced Tassos Papadopoulos as president of the Republic of Cyprus. It was the first time that a leader of the Greek Cypriot communist party, AKEL, had entered the presidential race. He was at the time the only communist leader in the European Union.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Mithen, S. After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20000 BC–5000 BC. Boston: Harvard University Press 2005, p.97. [1] Archived 10 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Simmons, A., Mandel, R. (2016) Site Formation Processes at Akrotiri Aetokremnos, Cyprus. Why the site so controversial? In: Géoarchéologie des îles de la Méditerranée/Geoarchaeology of the Mediterranean Islands.
  3. ^ Stuart Swiny, ed. (2001). The Earliest Prehistory of Cyprus: From Colonization to Exploitation (PDF). Boston, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2016.
  4. ^ Simmons, A. H. Faunal extinction in an island society: pygmy hippopotamus hunters of Cyprus. New York: Springer 1999, p.15. [2] Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Vigne JD, Briois F, Zazzo A, Willcox G, Cucchi T, Thiébault S, Carrère I, Franel Y, Touquet R, Martin C, Moreau C, Comby C, Guilaine J (2012) First wave of cultivators spread to Cyprus at least 10,600 y ago. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(22): 8445–9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1201693109.
  6. ^ Guilaine, J., Briois, F. (2006) Shillourokambos and the Neolithization of Cyprus: Some Reflections. Eurasian Prehistory 4: 172.
  7. ^ Briois, F., Guilaine, J. (2013) On the chipped stone assemblages at Klimonas and Shillourokambos and their links with the mainland. Eurasian Prehistory 10(1–2): 177–186.
  8. ^ I. Lazaridis, S. Alpaslan-Roodenberg, A. Acar, A. Açıkkol, A. Agelarakis, L. Aghikyan, U. Akyüz, D. Andreeva, G. Andrijasevic, D. Antonović, I. Armit, A. Atmaca, P. Avetisyan, A. İ. Aytek, K. Bacvarov, R. Badalyan, S. Bakardzhiev, J. Balen, L. Bejko, R. Bernardos, A. Bertsatos, H. Biber, A. Bilir, M. Bodružić, M. Bonogofsky, C. Bonsall, D. Borić, N. Borovinić, G. Bravo Morante, K. Buttinger, K. Callan, F. Candilio, M. Carić, O. Cheronet, S. Chohadzhiev, M.-E. Chovalopoulou, S. Chryssoulaki, I. Ciobanu, N. Čondić, M. Constantinescu, E. Cristiani, B. J. Culleton, E. Curtis, J. Davis, R. Davtyan, T. I. Demcenco, V. Dergachev, Z. Derin, S. Deskaj, S. Devejyan, V. Djordjević, K. S. Duffett Carlson, L. R. Eccles, N. Elenski, A. Engin, N. Erdoğan, S. Erir-Pazarcı, D. M. Fernandes, M. Ferry, S. Freilich, A. Frînculeasa, M. L. Galaty, B. Gamarra, B. Gasparyan, B. Gaydarska, E. Genç, T. Gültekin, S. Gündüz, T. Hajdu, V. Heyd, S. Hobosyan, N. Hovhannisyan, I. Iliev, L. Iliev, S. Iliev, İ. İvgin, I. Janković, L. Jovanova, P. Karkanas, B. Kavaz-Kındığılı, E. Hilal Kaya, D. Keating, D. Kennett, S. Deniz Kesici, A. Khudaverdyan, K. Kiss, S. Kılıç, P. Klostermann, S. Kostak Boca Negra Valdes, S. Kovačević, M. Krenz-Niedbała, M. Krznarić Škrivanko, R. Kurti, P. Kuzman, A. M. Lawson, C. Lazar, K. Leshtakov, T. E. Levy, I. Liritzis, K. O. Lorentz, S. Łukasik, M. Mah, S. Mallick, K. Mandl, K. Martirosyan-Olshansky, R. Matthews, W. Matthews, K. McSweeney, V. Melikyan, A. Micco, M. Michel, L. Milasinovic, A. Mittnik, J. M. Monge, G. Nekhrizov, R. Nicholls, A. G. Nikitin, V. Nikolov, M. Novak, I. Olalde, J. Oppenheimer, A. Osterholtz, C. Özdemir, K. T. Özdoğan, N. Öztürk, N. Papadimitriou, N. Papakonstantinou, A. Papathanasiou, L. Paraman, E. G. Paskary, N. Patterson, I. Petrakiev, L. Petrosyan, V. Petrova, A. Philippa-Touchais, A. Piliposyan, N. Pocuca