Timeline of Japanese history

This is a timeline of Japanese history, comprising important legal, territorial and cultural changes and political events in Japan and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Japan.

Centuries: 1st · 2nd · 3rd · 4th · 5th · 6th · 7th · 8th · 9th · 10th · 11th · 12th · 13th · 14th · 15th · 16th · 17th · 18th · 19th

Modern Japanese periods: Meiji · Taisho · Showa · Heisei · Reiwa

Paleolithic period

Year	Date	Event
14000 BC		First settlers arrived on the Japanese archipelago, called the Jōmon. They had a diverse hunter-gatherer and early agriculturalist population.

3rd century BC

Year	Date	Event
300 BC		Mass migration from the Asian continent to the Japanese archipelago ushered in the Yayoi period. Japan transitioned from a hunter-gatherer to a settled agricultural society. There was a mixture between the Yayoi immigrants and the indigenous population, and between new cultural influences and existing practices.

1st century

Year	Date	Event
57		The King of Na gold seal is issued by Emperor Guangwu of Han to the coalition of Japanese states in northern Kyushu led by Nakoku state.

2nd century

Year	Date	Event
180		The Civil War of Wa ends, bringing Shaman queen Himiko to power in Yamatai clan somewhere in either Northern Kyushu or Central Honshu.

3rd century

Year	Date	Event
201		The Nagata Shrine, Hirota Shrine and Ikuta Shrine, the oldest surviving Shinto shrines in Japan, are founded by legendary Empress Jingū.
238		First embassy of Himiko to Cao Wei
248		Himiko dies and is succeeded by 13 year old Queen Toyo after a brief civil war. Some rebels, preferring a male successor, fled Yamatai and founded the Miwa court in Nara.
250		The Kofun period and Yamato period starts. Traditional date to mark the founding of Yamato entity in Nara associated with the Sujin line of kings.
266		Toyo embassy to Emperor Wu of Jin
283		The Hata clan led by Yuzuki no Kimi settles in Japan, introducing sericulture (silk farming).

4th century

Year	Date	Event
346		Makimuku site abandoned, possibly due to invaders including Baekje and Gaya confederacy men, indicating large changes of Miwa court
350		Unification of Yamato Province
362		King Chūai of Miwa court replaced by king Ōjin of Kawachi court (Saki Court), marking expansion of Yamato Province to entire Kinai

5th century

Very little is known about the 5th century in Japan. The period was definitely marked by volatile inter-state warfare, complex alliances, submissions and betrayals. Some of the more constant Yamato polity partners were Baekje and Gaya confederacy, while enemies included Goguryeo, Silla and various Chinese groups. All of the records of the era either did not survive or are contentious.

Year	Date	Event
404		Goguryeo–Wa conflicts between Wa, Baekje, and Gaya against Goguryeo and Silla
413		King of Wa sends 1st recorded tribute to the Jin.
430		Yamato polity become a regional power after subjugating several states in West Japan. Details are subject to Mimana controversy.
461		Chronology of the Japanese historical records become consistent. All dates before this entry are reconstructed with foreign or archaeological data.
461		Baekje sends an embassy to Japan, as confirmed by both Japanese and Korean records.

6th century

Year	Date	Event
500		Iron tools become widespread in archeological record, marking the advent of Iron Age in Japan.
507		Kawachi court is succeeded by King Ohoto of Koshi (Keitai line of kings) in Asuka court.
527		With the suppression of the Iwai Rebellion, the Yamato polity is firmly entrenched in Tsukushi Province, Kyushu.
538		Introduction of Buddhism in Japan by Seong of Baekje.
538		The Asuka period starts, the Imperial capital was transferred to Asuka. Yamato polity achieve de facto political dominance with full conquest of Shikoku and Kyushu islands.
562		The last states of Gaya confederacy are destroyed, marking extinction of Japonic languages outside Japan.
587		The religious war (Soga–Mononobe conflict) ends with the victory of the pro-Buddhist Soga clan.
593		The Soga clan takes control of Japan with the installation of Empress Suiko on the throne.

7th century

Year	Date	Event
603		Introduction of the Twelve Level Cap and Rank System in Japan
607		The first embassy under the command of Ono no Imoko is sent to Sui China.
630		The first of Japanese missions to Tang China
645		The Asuka period ends with the power of the Soga clan broken in the Isshi incident and Nakatomi clan becoming the dominant power.
646	22 January	The Hakuhō period starts with the Taika Reform.
660		Japanese, under command of Abe no Hirafu, massacre the Mishihase people in Hokkaido. The Japanese do not return to Hokkaido until over 700 years later.
662		Japanese enter the Baekje–Tang War.
663		The Japanese navy is decisively defeated in the Battle of Baekgang, marking the withdrawal of Japan from Korean politics.
665		First coastal defences of Kyushu were built at what is now the Ōnojō Castle Ruins.
668		The Ōmi Code was adopted starting the Ritsuryō law system.
670		First population census.
672		Succession conflict results in the Jinshin War.
673		With the reign of Emperor Tenmu, Japan becomes an empire.
684		684 Hakuho earthquake, severe tsunami and subsidence at Tosa Province
689		Asuka Kiyomihara Code, incorporating a citizens registration and pestilence reporting system, was adopted
694		The Imperial capital transferred to Fujiwara-kyō.

8th century

Year	Date	Event
701		The Taihō Code legal system is accepted.
709		The Fort Ideha is established near modern Akita, marking the start of submission of the Emishi people in the Tōhoku region to Japanese.
710		The Nara period starts after Empress Genmei establishes the capital of Heijō-kyō.
711		The law prohibiting nobles from restricting peasant's access to non-agricultural areas is enacted. Stagnation in cultivated land area begins and would continue until 14th century.
712		The Kojiki is completed.
713		The provinces are ordered to compile cultural and geographical records, known as fudoki.
718		Fujiwara no Fuhito compiles the Yōrō Code (the update of Taihō Code) which is accepted in 757.
720		The Nihon Shoki (1st volume of historical chronicles Rikkokushi) is completed.
720	November	Murder of governor Kamitsukenu no Ason Hirohito and susbsequent punitive expedition to Mutsu Province
721		The Hayato rebellion ends after a year and half of fighting, marking the complete subjugation of Southern Kyushu.
721		Severe drought and government attempts to mitigate by clearing farmland in Mutsu Province
724		Emperor Shōmu was enthroned. Also, the site of the Taga Castle, near to modern Sendai, is founded.
731	April	A fleet of 300 Japanese vessels is defeated on the east coast on Silla.^[1]
735		Genbō and Kibi no Makibi returned from China.
735		A major smallpox epidemic spread from Kyushu, resulting in a third of the population perishing, 10 years of social instability and 4 transfers of the Imperial capital through Kuni-kyō, Shigaraki Palace and Naniwa-kyō before returning to Heijō-kyō in 745.
740	28 September	The Fujiwara no Hirotsugu rebellion erupts on Kyushu.
741		Shōmu established the provincial temples as a part of shift from Confucianism to Buddhism effected by ongoing epidemic and famine.
743		The Ritsuryō law system incorporated the right of eternal land ownership by any squatter in attempt to mitigate a rampant vagrancy.
745		Establishment of the centralized rice tax system.
749		End of first smallpox epidemic.
751		The Kaifūsō poetry anthology was completed.
752		The Great Buddha of Nara at Tōdai-ji was completed with the assistance of Bodhisena from India.
754		Priest Ganjin arrived from China.
757		Fujiwara no Nakamaro defeated an attempt by Tachibana no Naramaro to seize power.
757		The Yōrō Code completes the evolution of Ritsuryō law system.
763		Severe epidemic of unidentified illness began spreading from the Iki Island.
764		Fujiwara and Emperor Junnin launched a plot against the retired Empress Kōken and the monk Dōkyō (which failed)
773		The Thirty-Eight Years War for the subjugation of Tōhoku starts.
781		Emperor Kanmu was enthroned.
784		The Imperial capital moved to Nagaoka-kyō. This was the capital of Japan from 784 to 794. Its location was in Otokuni District, Kyoto, Yamashiro Province.
788		Saichō built Enryaku-ji.
790		Relavively minor smallpox outbreak resulting in large mortality of men aged 30 or below.
794		The first shōgun, Ōtomo no Otomaro, was appointed by Emperor Kanmu in 794 CE. The shōgun was the military dictator of Japan with near absolute power over territories via the military.
794		The Heian period starts after Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Heian-kyō (ancient name of Kyoto). Emperor Kanmu chose to relocate the capital in order to distance it from the clerical establishment in Nara.
797		The Shoku Nihongi (2nd volume of historical chronicles Rikkokushi) was completed.

