Timeline of Herat

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Herat, Afghanistan.

Prior to 15th century

500 BCE - Persian town in Aria established (approximate date).^[1]
330 BCE - Artacoana captured by Alexander III of Macedon.^[1]
167 BCE - Town becomes part of the Parthian Empire.
127 BCE - Town becomes part of the Kushan Empire
642 CE - Siege of Herat; Arabs in power.
1042 - City besieged by Seljuq Tughril.^[2]
1064 - Alp Arslan in power.^[2]
1102 - Earthquake.^[3]
1157 - The city was destroyed by an irruption of the Ghuzz, the predecessors of the modern Turkomans.^[4]
1163 - Bobrinski Bucket produced in Herat.^[5]
1175 - Ghurids in power.^[1]
1197 - Conflict between blacksmiths' and coppersmiths' bazaars.^[2]
1201 - Construction of new Friday Mosque begins.^[3]
1221 - City sacked by Mongols.^[6]
1244 - Shams al-Din Kurt in power.^[6]
1300 - Herat Citadel reinforced.
1364 - Earthquake.^[3]
1380 - City taken by forces of Timur.^[6]

15th-19th centuries

1405 - Capital of Timurid dynasty relocated to Herat from Samarkand.^[5]
1410 - "Bazaars reconstructed."^[5]
1425 - Tomb of Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari built at Gazurgah (near city).^[7]
1438 - Gawhar Shad Mausoleum built.^[5]
1448 - Siege of Herat (1448).
1460s - "Royal Canal" built.^[5]
1469 - Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqarah in power.^[6]
1482 - Ikhlasiyya (educational and charitable complex) built outside city (approximate date).^[8]
1500 - Friday Mosque rebuilt.^[3]
1507 - Uzbek Muhammad Shaybani in power.^[5]
1510 - City taken by Safavid Shah Ismail; Shamlu Turkomans in power.^[6]
1528 - Safavid Shah Tahmasp in power.^[6]
1716 - Abdali Afghan revolt.^[6]^[9]
1729 - Nader Shah in power.^[6]^[9]
1732 - Afghan revolt suppressed.^[6]
1750 - City becomes part of the Durrani Empire.^[10]
1801 - City becomes independent.
1807
- July–August: City is besieged by Iran.
1818
- April: City incorporated into the Durrani Empire.^[11] Later that year the Durranis are kicked out of most of Afghanistan, Herat becomes their last stronghold.
1837
- 23 November: Siege of Herat by Persian forces begins.^[6]^[9]^[4]
1842
- Early 1842: Yar Muhammad Khan Alakozai deposes Kamran Shah and becomes the new ruler.^[9]
1851
- June 11: Sa'id Muhammad Khan in power.^[9]^[10]
1852
- March–May: City is briefly occupied by the Persians.^[10]
1855
- September 15: Muhammad Yusuf in power.^[9]^[10]
1856
- April: Persian siege of Herat begins.^[12]
- October 25: Persians take the city of Herat.^[10]
1857
- September: Persian control of city ends per Treaty of Paris;^[6] Sultan Jan installed as ruler of Herat.^[9]
1862
- 27 July: City is besieged by the Muhammadzais.
1863
- 26 May: City taken by forces of Dost Mohammad Khan.^[13]^[4]
- Mohammad Yaqub Khan in power.^[9]^[14]
1880 - Abd al-Rahman Khan in power.^[6]
1885 - Under the orders of the Amir, the Mosalla was destroyed.^[4]

20th century

1922 / 1301 SH - Solar Hijri calendar officially adopted in Afghanistan.
1925 - Herat National Museum established.
1947 - Radio Kabul transmissions begin to reach Herat (approximate date).^[15]
1960s - Kandahar-Herat highway constructed.^[6]
1973 - Population: 108,750.^[16]
1979
- March: Uprising.
- City bombed by Soviet forces.^[17]
1988 - Population: 177,300 (estimate).^[18]
1993 - Mines cleared.^[17]

21st century

2010 - Population: 410,700.^[19]
2016 - Population: 491,967.^[20]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "City of Herat". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Paul 2000.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lisa Golombek (1983). "The Resilience of the Friday Mosque: The Case of Herat". Muqarnas. 1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Britannica 1910.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Grove 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Bosworth 2007.
^ Richard N. Frye (1948). "Two Timurid Monuments in Herat". Artibus Asiae. 11.
^ Maria Eva Subtelny (1991). "A Timurid Educational and Charitable Foundation: The Ikhlāṣiyya Complex of Ali Shir Navai in 15th-Century Herat and Its Endowment". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 111.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Balfour 1885.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 978-3-7001-7202-4.
^ Lee, Jonathan L. (15 December 2018). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78914-019-4.
^ Mikhail Volodarsky (1985). "Persia's Foreign Policy between the Two Herat Crises, 1831-56". Middle Eastern Studies. 21.
^ Stewart 1886.
^ Marsh 1876.
^ John Baily (1976). "Recent Changes in the Dutār of هرات". Asian Music. 8. Society for Asian Music.
^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b Tirard-Collet 1998.
^ United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division (1997). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 262–321. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
^ "Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations

This article incorporates information from the Russian Wikipedia.