Kuzman, H. Potrebica, B. Preda-Bălănică, Z. Premužić, T. D. Price, L. Qiu, S. Radović, K. Raeuf Aziz, P. Rajić Šikanjić, K. Rasheed Raheem, S. Razumov, A. Richardson, J. Roodenberg, R. Ruka, V. Russeva, M. Şahin, A. Şarbak, E. Savaş, C. Schattke, L. Schepartz, T. Selçuk, A. Sevim-Erol, M. Shamoon-Pour, H. M. Shephard, A. Sideris, A. Simalcsik, H. Simonyan, V. Sinika, K. Sirak, G. Sirbu, M. Šlaus, A. Soficaru, B. Söğüt, A. Sołtysiak, Ç. Sönmez-Sözer, M. Stathi, M. Steskal, K. Stewardson, S. Stocker, F. Suata-Alpaslan, A. Suvorov, A. Szécsényi-Nagy, T. Szeniczey, N. Telnov, S. Temov, N. Todorova, U. Tota, G. Touchais, S. Triantaphyllou, A. Türker, M. Ugarković, T. Valchev, F. Veljanovska, Z. Videvski, C. Virag, A. Wagner, S. Walsh, P. Włodarczak, J. N. Workman, A. Yardumian, E. Yarovoy, A. Y. Yavuz, H. Yılmaz, F. Zalzala, A. Zettl, Z. Zhang, R. Çavuşoğlu, N. Rohland, R. Pinhasi, D. Reich (2022) Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia. Science 377, 982–987.
  9. ^ "Stone Age wells found in Cyprus". BBC News. 25 June 2009. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2009.
  10. ^ Wade, Nicholas (29 June 2007). "Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East". New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  11. ^ Walton, Marsha (9 April 2004). "Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2007.
  12. ^ Knapp AB (2013) The archaeology of Cyprus. In: From Earliest Prehistory through the Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  13. ^ Peltenburg, E. J. (1978) The Sotira Culture: Regional Diversity and Cultural Unity in Late Neolithic Cyprus, Levant 10(1): 55-74. DOI: 10.1179/lev.1978.10.1.55
  14. ^ Bodet, Cédric. (2019). Neolithic Cyprus-An isolated reflection of the mainland. Maritime Archaeology Periodical 10: 70–89
  15. ^ a b c d Karageorghis V (1982) Cyprus: From the Stone Age to the Romans (Ancient Peoples and Places Series, Vol. 101.) Thames & Hudson, London. 207 p.
  16. ^ Knox, Daisy. (2012). Making Sense of Figurines in Bronze Age Cyprus: A Comprehensive Analysis of Cypriot Ceramic Figurative Material from EC I - LC IIIA (c.2300BC - c.1100BC).UoM administered thesis: Phd.
  17. ^ Stewart, J.R., Dikaios, P. (1972). "Part 1A". The Swedish Cyprus Expedition:The Stone Age and The Early Bronze Age in Cyprus. IV. Lund. p. 202.
  18. ^ Peltenburg, E. (1993). Settlement Discontinuity and Resistance to Complexity in Cyprus, c. 4500–2500 B.C.E. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 292: 9–23.
  19. ^ Frankel, D., Webb, J.M. and Eslick, C. (1996) Anatolia and Cyprus in the Third Millennium BCE. A speculative model of interaction. In G. Bunnens (ed.) Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Near East, pp.37-50. Melbourne: Department of Classics and Archaeology, University of Melbourne. Abr- Nahrain Supplementary Series Vol. 5.
  20. ^ Peltenburg, E. J. (1996). From Isolation to State Formation in Cyprus, c. 3500-1500 B.C. In: V. Karageorghis / D. Michaelides (eds), The Development of the Cypriot Economy. From the Pre-historic Period to the Present Day. Nicosia. pp. 17-44.
  21. ^ Webb, J.M. and Frankel, D. 1999: Characterising the Philia facies. Material culture, chronology and the origin of the Bronze Age in Cyprus. American Journal of Archaeology 103, 3–43.