9th century

Year	Date	Event
802		After the defeat of the Emishi Isawa confederation and execution of Aterui in the final stages of Thirty-Eight Years War [ja], the Japanese control the entire Honshu island.
806		The Japanese kana scripts (invention popularly attributed to Kūkai) have evolved as distinct from Chinese characters.
810		The Kusuko incident propels Emperor Saga to the throne, resulting in a 32-years long peaceful period.
814		Second major outbreak of smallpox epidemic killing "nearly half" of the Japanese population.
815		Shinsen Shōjiroku, the first compilation of Japanese genealogical data, is complete.
829	23 January	Kūkai has established the first public school in Japan.
839		Last envoy to Tang China sent (some later embassies were cancelled)
840		Nihon Kōki (3rd volume of historical chronicles Rikkokushi) was completed.
842		The Jōwa incident marks the raising power of the Fujiwara clan.
853	February	Minor outbreak of smallpox epidemic. The outbreaks would continue with average interval of 30 years until smallpox become endemic by 1061.
858		The Fujiwara clan solidify their rule over Japan with the installation of Emperor Seiwa.
869		Shoku Nihon Kōki (4th volume of historical chronicles Rikkokushi) was completed.
869	9 July	The devastating 869 Sanriku earthquake and tsunami happened off Tohoku coast.
878	March	The Akita Castle is overrun during Gangyou disturbance [ja] with the background of heavy drought and famine, resulting in growing independence of the Dewa Province
879		Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku (5th volume of historical chronicles Rikkokushi) was completed.
887		Ako Controversy around edict issued by Emperor Uda naming Fujuwara no Mototsune as Kanpaku
894		Sugawara no Michizane advocates for stopping sending embassies to China.

10th century

Year	Date	Event
901		Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (6th and last of historical chronicles Rikkokushi) was completed.
907		Severe epidemics and extreme weather including floods and drought, popularly attributed to persecution of Sugawara no Michizane
935		The Tosa Nikki, the oldest surviving Japanese diary, was written.
939		Tengyō no Ran – the failed rebellion of Taira no Masakado in Hitachi Province and Shimōsa Province, Fujiwara no Sumitomo in Iyo Province and San'yō region, plus opportunistic uprisings in Dewa Province – the first of many rebellions led by professional warriors (samurai), has led to the downfall of the Tachibana clan.
949		The 56 warrior monks of Tōdai-ji stage the public protest, marking the formation of sōhei class and militarization of temples.
984		The Ishinpō, the oldest surviving Japanese medical manual, is compiled.
995		Unprecedented scale epidemic ravages Heian-kyō, killing many nobles on the background of sectarian strife.^[2]

11th century

Year	Date	Event
1008		The Tale of Genji is written.
1019		Toi invasion to northern Kyushu
1028		Taira no Tadatsune starts a 3-years long war in now Chiba Prefecture before surrendering.
1051		The Former Nine Years' War (Zenkunen War) against rebellious Abe clan in now Tohoku have started.
1069		The Ritsuryō system has completely failed due to encroachment by private manors. Emperor Go-Sanjō land reform attempt was thwarted by Fujiwara no Yorimichi, signaling the terminal decline of imperial power.
1074		The unification of units of volume measurement^[3]
1083		The fighting in Tohoku flares up again, resulting in the Gosannen War (Later Three-Year War).

12th century

Year	Date	Event
1156		The Hōgen rebellion has marked the rise of the samurai class.
1159		The Heiji rebellion has been defeated, and Taira clan under control of Taira no Kiyomori is dominating the government of Japan – the first example of samurai rule.
1177		Shishigatani incident – an attempted rebellion against Taira clan rule
1180		The Genpei War starts. As result, the Imperial capital is briefly moved to Fukuhara-kyō.
1181		Severe drought created the Yōwa famine
1185		The Kamakura period starts after the Genpei War ends with the defeat of the Taira clan, resulting in establishment of the Kamakura shogunate.
1189	15 June	The Battle of Koromo River have ended de facto independence of the Northern Fujiwara clan in Tōhoku. As result, first Japanese refugees have settled in Kaminokuni, Hokkaido.
1192		Kamakura became the de facto capital of Japan in about 1180 AD, following the victories of the Minamoto over the Taira. It officially became the capital in 1192 when Minamoto Yoritomo was declared shōgun.
1192		Minamoto no Yoritomo seized power from the central government and the aristocracy and established a feudal system based in Kamakura. The samurai gained political power over the aristocratic nobility (kuge) of the Imperial Court in Kyoto. Minamoto no Yoritomo was awarded the title of Sei-i Taishōgun by Emperor Go-Toba. The Emperor became a figurehead. The political system that Yoritomo developed with a succession of shōguns as the head became known as a shogunate. The military class would rule Japan near continuously from 1192 till 1868 CE.

13th century

Year	Date	Event
1221		Jōkyū War – an attempt of Imperial family to regain independence from the Kamakura shogunate
1230-1231		Kanki famine
1232		The Goseibai Shikimoku code accepted and used until the Edo period, marking militarization of legal system
1274		1st Mongol invasion in Japan repulsed in the Battle of Bun'ei
1281		2nd Mongol invasion in Japan repulsed in the Battle of Kōan
1293	27 May	The deadly 1293 Kamakura earthquake, followed by government in-fighting, struck Japan.

14th century

Year	Date	Event
1331		Emperor Go-Daigo initiates the Genkō War.
1333	5 July	The short-lived Kenmu Restoration starts with the destruction of the Kamakura shogunate in the siege of Kamakura (1333).
1334		Imperial court of Japan splits in two until 1392, resulting in the Nanboku-chō period.
1336		The Muromachi period starts with the establishment of the Ashikaga shogunate domination over the imperial Northern Court. The Daimyō system is established.
1341		The Jinnō Shōtōki is written, formalizing Emperor's of Japan role transition from ruler to the mystical symbol.
1348	4 February	The Southern Court loses the Battle of Shijōnawate.
1350		Kannō disturbance weakens the Ashikaga shogunate. Wokou pirates from Japan are becoming rampant in region.
1353		The Southern Court wins the Battle of Yawata, enabling the siege of Kyoto in 1354.
1368		De facto independence of the Kantō region
1370		De facto independence of Kyushu
1392		The Nanboku-chō period ends with subjugation of the Southern Court to the Northern Court.