Bibliography

Published in 19th century

Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Herat", New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
Lal, Mohan (1834). "A Brief Description of Herat". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 3: 9–18.
Narcisse Perrin (1842), "Hérat", L'Afghanistan (in French), Paris: Bertrand
J.P. Ferrier (1857), "(Herat)", Caravan journeys and wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan, and Beloochistan, translated by W. Jesse (2nd ed.), London: J. Murray
Muhammad Isfizari (1861–63). Extraits de la chronique persane d'Herat [Extracts from the Persian chronicle of Herat] (in French). Translated by Barbier de Meynard. Paris: Imprimerie impériale.
Hippisley Cunliffe Marsh (1876). "Description of a Journey Overland to India, via Meshed, Herat, Candahar and the Bolan Pass, in the Year 1872". Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 21.
George Bruce Malleson (1880). Herat: the granary and garden of Central Asia. W.H. Allen & Co.
Edward Balfour (1885), "Herat", Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch
C.E. Stewart (1886). "Herat Valley and the Persian Border, from the Hari-Rud to Sistan". Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography. 8 (3): 137–156. doi:10.2307/1800963. JSTOR 1800963.
Charles Edward Yate (1888), "Herat and its Antiquities", Northern Afghanistan, Edinburgh: W. Blackwood & Sons
"Herat". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1896.

Published in 20th century

Holdich, Thomas Hungerford (1910). "Herat" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 330–332.
Sayfi Harawi (1944). M.S. Siddiqi (ed.). Tarikh-nama-yi Harat (in Persian). Calcutta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
A. Lezine (1963). "Herat, notes de voyage". Bulletin d'Études Orientales (in French). 18.
Nancy H. Wolfe (1966). Herat, a pictorial guide.
Paul English (1973). "The Traditional City of Herat, Afghanistan". In L.C. Brown (ed.). From Medina to Metropolis. Princeton: Darwin Press.
D. Brandenburg (1977). Herat: eine timuridische Hauptstadt (in German). Graz.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
A.W. Najimi (1988). Herat, the Islamic City: A Study in Urban Conservation. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Rafi Samizay (1989). "Herat: Pearl of Khurasan". Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre (1–2). Archived from the original on 24 December 2007.
Felicia J. Hecker (1993). "A Fifteenth-Century Chinese Diplomat in Herat". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 3.
Olivier Tirard-Collet (1998). "After the War: the Condition of Historical Buildings and Monuments in Herat, Afghanistan". Iran. 36.
Jurgen Paul (2000). "The Histories of Herat". Iranian Studies. 33 (1–2): 93–115. doi:10.1080/00210860008701977. S2CID 162247245.

Published in 21st century

Josef W. Meri, ed. (2006). "Herat". Medieval Islamic Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96691-7.
C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Herat". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 978-9004153882.
Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Herat", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
"Herat". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009.

External links

"Historic Cities Programme: Afghanistan". Aga Khan Trust for Culture. Aga Khan Development Network. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013.
ArchNet. "Herat". Archived from the original on 26 October 2012.
Map of Herāt and surroundings in 1942

[unesco-1] "City of Herat". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 16 April 2013.

[FOOTNOTEPaul2000-2] Paul 2000.

[golombek1983-3] Lisa Golombek (1983). "The Resilience of the Friday Mosque: The Case of Herat". Muqarnas. 1.

[FOOTNOTEBritannica1910-4] Britannica 1910.

[FOOTNOTEGrove2009-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Grove 2009.

[FOOTNOTEBosworth2007-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Bosworth 2007.

[7] Richard N. Frye (1948). "Two Timurid Monuments in Herat". Artibus Asiae. 11.

[8] Maria Eva Subtelny (1991). "A Timurid Educational and Charitable Foundation: The Ikhlāṣiyya Complex of Ali Shir Navai in 15th-Century Herat and Its Endowment". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 111.

[FOOTNOTEBalfour1885-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Balfour 1885.

[:0-10] Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. ISBN 978-3-7001-7202-4.

[11] Lee, Jonathan L. (15 December 2018). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78914-019-4.

[12] Mikhail Volodarsky (1985). "Persia's Foreign Policy between the Two Herat Crises, 1831-56". Middle Eastern Studies. 21.

[FOOTNOTEStewart1886-13] Stewart 1886.

[FOOTNOTEMarsh1876-14] Marsh 1876.

[15] John Baily (1976). "Recent Changes in the Dutār of هرات". Asian Music. 8. Society for Asian Music.

[16] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[FOOTNOTETirard-Collet1998-17] Tirard-Collet 1998.

[18] United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division (1997). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 262–321. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[19] "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.

[20] "Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations

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v t e Herat Province
Capital: Herat
Districts	Adraskan Chishti Sharif Farsi Ghoryan Gulran Guzara Hirat Injil Karukh Kohsan Kushk Kushki Kuhna Obe Pashtun Zarghun Shindand Zinda Jan
Populated places	Adraskan Azizabad Baluchi Bazargan Chishti Sharif Farsi Ghurian Gulran Guzara Herat Injil Islam Qala Karukh Kohsan Kushk Kushki Kuhna Obe Pashtun Zarghun Sabzawar Shindand Torghundi Zendeh Jan
Landmarks	Herat Citadel Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari shrine Great Mosque of Herat Gawhar Shad Mausoleum Gawhar Shad Mosque Malan Bridge Musalla complex Herat City Old Fort

v t e Years in Afghanistan (1528–present)
16th century	1528
18th century	1729 1738
19th century	1823 1826 1834 1839 1840 1841 1842 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900
20th century	1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
21st century	2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Timeline of Herat

Prior to 15th century

15th-19th centuries

20th century

21st century

See also

References

Bibliography

External links