  22. ^ Frankel, D. 2000. Migration and ethnicity in prehistoric Cyprus: Technology as habitus. European Journal of Archaeology, 3(2), 167-187. doi:10.1179/eja.2000.3.2.167
  23. ^ Frankel, D. & J.M. Webb 2006: Marki Alonia. An Early and Middle Bronze Age Settlement in Cyprus. Excavations 1995–2000 (SIMA 123:2), Sävedalen
  24. ^ Bachhuber, C. (2015) The Anatolian Context of Philia Material Culture in Cyprus. In A. Knapp & P. Van Dommelen (Eds.), The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean (pp. 139-156). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHO9781139028387.012
  25. ^ Karageorghis, V. (2012). Detecting Cypro-Minoan relations in the Bronze Age. British School at Athens Studies 20: 7–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23541197
  26. ^ Zeman-Wiśniewska, Katarzyna. (2020). Re-evaluation of Contacts between Cyprus and Crete from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. ELECTRUM, 2020, Volume 27, p. 11-32, pa. 2020. ISSN 2084-3909. Available at: <https://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2020/Volume-27/art/17770/>. Date accessed: 16 pa. 2020 doi:https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909EL.20.001.12791.
  27. ^ Murray, A. S. (1900). "Excavations at Enkomi". In Murray, A. S.; Smith, A. H.; Walters H. B. (eds.). Excavations in Cyprus. London: British Museum.
  28. ^ Peltenburg, E. J. (1999). "From isolation to state formation in Cyprus: ca. 3500–1500 BC". In Karageorghis, Vassos; Michalides D. (eds.). The development of the Cypriot economy from the prehistoric period to the present day. Nikosia. pp. 17–43.
  29. ^ a b c Karageorghis, V. (1995). Relations between Cyprus and Egypt Second Intermediate Period and XVIIIth Dynasty. Ägypten Und Levante/Egypt and the Levant 5: 73–79. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43498658
  30. ^ Dikaios, P. 1969a: Enkomi. Excavations 1948–1958. Volume I, Mainz
  31. ^ Dikaios, P. 1971: Enkomi. Excavations 1948–1958. Volume II, Mainz du Plat Taylor, J. 1952: A Late Bronze Age settlement at Apliki, Cyprus, Antiquaries Journal 32, 133–167
  32. ^ Chadwick, John (1987). Linear B and related Scripts. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  33. ^ Morenz, Ludwig D.; Popko, Lutz (2010). "The Second Intermediate Period and the New Kingdom". In Lloyd, Alan B. (ed.). A Companion to Ancient Egypt. Vol. 1. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 108–109. ISBN 9781444320060.
  34. ^ Navy, corporateName=Royal Australian. "Semaphore: Ancient Egyptian Joint Operations in the Lebanon under Thutmose III (1451-1438 BCE)". www.navy.gov.au. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  35. ^ a b Iacovou, Maria. (1999) The Greek exodus to Cyprus: the antiquity of Hellenism. Mediterranean Historical Review 14: 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518969908569756
  36. ^ a b "Library of Congress Country Studies. Cyprus". Lcweb2.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
  37. ^ Jennings R (2010) The Hellenization of Cyprus in the Late Cypriot III and Beyond: Detecting Migrations in the Archaeological Record Anthropology 2.
  38. ^ A.D. Lacy. Greek Pottery in the Bronze Age. Taylor & Francis. p. 168. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  39. ^ Ophanides, Andreas. (2017) Late Bronze Age Socio-Economic and Political Organization, and the Hellenization of Cyprus. Athens Journal of History, volume 3, number 1, pp. 7–20
  40. ^ Eric H. Cline (22 September 2015). 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-7449-1.
  41. ^ Horst Nowacki, Wolfgang Lefèvre Creating Shapes in Civil and Naval Architecture: A Cross-Disciplinary Comparison BRILL, 2009 ISBN 9004173455
  42. ^ Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare. R. G. Grant. 2008. Accessed 10 August 2010
  43. ^ Karageorghis V (2000) Cultural innovations in Cyprus relating to the Sea Peoples, in E.D. Oren (Ed.) The Sea Peoples and their World: A Reassessment: 255–279. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
  44. ^ Burdajewicz M (1990) The Aegean Sea Peoples and religious architecture in the Eastern Mediterranean at the close of the Late Bronze Age. BAR International Series 558. BAR, Oxford. 208 p.