15th century

Year	Date	Event
1419	19 June	Ōei Invasion to Wokou bases on Tsushima Island
1428		Cholera epidemic and extreme impoverishment in now Shiga Prefecture have resulted in the Shocho uprising.
1438		Flare-up of Eikyō disturbance [ja] in the Kantō region after 22 years of confrontation between local lords and shogunate
1443		The Treaty of Gyehae was signed, resulting in Wokou pirates becoming increasingly non-Japanese.
1454		The Kyōtoku incident starts the 32 years of instability and bloodshed in the semi-independent Kantō region.
1457		Takeda Nobuhiro emerged victorious after repelling an Ainu assault on Kaminokuni, Hokkaido, marking the beginning of Japanese conquest of Hokkaido.
1457		Edo Castle, a nucleus of modern Tokyo, was built.
1459		Bad handling of the Kanshō famine in the aftermath of flood and plague in Kyoto has resulted in increasing divisions of society.
1467		The Ōnin War starts, marking the beginning of the Sengoku period – during which violence and power struggle has become the norm.
1477		Kyoto has been completely destroyed. Iga Province by this point has successfully rejected the authority of the local shugo.
1485		The Yamashiro uprising establishes the Yamashiro ikki
1487		Battle of Magari: Rokkaku Takayori, supported by ninja from Iga ikki and Kōka ikki, defeats an expedition from Shogun Ashikaga Yoshihisa.
1488		The Kaga Rebellion overthrows Togashi Masachika and establishes a theocratic confederation, the Kaga ikki, in now-Ishikawa Prefecture.
1493		The Ashikaga shogunate destroys the Yamashiro ikki
1498	20 September	1498 Nankai earthquake

16th century

Year	Date	Event
1523		Japanese in-fighting results in the Ningbo incident, bringing trade with China to a halt and resulting in a new wave of Wokou piracy.
1540		Tenbun famine [ja] and plague
1543	25 August	The first Europeans, the Portuguese, arrive at Japan, opening the Nanban trade period.
1560		Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga emerged victorious.
1570		Oda Nobunaga starts a 10-year long Ishiyama Hongan-ji War to suppress the warrior monk community and the Kaga ikki state.
1573		Japanese society begins to stabilize, starting the Azuchi–Momoyama period under the rule of Oda Nobunaga and later Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
1574		The Rokkaku clan and Kōka ikki surrender to Nobunaga. The Iga–Kōka alliance is thus terminated.
1579		Azuchi religious debate results in enforced religious tolerance.
1581		Oda Nobunaga forces win the Tenshō Iga War, destroying the Iga ikki
1581		Himeji Castle, the largest in Japan, was built.
1582		Honnō-ji incident: Akechi Mitsuhide betrays Oda Nobunaga who commits suicide
1585		Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded Shikoku.
1586		The 1586 Tenshō earthquake strikes central Honshu, killing thousands.
1587		Toyotomi Hideyoshi launches the Kyūshū campaign.
1590	4 August	Toyotomi Hideyoshi prevails over the Late Hōjō clan in the siege of Odawara in the Kantō region, completing the re-unification of Japan.
1591	8 October	The Separation Edict and Population Census Edict froze the social structure of Japan.
1592	23 May	Toyotomi Hideyoshi, acting as kampaku (regent) in lieu of Oda Nobukatsu, invaded Korea.
1597	5 February	26 Martyrs of Japan were crucified in Nagasaki in the aftermath of the San Felipe incident.
1598	16 December	The Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) have ended with Japanese retreat after the Battle of Noryang.
1600	21 October	The Battle of Sekigahara is won by forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

17th century

Year	Date	Events
1603	24 March	The Edo period starts after Tokugawa Ieyasu received from Emperor Go-Yōzei the title of shōgun.
		The town of Edo became the de facto capital of Japan and center of political power. This was after Tokugawa Ieyasu established the bakufu headquarters in Edo. Kyoto remained the formal capital of the country.
	November	Rokugō Rebellion
1605	3 February	1605 Nankai earthquake and tsunami
1605		Ieyasu abdicated from office in favor of his third son and heir, Tokugawa Hidetada.
1609	7 March	Invasion of Ryukyu
1610	3 January	Nossa Senhora da Graça incident
1611	2 December	1611 Sanriku earthquake and tsunami
1615	3 June	The siege of Osaka is complete with the Battle of Tennōji: Tokugawa Ieyasu ended Toyotomi opposition.
1623		Hidetada resigned his office to his eldest son and heir, Tokugawa Iemitsu.
1635		The Sakoku Edict of 1635 was issued by the Tokugawa shogunate. This isolationist foreign policy barred Japanese from leaving Japan and barred Europeans from entering, on pain of death. It instituted strict penalties for the practice of Catholicism and severely restricted foreign trade.
1635		The policy of sankin-kōtai was established, which subjected the daimyōs to the will of the shōgun.
1637	17 December	Shimabara Rebellion: A rebellion began against the daimyō Matsukura Katsuie over his persecution of Christianity and onerous tax code.
1638	15 April	Shimabara Rebellion: The last of the rebels were defeated in their fortress at Shimabara.
1642		The Kan'ei Great Famine happens due to a combination of government over-spending, Rinderpest epizootic, volcanic eruptions and extreme weather.
1651	24 April	Iemitsu died, leaving his office to the ten-year-old Tokugawa Ietsuna.
1651		Keian Uprising: A coup d'état attempted by several rōnin and masterminded by Yui Shōsetsu and Marubashi Chūya failed.
1657	2 March	Great Fire of Meireki in Edo
1669		Shakushain's revolt on Hokkaido
1680	4 June	Ietsuna died and was succeeded by his younger brother, Tokugawa Tsunayoshi.
1686		Jōkyō uprising

18th century

Year	Date	Event
1703	20 March	Chūshingura – Forty-seven rōnin were ordered to commit seppuku by the shōgun.
1703	31 December	1703 Genroku earthquake and tsunami
1707	28 October	1707 Hōei earthquake and tsunami, followed by the Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji
1709	19 February	Tsunayoshi died. His nephew Tokugawa Ienobu succeeded him as shōgun.
1712		The Wakan Sansai Zue, the first Japanese encyclopaedia, was published.
1712	12 November	Ienobu died and was succeeded by his five-year-old son, Tokugawa Ietsugu, under the regency of the shōgun's adviser Arai Hakuseki.
1716	19 June	Ietsugu died. Tokugawa Yoshimune, a great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu, became shōgun.
1716	July	The Kyōhō Reforms aimed for monetization of economy and broader import of European knowledge have started.
1720		The foreign books restrictions are reduced, starting a Rangaku practice.
1732		The Kyōhō famine happens due to a locust infestation in the Seto Inland Sea region.
1745		Yoshimune retired, leaving his public office to his eldest son Tokugawa Ieshige, although he maintained some influence in the affairs of state.
1754		1754 Horeki River incident
1760		Ieshige retired, leaving his office to his eldest son Tokugawa Ieharu.
1771	9 January	Empress Go-Sakuramachi abdicated in favor of her nephew Go-Momozono. She was the last empress regnant of Japan up until now.
1771	24 April	1771 Great Yaeyama Tsunami
1782		Great Tenmei famine
1783	5 August	Tenmei eruption of Mount Asama
1789	May	Menashi–Kunashir rebellion on Hokkaido
1790		The Kansei Reforms, including the Kansei Edict, tighten the isolation of Japan.
1792	21 May	1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami

19th century

Year	Date	Event
1806		Chwostoff raids on the Japanese-controlled Kuril islands.
1807		Failed military expedition to Sakhalin
1811		The Golovnin incident marks increasing contacts with the Russian Empire.
1825		Edict to Repel Foreign Vessels
1833		Tenpō famine
1837		Morrison incident
1842		Tenpō Reforms lifts the price controls and further reduce contacts with Europeans.
1846	10 March	Emperor Ninkō died at the age of 45 and was succeeded by Emperor Kōmei.
1847	8 May	1847 Nagano earthquake
1848	1 July	The isolation policy of the Tokugawa shogunate has begun to crumble by the time of landing of Ranald MacDonald on Rishiri Island.
1853	14 July	Matthew C. Perry arrives off the coast of Japan in four ships. Perry orders harbor buildings to be shelled to force negotiations for a letter President Millard Fillmore sent to the ruler of Japan. This incident was coined as the "Arrival of the Black Ships" in Japanese history.
1854	February	Second Visit. Matthew C. Perry returns to Japan with eight Black Ships and finds that the shogunate had prepared a treaty accepting virtually all demands from President Millard Fillmore.
	March	Matthew C. Perry signs the Convention of Kanagawa. Within five years, Japan signs similar treaties with other western countries, thus ending an isolation period of more than 200 years known as sakoku (鎖国), whereby the Dutch and Chinese ships had limited trade exclusivity.
	23 December	The Ansei great earthquakes series starts with the 1854 Tōkai earthquake and tsunami.
1855	7 February	The Treaty of Shimoda with the Russian Empire was signed.
	25 August	With the arrival of the modern Dutch paddle steamer Kankō Maru, the Tokugawa shogunate establishes the Nagasaki Naval Training Center as part of its modernization efforts to meet the perceived military threat posed by the western nations and learn Western-style science and naval theory. The cadets who attended the center such as Enomoto Takeaki and Katsu Kaishū would go on to found the Imperial Japanese Navy following the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
	11 November	The Ansei great earthquakes series ends with the 1855 Edo earthquake followed by a devastating fire.
1858	26 August	The Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce and other Ansei Treaties were signed, resulting in Ansei Purge.
1860	9 February	Ambassador Shinmi Masaoki sets sail for San Francisco, leading the first Japanese diplomatic mission to the United States.
1860	17 March	The Japanese ship Kanrin Maru arrives in San Francisco with the delegation, marking the first official visit to a foreign state following the end of its 214-year isolationist policy, demonstrating the degree to which Japan had mastered Western navigation techniques and ship technologies in the 6 years since opening its borders.
1862	14 September	Namamugi Incident: Four British subjects were attacked by guards on the Tōkaidō for failing to pay proper respect to a daimyō. One, a merchant named Charles Lennox Richardson, was killed.
1863	11 March	Order to expel barbarians
	16 July	Battle of Shimonoseki Straits
	15 August	Bombardment of Kagoshima
	29 September	Tenchūgumi incident - the year-long rebellion in Yamato Province starts.
1864	May	The Mito Rebellion starts in Mito Domain and continues until January 1865.
1864	20 August	Kinmon incident - an attempt to kidnap an Emperor Kōmei, resulting in partial burning of Kyoto. It was retaliated by the abortive First Chōshū expedition.
1866	7 June	The Second Chōshū expedition starts, only to be halted after death of shōgun Tokugawa Iemochi in August 1866, critically discrediting the Tokugawa shogunate.
1867	3 February	Emperor Kōmei died at the age of 35. It's generally believed due to the smallpox epidemic. This marked the end of the Edo period.
1867	3 February	Emperor Meiji ascended the Chrysanthemum throne. This marked the start of the Meiji Period.

Meiji period (1868–1912)

Year	Date	Event
1868	3 January	Meiji Restoration restored practical abilities and the political system under Emperor Meiji. This ended the Tokugawa Shogunate.
1868	1868 to 1869	Boshin War was fought between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the Imperial Court.
1869		The city of Edo was formally renamed to Tokyo ("eastern capital"). The city of Tokyo was officially established.
1869	1 May	Emperor Meiji moved his residence from Kyoto to Tokyo. Edo castle became the Imperial Palace. This made Tokyo the formal capital of Japan.
1871		Abolition of Han system, being replaced by a system of Japanese prefectures.
1873		Seikanron: Japanese government debated and rejected the idea of the invasion of Korea.
1873		Land Tax Reform (Japan 1873)
1874	16 February to 9 April	Saga Rebellion
1874	6 May to 3 December	Mudan incident in Greater China.
1875		Japan quickly transformed in one generation from an isolated feudal society to a modern industrialized nation state and an emerging great power.
1876		Akizuki, Hagi and Shinpūren Rebellions.
1877		Satsuma Rebellion.
1878	23 August	Takebashi incident: A riot by underpaid Imperial Guards.
1884		Chichibu incident: A peasants rebellion.
1890	29 November	The Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Meiji Constitution) was enacted. This turned Japan into a quasi-absolute monarchy with a representative democracy.
1891	28 October	1891 Mino–Owari earthquake: A strongest recorded inland earthquake of Japan.
1894	1 August	First Sino-Japanese War starts.
1895	17 April	The First Sino-Japanese War is won by the Japanese, resulting in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. It was the first major conflict between Japan and an overseas military power in modern times. For the first time, regional dominance in East Asia shifted from China to Japan. Korea became a vassal state of Japan.
1895	29 May	Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)
1896	15 June	Sanriku earthquake kills 22,066 people.
1902	30 January	Russo-Japanese War: Japan became the first Asian nation to sign a mutual defense pact with a European nation, Britain.
1904	8 February	Russo-Japanese War: Japan launched a surprise torpedo attack on the Imperial Russian Navy at Port Arthur.
1905	5 September	Russo-Japanese War: Japan became the first modern Asian nation to win a war against an Eastern European nation (Russia). The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed, ceding some Russian property and territory to Japan and ending the war. Pro-war activists staged the Hibiya incendiary incident nevertheless. This changed the global world order. Japan became the main Asian power.
1910	22 August	Japan–Korea Treaty completes the annexation of the Korean Empire.
1910	December	Japanese Antarctic Expedition starts.
1912	30 July	Emperor Meiji died of kidney failure and ulcerative colitis at the age of 59.

Taisho period (1912–1926)

Year	Date	Event
1912	30 July	Prince Taisho became as the Emperor of Japan. This marked the start of the Taishō period.
1914	5 to 6 September	Japanese seaplane carrier Wakamiya conducted the world's first successful naval-launched air raids on 5 September 1914 and during the first months of World War I from Jiaozhou Bay off Qingdao. On 6 September 1914 was the very first air-sea battle in history.
1914	31 October	The siege of Qingdao starts as part of World War I.
1915	18 January	Japan sends the Twenty-One Demands to China.
1917	2 November	Lansing–Ishii Agreement goes into effect.
1918	January 1918 to April 1920	Spanish flu pandemic began to devastate Japan, which killed 400,000 people.
	4 April	Japanese intervention in Siberia starts and continues until 1922.
	July to September	Rice riots of 1918
	July	Siberian intervention launched.
1919	1 March	March 1st Movement begins to invigorate the Korean independence movement.
1920		Japan helps found the League of Nations.
1921	13 November	Hōshō, the first Japanese aircraft carrier, is launched.
	29 November	Crown Prince Hirohito becomes regent because his father, Emperor Taisho had a serious illness.
	13 December	Four-Power Treaty is signed with America, Britain, and France.
1922	6 February	Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty is signed.
1922	28 August	Japan withdraws troops from Siberia.
1923	1 September	Great Kanto earthquake kills 140,000 people.
1924	26 January	Crown Prince Hirohito (Future Emperor Shōwa) marries Princess Nagako of Kuni (Future Empress Nagako).
1925	5 May	General Election Law was passed, all men above age 25 gained the right to vote.
1926	25 December	Emperor Taishō died of heart attack at the age of 47 after developing pneumonia.

Showa period (1926–1989)