  45. ^ Catling HW (1966) Cyprus in the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods. Revised Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 43. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 78 p.
  46. ^ Åström P (1972) The Swedish Cyprus Expedition, Volume IV (1D): The Late Cypriote Bronze Age: The Late Cypriote Bronze Age: relative and absolute chronology, foreign relations, historical conclusions. Swedish Cyprus Expedition, Lund.
  47. ^ Karageorghis V (1990) The End of the Late Bronze Age in Cyprus. Nicosia, Pierides Foundation.
  48. ^ Kling B (1989) Local Cypriot Features in the Ceramics of the Late Cypriot IIIA period. In: E. J. Peltenburg (Ed.), Early Society in Cyprus: 160–170.
  49. ^ Karageorghis, Vassos. (1982). Cyprus: From the Stone Age to the Romans (Ancient Peoples and Places Series, Vol. 101.) Thames & Hudson, London. 207 p.
  50. ^ Masson, E., and O. Masson. (1983). “Les objets inscrits de Palaepaphos Skales.” In Palaepaphos Skales: An Iron Age Cemetery in Cyprus, edited by V. Karageorghis, 411–15. Alt-Paphos 3. Costanza: Universitätsverlag.
  51. ^ Karageorghis, Vassos. (1990). The Late Bronze Age (Late Cypriot), c.1600-1050 BC. In: Footprints in Cyprus, edited by D.Hunt, pp.22–46. Trigraph, London.
  52. ^ Catling, H.W. (1994) Cyprus in the 11th Century B.C.—An End or a Beginning? In: Karageorghis, Vassos, ed., Cyprus in the 11th Century BC. Nicosia: The A.G. Leventis Foundation. pp.133-141.
  53. ^ Coldstream, J.N. (1994) What Sort of Aegean Migration. In: Karageorghis, Vassos, ed., Cyprus in the 11th Century B.C.” Nicosia: The A.G. Leventis Foundation. pp.143-147.
  54. ^ Thomas, Carol G. (2005) The Trojan War. Santa Barbara, CA, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 64. [3] Archived 3 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ Iacovou, Maria. (2008). Cyprus: From migration to hellenisation. In Greek Colonisation, Volume 2. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004155763.i-566.31
  56. ^ Iacovou, Maria. (2012). External and internal migrations during the 12th century BC. Setting the stage for an economically successful Early Iron Age in Cyprus. In Cyprus and the Aegean in the early Iron age: the legacy of Nicolas Coldstream (pp. 207–228). Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation.
  57. ^ Masson, Olivier, Mitford, Terence (1983) Les Inscriptions chypriotes syllabiques. Paris: Boccard.
  58. ^ Baurain, C. 1984. Réflexions sur les origines d’Amathonte d’après les sources littéraires, in P. Aupert and M.- C. Hellmann (eds) Amathonte I. Testimonia 1. Auteurs ancients, Monnayage, Voyageurs, Fouilles, Origines, Géographie: 109–117. Paris: École Française d’Athènes/Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
  59. ^ Hadjisavvas, Sophocles (2013). The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition, Volume I. Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications. p. 1. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  60. ^ Karageorghis, Vassos. (1976). Kition, Mycenaean and Phoenician Discoveries in Cyprus, London.
  61. ^ Lipinski, Edward. (2004). Itineraria Phoenicia, Studia Phoenicia XVIII. Leuven: Peeters. Malkin, Irad. 1998. The Returns of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity. Los Angeles:University of California Press.
  62. ^ Stylianou, Petros J. 1989. The Age of the Kingdoms: A Political History of Cyprus in the Archaic and Classical Periods. Nicosia: Archbishop Makarios III Foundation.
  63. ^ Cannavò, Anna (2015) Cyprus and the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period, available from: Kyprios Character. History, Archaeology & Numismatics of Ancient Cyprus: kyprioscharacter.eie.gr/en/t/AL
  64. ^ Iacovou, Maria (2020). Greeks on the Island of Cyprus: “At home” on the Frontiers. In book: A Companion to Greeks Across the Ancient World.