Year	Date	Event
1926	25 December	Prince Hirohito became as the Emperor of the Empire of Japan after the death of his father Yoshihito. This marked the start of Shōwa period, and also the last period of the Empire of Japan (during the final year of World War II).
1927	January to April	Shōwa financial crisis begins.
1927	30 December	Tokyo Metro Ginza Line between Ueno and Asakusa was the first subway line built in Japan.^[4]
1928	3 to 11 May	Jinan incident.
1928	28 June	Huanggutun incident.
1930	27 October	Wushe incident, a rebellion on Taiwan, which was the last major uprising against colonial Japanese forces in Taiwan.
1931	18 September	Japan invaded Manchuria in the aftermath of Mukden incident in Northeastern China.
1932	1 March	Manchukuo, a puppet state of Japan, is established.
	28 January to 3 March	Shanghai incident begin for only two months.
	15 May	Japanese Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi was assassinated during the Japanese coup d'état.
1936	26 to 28 February	Japanese Prime Minister Keisuke Okada survived the two days of incident. However, he left office by one month later.
1937	7 July	Second Sino-Japanese War begins.
1937	13 August to 26 November	Battle of Shanghai begins.
1939	13 September to 8 October	Battle of Changsha begins in Hunan Province, China.
1940	16 March to 3 April	Battle of Wuyuan begins.
	1 May to 18 June	Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang begins.
	22 September	Japanese invasion of French Indochina begins.
1941	13 April	Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact was signed.
	7 December	Empire of Japan attacked the naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japan declared war on American, Dutch, and British people, marking the start of Pacific War theatre of World War II.
	8 to 10 December	First Battle of Guam begin.
	8 to 25 December	Battle of Hong Kong begins in China.
1942	12 January	Japan declares war on Dutch.
	22 January	Hideki Tōjō warns Australia that says: "If you continue resistance, Japanese will destroy you."
	February	Japan demands the surrender of Singapore.
	20 March	The navy minister, Admiral Shigetarō Shimada says that in view of the Allies' "Retaliation and hatred", Japan would no longer follow recognized rules of sea warfare.
	18 April	Doolittle Raid, the first bombing raid on Japanese home islands.
	4 to 7 June	Battle of Midway begins.
1943	14 January to 8 February	Operation Ke, a Japanese naval operation, who intended as the reconnaissance of Pearl Harbor and disruption of repair and salvage operations following the surprise attack at two years ago.
1943	29 January to 4 February	Battle of Wau begins in the eastern parts of New Guinea.
1944	15 June to 9 July	Battle of Saipan begins in the Mariana Islands.
	15 to 16 June	Bombing of Yawata begins in Kyoto Prefecture.
	19 to 20 June	Battle of the Philippine Sea begins.
	21 July to 10 August	Second Battle of Guam begins.
	10 to 20 October	Formosa Air Battle begins.
	30 to 31 December	Battle of Pearl Ridge begins.
1945	18 February	U.S. Marines land on Iwo Jima.
	10 March and 24 May	Two Bombings of Tokyo begins.
	26 March	American Armed Forces win the Battle of Iwo Jima, defeating the last remaining troops led by Tadamichi Kuribayashi.
	6 and 9 August	Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan during the final period of World War II.
	8 August	Soviet invasion of Manchuria starts and continues on as the Kuril Islands dispute.
	15 August	Surrender of Japan Last Allied bombing of Japan takes place in Odawara and Tsuchizaki. Emperor Hirohito declares Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration following the surrender of Japan at the end of war.
1946		Japanese economic miracle begins.
	1 January	During the New Year's Day, Emperor Shōwa renounces his divinity, known in Japanese as the Human Declaration.
	4 January	Just five months after he arrived in Japan, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, General Douglas MacArthur order the Japanese government to expel all militarists from positions of power. The disbandment of all ultra-nationalist organizations is also ordered.
	2 March	Kose Cosmetics founded in Oji region, Tokyo, as predecessor name was Kobayashi Kose Cosmetics.
	22 April	Sazae-san is first published.
	3 May	In the controversial International Military Tribunal for the Far East, the prosecution began of Japanese military leaders for war crimes.
	7 May	Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, the predecessor of Sony, is founded.
	16 May	Shigeru Yoshida receives Imperial Order to form a cabinet.
	22 May	Yoshida's cabinet has announced.
	20 June	Emperor Hirohito submits a revision of the Imperial Constitution to the National Diet.
	16 August	Keidanren has established.
	3 November	Constitution of Japan promulgated.
1947	3 March	Sekisui Chemical was founded.
	3 May	The Constitution of Japan goes into the effect. This country will start the transition from the Empire of Japan to the State of Japan (Nihon Koku, 日本国) with a Liberal Democracy. The Article 9 turned Japan into a pacifist country without a military, known as East Asia or Asia-Pacific country.
	4 August	Supreme Court of Japan has established.
1951	8 September	American occupation of Japan ended after the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco and Security Treaty between United States of America and the State of Japan, which became effective on 28 April 1952. It restored the sovereignty of Japan and established America-Japan alliance.
1954	1 July	Formation of Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (GSDF), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF), and Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF).
1955	15 November	The right-wing Liberal Democratic Party, a major conservative and Japanese nationalist political party in Japan, which has ruled Japan almost continuously ever since.
1956	12 December	Japan joins the United Nations for the first time since the end of World War II.
1960	June	The massive Anpo protests against revision of the America–Japan Security Treaty are the largest protests in Japan's modern history, and force the resignation of Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi and the cancellation of a planned visit by US president Dwight D. Eisenhower.
1964	1 October	A largest Japanese land reclamation project thus far was completed in Lake Hachirōgata, creating the village of Ōgata out of 195 km² of lakebed reclaimed since 1957.
	1 October	The first Shinkansen high-speed train railway line was opened.
	10 October	1964 Summer Olympics: Tokyo hosted the Summer Olympic Games, marking the first time the Games were held in Asia-Pacific.
1968		Japan surpassed West Germany to become the second largest economic power in the world.
1968		The Ogasawara Islands were returned from American occupation to Japanese sovereignty. Japanese citizens were allowed to return.
1969	18 January	Japanese student protests against the Vietnam War and American use of bases on Japanese soil culminated in a short-lived takeover of University of Tokyo.
1970	11 February	The first successful launch of the Lambda 4S rocket places the Japanese Ohsumi satellite on orbit.
	20 December	The Koza riot was a violent and spontaneous protest against the US military presence in Okinawa.
		By the 1970s Japan ascended to great power status again. Japan had record high economic growth during the Japanese economic miracle.
1971	30 September	Zengakuren demonstrate and riot in Tokyo against terms for the return of Okinawa from US to Japanese control. They wanted to remove all American military presence.
1971	24 November	The 1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement is ratified and returned the Okinawa Prefecture to Japanese sovereignty.
1974		Prime Minister Eisaku Satō accepted the Nobel Peace Prize.
1980		Japan became the biggest motor vehicle producing country in the world with 11,042,884 motor vehicles compared to the USA's 8,009,841.
1983		The domestic North American video game market crashes, allowing the Japanese industry to take America's place as the world's largest video game market.
1985	12 August	Japan Air Lines Flight 123 crashes near Mount Takamagahara, killing 520 people in Japan's worst ever air disaster.
1989	7 January	Emperor Hirohito died of cancer at the age of 87.

Heisei period (1989–2019)

Year	Date	Event
1989	7 January	After his death from cancer, his posthumous name is Emperor Shōwa. He was the both longest-lived and longest-reigning historical Japanese emperor, as well as the longest-reigning monarch in the world at that time of his death. However, Crown Prince Akihito succeeded to the Chrysanthemum Throne upon the death of his father Emperor Shōwa. He thereby became as the Emperor of Japan. This marked the start of the Heisei period.
1989	29 December	During Japanese asset price bubble, Tokyo Stock Market index, Nikkei 225, hits its peak at 38,957 before closing at 38,916 for the day.
1991	1 January	Japanese asset price bubble has been popped, ending Japanese economic miracle and triggering the prolonged period of economic decline known as the "Lost Decades".
1993	12 July	Hokkaido earthquake kills 230 people, but no injuries.
1993	18 July	In the wake of Japanese economic crisis, the ruling Liberal Democratic Party is defeated in the general elections for the first time since 1955, and the coalition of opposition parties headed by Morihiro Hosokawa takes power.
1995	17 January	Great Hanshin earthquake: Kansai region earthquake kills 6,434 people and more than 43,792 injured.
1995	20 March	Tokyo subway sarin attack: Members of the Aum Shinrikyo religious sect release sarin gas on the Tokyo subway system, killing 13 and injuring over 1000.
1997	11 December	Kyoto Protocol to regulate greenhouse gases emissions was adopted.
2000	5 April	Japanese Prime Minister Keizō Obuchi resigned due to his mild stroke, and Yoshiro Mori become 90th Prime Minister of Japan.
2000	14 May	Japanese Prime Minister Keizō Obuchi died of mild stroke at the hospital in Tokyo at the age of 62.
2001	26 April	Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori resigned and Junichiro Koizumi become 91st Prime Minister of Japan.
2001	29 July	Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi won the House of Councillors election.
2002	31 May-30 June	2002 FIFA World Cup are held in Japan and South Korea.
2003	9 November	Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi won the general elections at the second time.
2003	9 December	Japan send troops to Iraq during the Iraq War (2003–11). However, one year and one month later, Japan was established Japanese Iraq Reconstruction and Support Group between 2004 and 2006.
2004	11 July	Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi won the House of Councillors election.
2004	23 October	Niigata earthquake kills 68 people and more than 4,805 injured.
2005	11 September	Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi won the general elections at the third time.
2005	November	Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)'s robotic spacecraft Hayabusa landed on an asteroid and collected samples in the form of tiny grains of asteroidal material, which were returned to Earth aboard the spacecraft on 13 June 2010. It was the first spacecraft in history designed to deliberately land on an asteroid and then take off again. The Hayabusa mission was the first to return an asteroid sample to Earth for analysis.
2006	26 September	Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi resigned and Shinzo Abe become 92nd Prime Minister of Japan.
2007	29 July	Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe resigned due to lost his power in the House of Councillors election to Ichirō Ozawa.
2007	26 September	Yasuo Fukuda become 93rd Prime Minister of Japan following Shinzo Abe lost the House of Councillors election and his resignation.
2008	January–December	Japan has severely hardest-hit by the global financial crisis causes by the Great Recession.
2008	24 September	Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda resigned and Taro Aso become 94th Prime Minister of Japan.
2009	30 August	Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda lost his election to Democratic Party leader Yukio Hatoyama.
2009	16 September	Yukio Hatoyama was elected 95th Prime Minister of Japan.
2010	8 June	Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama resigned and Naoto Kan become the 96th Prime Minister of Japan.
	1 July	According to the United Nations, Japanese population has now peaked.
	11 July	Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan won the House of Councillors election.
2011	January and March	The Tokyo Skytree 634.0 metres (2,080 ft) became the third tallest tower in the world, which opened in 2012.
	11 March	Japan begin to suffered from the triple disaster (earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster, etc.), which claimed the lives of 20,000 people.
	July	Japan Self-Defense Force Base was established in Djibouti.
	1 July	According to the United Nations, Japan's total memorial population is 128 million people, which peaked at 128.1 million people in 2010. It the 3rd-most populous country in Asia-Pacific region (Behind Greater China and Indonesia), and the 11th-most populous country in the world.
2012	16 December	Shinzo Abe won the general election at the first time.
2012	26 December	Shinzo Abe was elected 98th Prime Minister of Japan.
2013	2 January	Abenomics and Japanese policies are enacted to handle the consequences of the Lost Decade. Japanese aging population has begun to decrease since July 2010.
	June to October	2013 Japanese heatwave, according to Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare official confirmed report, 1,077 people lost their lives to heatwave, caused by heat stroke, second worst heatwave disaster in Japan.
	21 July	Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe won the House of Councillors election at the first time.
	7 September	During the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Japan award the rights to host 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympic Games in Reiwa period (over Istanbul, Turkey and Madrid, Spain).
	6 December	Special Secrecy Law passes the National Diet.
2014	5 March	2012–2013 PC remote control incident in Japan, a suspect man of 31-year-old bail for the first time in almost a year from the Tokyo Detention Center of the receiving destination. However, the prosecution claimed the bail revocation on 19 May, suspects the Tokyo District Court, a suspect man imprisoned in the Tokyo Detention Center on 20 May.
	8 March	Abeno Harukas open in Abeno-ku, Osaka, the tallest (exclude freestanding) structure in Japan.
	31 March	In court that the International Court of Justice, the world complained as the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling violation research whaling in the Antarctic Ocean in Japan, research whaling in Japan said, "not for research purposes", and certification treaty violation, ruling order so that it is not carried out in future.
	1 April	Consumption tax is up to 8% from 5% since 1997.^[5]
	20 August	2014 Hiroshima landslides, according to official confirmed report, 74 people fatalities in Asakita-ku, Hiroshima.
	27 August	According to Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare official confirmed report, a first dengue fever patient cases in the country since 1945, or later, 153 people are same symptoms by October, mainly Tokyo metropolitan area in Kanto region.
	27 September	Mount Ontake eruption begins and killed 63 people. It is the worst eruption disaster since 1991.
	14 December	Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe won the general election at the second time.
2015	8 January	The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration fines Honda a record 70 million dollars for grossly under-reporting fatal accidents and injuries to the government.^[6]
	14 January	Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe approves a record defence budget with plans to buy surveillance aircraft and Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II fighter jets to improve the security of uninhabited islands in the East China Sea claimed by both Japan and China.
	15 January	Japan–Australia Economic Partnership Agreement enters into the force.^[7]
	1 February	JAXA and Mitsubishi Heavy Industry conduct its first launch of an Information Gathering Satellite with the aid of an H-IIA rocket F-27 from Tanegashima Space Center.^[8]
	17 February	The Supreme Court finalizes the death sentence of Tomohiro Kato, a man who convicted of killing 7 people and 10 people are wounded at an indiscriminate rampage in Akihabara, Tokyo on 8 June 2008.^{[citation needed]}
	20 February	Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Public Security Bureau (TMPDPSB) arrests Tsutomu Shirosaki, a Japanese Red Army member, for attempted arson associated with a 1986 mortar attack in Indonesia as he arrives at Narita Airport, having been deported from the United States following his January 16 release from jail.^[9]
	26 February	Prince William makes his first visit to Japan, as well as visiting Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures, for all of thoses where the areas had been affected by 2011 triple disaster in Japan.^[10]
	3 March	Paul Allen, a co-founder of Microsoft and philanthropist, has announces that he discovered the Japanese battleship Musashi, more than 70 years after it was sunk by the United States Navy, in the Sibuyan Sea, of the Philippines.
	10 March	The Supreme Court rejects prosecutors' claims that a 41-year-old man from Osaka Prefecture in Kansai region, who evaded 570 million yen in taxes by failing to declare income from betting on horse races, confirming that money lost betting on horses can, for tax purposes, be considered expenses deductible from winnings. FamilyMart and UNY Group Holdings, the holding company of Circle K Sunkus, reach an agreement to merge in September 2016, forming the second biggest convenience store operator by sales in Japan under a single brand name.
	14 March	Hokuriku Shinkansen starts its service between Nagano and Kanazawa in Ishikawa Prefecture, cutting travel time between Tokyo and Kanazawa by about 80 minutes to as little as 2 hours and 28 minutes.
	28 March	The main keep of Himeji Castle, a UNESCO-designated World Heritage Site, has reopened to the public after a major five-year face-lift. The keep itself is recognized as one of the National Treasures of Japan.
	10 April	The Nikkei 225 index reaches 20,006.00 in the first few minutes of trade, passing the 20,000 level for the first time since April 2000.
	14 April	South Korean government lifts the departure ban on a former chief of the Sankei Shimbun's Seoul bureau, who had been barred from leaving the country for eight months following his indictment in October 2014 for defamation of South Korean President Park Geun-hye. The charges were due to an article, posted on a Sankei website, that referred to a rumor in a South Korean publication that Park was seeing a man on the day of the Sewol ferry disaster in April 2014.
	17 April	Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe meets Takeshi Onaga, Governor of Okinawa Prefecture for the first time to push ahead with the government plan to relocate a U.S. military base in Futenma to the proposed location around Camp Schwab in Nago, Okinawa, but failed to reach agreement over the relocation.
	11 July	President of Nintendo Satoru Iwata died of bile duct cancer at the age of 55.
	11 August	Sendai Nuclear Power Plant No. 1 reactor is the first reactor to be restarted in accordance with the new regulatory requirements established by the Nuclear Regulation Authority following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident.
2016	13 January	The Supreme Court rejects the appeal of former Aum Shinrikyo believer Shoko Asahara, and his sentence of nine years in prison is confirmed.
	24 January	Sumo wrestling player Kotoshogiku Kazuhiro win in a decade for a Japanese rikishi.
	17 February	The launch of Hitomi (satellite), ChubuSat-2, ChubuSat-3, and Horyu-4 using a H-IIA 202 space launch vehicle
	11 March	Japan marked the fifth anniversary of triple disaster (earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster, etc.), which claimed the lives of 20,000 people.
	26 to 27 May	The 42nd G7 summit was held on Kashiko Island.
	10 July	Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe won the House of Councillors election at the second time.
	31 July	Yuriko Koike won the Tokyo gubernatorial election and was elected 9th Governor of Tokyo Metropolis.
	5 to 7 December	Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe declares his historic plan to visit Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
2017	1 June	According to National Police Agency confirmed report, eight person arrested for violating customs law, who brought the equivalent of about 200 kg of gold, about 8.2 million US dollars to the fishing port without permission in Karatsu, Saga Prefecture.
	5 October	Japanese-British writer Kazuo Ishiguro won the 2017 Nobel Prize in Literature.
	22 October	Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe won the general election at the third time.
	30 November	Emperor Akihito announces that he intends to retire and the end of Heisei period on April 30, 2019.
2018	12 March	Japanese government has official confirmed that Japanese Ministry of Finance rewrote 14 decision documents in accordance with the response about a cooperative school in Osaka Prefecture to the National Assembly in 2017.
	13 March	According to the Japan Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, an official report confirmed the Kumano cherry tree (Kumanozakura) as a new species Cherry tree (Sakura). The tree was discovered widely throughout the Kii Peninsula. The last new type of Sakura tree found in Japan was in 1915.
	7 April	Japan activated the Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade, its first marine unit since World War II. They're trained to counter invaders from occupying Japanese islands.
	28 June to 9 July	Heavy floods was started in western areas of Japan, most in Hiroshima Prefecture, which has been hit by torrential rain. As of 20 July, 225 people were killed, another 13 were declared missing, and 1.5 million people were displaced.
	9 July to 26 August	East Asia heat wave kills least 116 people, due to heat-related causes, and at least 22,000 more suffer from heat strokes.
	9 August	According to Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism official confirmed report, nine people died when a Bell 412EP helicopter crashed into the forest site in Nakanojō, Gunma Prefecture.
	4 September	A 6.6 magnitude earthquake hit Hokkaido created a region-wide power outage, because of damage to a thermal power station in the hard-hit town, Atsuma. According to a Japan Fire and Disaster Management Agency official report, 41 people were killed and 692 people were wounded.
	11 October	Toyosu Market has opened as the largest wholesale fish market in the world.^[11] It replaced the old Tsukiji fish market.
	26 December	Since the founder of International Whaling Commission in 1946, Japan announced that IWC had failed its duty to promote sustainable hunting, which is one of its stated goals, Japan is withdrawing its membership and will resume commercial hunting in its territorial waters and exclusive economic zone from July 2019, but will cease whaling activities in the Antarctic Ocean.
	27 December	Japan executes two more prisoners, bringing 2018 executions to 15 taking annual total to highest since 2008.