  65. ^ a b "None Early Iron Age: Cypro-Archaic period: 750 - 475 BC". ant.david-johnson.co.uk. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  66. ^ "Siege of Amathus, c.498-7". www.historyofwar.org. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  67. ^ Destrooper-Georgiades, A. (2002) Les royaumes de Kition et Idalion aux Ve et IVe siècles. CCEC 32: 351-368.
  68. ^ Craig, Edward (2005). The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. p. 1076. ISBN 978-1-134-34409-3.
  69. ^ Yon, M., & William A. P. Childs. (1997). Kition in the Tenth to Fourth Centuries B. C. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 308, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.2307/1357405
  70. ^ Erath-Koiner, G. (2002). On the way to Hellenism: Late Classical and early Hellenistic portraits from Cyprus. In From Evagoras I to the Ptolemies: The Transition from the Classical to the Hellenistic Period in Cyprus, Proceedings of the International Archaeological Conference, Nicosia (Vol. 29, p. 30).
  71. ^ Papantoniou, G. (2013). Cypriot autonomous polities at the crossroads of empire: The imprint of a transformed islandscape in the Classical and Hellenistic periods. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 370(1), 169-205.
  72. ^ Iacovou, M. (2014) Beyond the Athenocentric misconceptions: the Cypriote polities in their economic context. Cahiers du Centre d’Études Chypriotes 44: pp. 95-117.
  73. ^ Iacovou, M. (2008). Cyprus: From migration to hellenisation. In Greek Colonisation, Volume 2. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004155763.i-566.31
  74. ^ "Dio's Rome, Volume V., Book 68, paragraph 32".
  75. ^ "Cyprus". JewishEncyclopedia.com.
  76. ^ Flori, Jean, F. (1999) Richard Coeur de Lion: le roi-chevalier (in French), Paris: Biographie Payot, ISBN 978-2-228-89272-8
  77. ^ Cavendish, Marshall (2009) World and Its Peoples. Volume 11 of Greece and the Eastern Balkans. p. 1509. ISBN 978-0-7614-7902-4.
  78. ^ Nicolaou-Konnari, Angel. (2005) "Greeks". In Nicolaou-Konnari, Angel; Schabel, Chris (eds.). Cyprus: Society and Culture 1191-1374. BRILL. pp. 103–104.
  79. ^ Coureas, N. (2017) The Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus and the sea, 13th–15th centuries. In C. Buchet & M. Balard (Eds.), The Sea in History - The Medieval World (pp. 369-381). Boydell & Brewer. doi:10.1017/9781782049104.035
  80. ^ Luke, Harry. (1975) The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1369—1489. In Setton, K. M.; Hazard, H. W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades, The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.
  81. ^ Hunt, David et al. (1989) Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus. London: Trigraph in association with the Bank of Cyprus.
  82. ^ Har-El, Shai (1995). Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman-Mamluk War, 1485-91. Brill Academic. p. 172. ISBN 9004101802.
  83. ^ a b Mirbagheri, Farid (2010). Historical Dictionary of Cyprus. Scarecrow Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0810862982.
  84. ^ Foglietta, U. (1903) The Sieges of Nicosia and Famagusta. London: Waterlow.
  85. ^ Alvise Zorzi (1988) La République du Lion, Histoire de Venise.
  86. ^ Monello, G. (2006) Accadde a Famagosta, l'assedio turco ad una fortezza veneziana ed il suo sconvolgente finale", Cagliari, Scepsi e Mattana.
  87. ^ Madden, Thomas F (2012) Venice : A New History (Hardback). New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02542-8
  88. ^ Papadopoulos, Th. (1971) Αρχιμανδρίτου Κυπριανού Ιστορία Χρονολογική της νήσου Κύπρου, Nicosia.
  89. ^ a b c d "Cyprus Conflict Net". Archived from the original on 11 November 2012.
  90. ^ Arif Hasan Tahsin. "He Anodos Tou _Denktas Sten Koryphe". January 2001. ISBN 9963-7738-6-9
  91. ^ "Rauf%20Denkta%C5%9F%201958%20haziran... - MİLLİYET GAZETE ARŞİVİ".
  92. ^ a b c Mirbagheri, Farid (2009), Historical Dictionary of Cyprus, Scarecrow Press, pp. 45–46
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Cyprus by period.
Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Cypriot_history
2 views |
↧ Download as ZWI file
Encyclosphere.org EncycloReader is supported by the EncyclosphereKSF