Reiwa period (Since 2019)

Year	Date	Event
2019	30 April	Emperor Akihito abdicated being the first Japanese emperor to do so since 1817. Prince Naruhito succeeded his father as the Emperor of Japan, which marked the start of Reiwa period.
	25 May 2019 to 1 January 2020	The 2019 Emperor's Cup begins in Reiwa period.
	1 July	Japan announces tightening of high-tech exports to South Korea, effective on 4 July, thus begin the trade dispute between the two countries from July 2019 to March 2023.
	2 July	The tourist boom in Japan reach unprecedented scale, with a number of yearly visitors counting in millions - 19.73 in 2015, 23.97 in 2016, 28.6 in 2017, and 31.19 million foreign visitors in 2018.^[12]^[13]
	18 July	Kyoto Animation arson attack: 36 people were killed in one of the deadliest massacres in post-World War II history of Japan.
	21 July	Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe won the House of Councillors election at the third time.
	2 August	Japan announces the removal of South Korea from its list of most trusted trading partners, effective on 28 August 2019.
	20 September to 2 November	2019 Rugby World Cup begins in Japan.
	29 November	An oldest living former Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone died of natural causes at aged 101.
2020	15 January	According to the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare official report, Japan has confirmed the first case of novel coronavirus. It was marked the second exported case of COVID-19 pandemic (After Thailand) and the first reported in Japan. The patient was discharged from the hospital and Japanese government scaled up a whole-of-government coordination mechanism.^[14]
	30 March	2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics has been postponed to 2021 due to COVID-19 pandemic spreading.
	7 April to 29 May	Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe declared the first state of emergency over COVID-19 spreading.^[15]^[16]
	29 August	Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe resigned due to his health reasons, such as ulcerative colitis, and he was replaced by his successor Yoshihide Suga at one month later.
2021	7 January to 1 October	Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga declared the second, third, and fourth state of emergencies amid rising COVID-19 infections and deaths.
	February	COVID-19 vaccination program begins in Japan.
	11 March	Japan marked the tenth anniversary of triple disaster (earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster, etc.), which claimed the lives of 20,000 people.
	23 July to 8 August	2020 Summer Olympic Games are held in Japan.
	30 September	According to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) estimated report, from January 2020 to the end of September 2021, Japan has registered 112,000 excess deaths as a direct effect of COVID-19 pandemic, but not 18,000 officially reported deaths. It is loss of about 2.6 years in the average life expectancy, although excess mortality rates for all causes has been estimated at between 100,000 and 130,000 deaths.^{[citation needed]} Japan lifted 4th and final state of emergency up as infection falls.^[17]
	1 October	Japan becoming the first country, who transited to the living with COVID-19 endemic phase in the future.
	4 October	Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga resigned due to poor approval ratings, and he was replaced by Fumio Kishida, who was elected 100th Prime Minister of Japan.
	31 October	Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida wins the 2021 general election about 34.6% of the vote.
	30 November 2021 to 7 May 2023	Japan has confirmed the first case of COVID-19 Omicron variant, found from South Africa. As of 7 May 2023, Japan has reported 56,500 Omicron-related deaths, a lowest mortality toll, than compared to wealthy countries.^{[citation needed]}
2022	9 January	Former Japanese Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu died of pneumonia at the Tokyo hospital, at the age of 91. (According to Japanese Minister of Health, Labor, and Welfare report and his family statement, announced that Toshiki Kaifu died at the hospital that it was unrelated to triple Fukushima disaster and COVID-19 and Omicron infections.)^[18]
	1 February and 8 March	Former Governor of Tokyo and hawkish writer Shintaro Ishihara and his wife, essayist Noriko Ishihara both died at their home in Ota, Tokyo, at the both age of 89, following in their footsteps. (According to their family statement and Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, it was revealed that pancreatic cancer and raptured aortic aneurysm are both now 89-year-old Japanese couple's cause of death were unrelated to triple Fukushima disaster and COVID-19 and Omicron infections.) Both of their bodies were cremated after their private funerals, and both of ashes were scattered to the Sea of Japan or Pacific Ocean.^{[citation needed]}
	4 to 20 February	Japanese athletes compete in the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.
	11 February	A rice cracker confectionery manufacturing factory caught fire in Murakami, Niigata Prefecture. At least six factory workers have died from the fire.
	27 February	Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida proposed that Japan should be stands with Ukraine, although this plan comes in the wake of Russian invasion of Ukraine.
	23 April	According to a Japan Coast Guard official confirmed report, a sightseeing ferry, Kazu I, sank nearby Shiretoko Peninsula, Hokkaido. In total, 26 people died.
	11 May	The Economic Security Promotion Law was enacted by the House of Councillors. This will be implemented in stages starting from April 2023.
	2 to 3 June	According to Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan Weather News Television, and Japan Fire and Disaster Management Agency official confirmed reports, a massive hail fallen in Gunma, Saitama, and Chiba Prefectures, parts of Kanto region. At least 91 people were hurt, but no deaths and no one missing reported.^{[citation needed]}
	25 June	According to Japan Meteorological Agency official confirmed report, a Celsius 40.2 degrees (Fahrenheit 104.36 degrees) high temperature record hit in Isesaki, Gunma Prefecture, as highest temperature record on June in Japan, since first observation record of JMA, since 1872, as same place another Celsius 40.0 (Fahrenheit 104.0 degrees) recorded observed on June 29.
	8 July	At 11:30 a.m., former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was assassinated by 41-year-old-gunman Tetsuya Yamagami while he was giving a speech at the House of Councillors election campaign in Nara. At 5:03 p.m., he died at Nara hospital after being shot (about 5 hours and 33 minutes later).^[19]
	8 July to 30 September	Japan declared the national mourning day of former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who was assassinated while he giving a speech at the House of Councillors election campaign in Nara.^[20]
	11 July	Following Shinzo Abe's assassination, Japanese government discussed that Unification Church leader Tomihiro Tanaka has confirmed Tetsuya Yamagami's mother was a member of the religious group (Also known as the Unification Church (Shukyo nisei)). Because Shinzo Abe had alleged ties to the Unification Church, which go back generations including his father, Shintaro Abe, his mother Yoko Abe, and his maternal grandparents, Nobusuke and Yoshiko Kishi. At the end of World War II, his maternal grandfather was jailed as a suspected war criminal.^[21]
	12 July	Former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was cremated at Kirigaya Funeral Hall in Tokyo.^[22]
	25 July	According to Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare official reports, Japan has confirmed the first case of monkeypox outbreak, but Japanese public health experts are said it is unlikely to cause a new surge.^[23]
	10 August	Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida announced the first reshuffled his second cabinet at the first time.^[24]
	17 to 20 September	Typhoon Nanmadol, a heavy massive precipitation and landslide hit in southern Kyushu Island and other western parts of Japan. At least four people were killed and 147 people were wounded, according to Japan Fire and Disaster Management Agency official confirmed report.
	27 September	Funeral service of former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe begin at Nippon Budokan, Kitanomaru National Garden in Chiyoda, Tokyo.
	28 October to 31 December	According to both Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare official reports, 50 cases of bird flu have been reported in Japan in chickens and ducks raised on poultry farms in nationwide, total 7.63 millions sluggered by Japan Ground Self-Defense Force.
	22 November	Japan begins investigation into the Unification Church, just four months following the assassination of former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who allegedly by Tetsuya Yamagami with a longstanding grudge against the religious group.^[25]
	29 December	Following China's recent decision to end its Zero-COVID strategy, Japanese Health, Labor and Welfare Minister Katsunobu Kato says the possibility of imposing travel restrictions on visitors from the Greater China is 'under the review'. The following day, Japanese Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry has confirmed that passengers arriving in Japan from Greater China will have to provide a negative test before they board a flight.^{[citation needed]}
2023	1 January to 28 March	According to Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare official confirmed reports, at least 82 livestock farm place were bird flu, resulting H5N1 type from death bodies positive test on nationwide, and 9.9 million chickens were culling by Japan Ground Self-Defense Force.
	13 January	According to the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper reports, Japanese prosecutors indicts 42-year-old gunman Tetsuya Yamagami for the suspect of the assassination of former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on murder charges and as well as the gun violating laws after the concluding 6 months of psychiatric evaluation.^[26]
	6 February	According to Mitsubishi Aircraft has official announcement, Mitsubishi SpaceJet has complete withdraw from manufacture, sales and development.
	9 March	Japan's first female House of Representatives member Chikage Oogi died of esophageal cancer at the Tokyo hospital at the age of 89, less than three years after the death of her husband Sakata Tōjūrō IV from natural causes on 12 November 2020 at the age of 88.^[27]
	15 April	Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida assassination attempt in Wakayama following the Saikazaki bombing.
	2 June	According to Japan Meteorological Agency official confirmed report, a heavy massive torrential rain, affective Typhoon Mawar hit in Japan, many places occur on flash flood, levee collapse, landslide hit in Tokyo metropolitan area, Kii Peninsula, and Hamamatsu, which killed 7 people and 45 people are wounded.^{[citation needed]}
	14 July	According to Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) official confiremed report, an explosion occurred during the test of solid fuel Epsilon rocket at JAXA's Noshiro Testing Center in Noshiro, Akita Prefecture, no one injures on this incident.^[28]
	24 August	According to Japanese government official announcement, a despite opposition groups from environmental activist and government official from neighbor countries, from discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima First Nuclear Power Plant to start into the Pacific Ocean has started. Relative Chinese government and South Korean government both announces that prohibition to all fish import from Japan on same day.^[29]
	4 September	The Supreme Court of Japan formally orders Okinawa to allow the United States Armed Forces to expand its runways and military infrastructure on the island despite protests from the locals who oppose the American military's presence.
	13 September	Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida announced the second reshuffled his second cabinet at the second time.^[30]
	2 October	An entertainment giant, Johnny & Associates official announcement, change name to Smile-Up, according to report.^[31]
	7 October	According to Japan National Police Agency official confirmed report, four climbers were their lost to lives, due suddenly change temperature in Mount Asahi, Nasu, Tochigi Prefecture.^[32]
	13 October	Japanese government seeking the dissolution of the Unification Church branch in Japan following the assassination of former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at one year ago.^[33]
	29 November	The United States Air Force V-22 Osprey crashes off the coast of Japan's Kagoshima Prefecture with eight crew members onboard. A search and rescue operation has been launched, according to Japan Coast Guard.^[34]
	12 December	A district court in Fukushima, convicts three former soldiers for sexually assaulting a colleague, Rina Gonoi, during a military exercise in 2021, sentencing them to two years in prison and suspending them from the military for four years.^[35]
2024	1 January	On New Year's Day, a 7.5 magnitude earthquake strikes Ishikawa Prefecture, killing at least 241 people.^{[citation needed]}
	2 January	Japan Airlines Airbus A350-900 collides with a Japan Coast Guard DHC-8 aircraft and bursts into flames at Tokyo's Haneda Airport. The Coast guard plane was going to deliver aid to those affected by Ishikawa earthquake, a day before. All 379 occupants aboard Japan Airlines flight are evacuated, while five of six occupants aboard the Coast Guard aircraft are killed.^[36]
	18 to 19 January	Amid 2023–2024 Japanese slush fund scandal, Prime Minister Fumio Kishida warned that three factions of Liberal Democratic Party (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai, Kōchikai, and Shisuikai) all announced their intention to dissolve to form a war cabinet. However, several L.D.P. lawmakers were indicted, including incumbent lawmakers Yasutada Ōno and Yaichi Tanigawa, who both resigned from the party following their indictments.^[37]
	19 January	Japan becomes the fifth country to successfully land on the surface of the moon with the SLIM lunar lander mission.^[38]
	24 January	Ukrainian-born Karolina Shiino is announced as the winner of the 2024 Miss Nippon Grand Prix beauty pageant. She is the first naturalised Japanese citizen to win the pageant. Her win sparks debates over "Japaneseness" and the shifting Japanese demographics.
	25 January	A court sentences Shinji Aoba to death for a 2019 arson attack on Kyoto Animation studio in Fishimi, Kyoto, which killed 36 people.
	26 January	Japanese police announced that they have arrested Satoshi Kirishima, a member of East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front, who has been a fugitive from justice for 50 years for his role in a series of bombings of companies.
	29 January	Satoshi Kirishima died of cancer that had led him to seek hospital treatment. DNA comparison with relatives further confirms his identity as Kirishima.
	5 February	Ukrainian-born Karolina Shiino won the 2024 Miss Nippon Grand Prix beauty pageant relinquishes her crown after news emerges of her having an affair with a married man.
	1 March	The Nikkei Stock Exchange reaches 40,000 points for the first time.^[39]
	12 March	A court in Fukuoka overturns the death sentence of yakuza Kudo-kai leader Satoru Nomura imposed for a 1998 murder and sentences him to life in prison. Nomura had originally been sentenced to death for murder in 1998.
	13 March	KAIROS-1, designed by Space One as Japan's first privately-manufactured rocket, explodes seconds after its maiden launch from Kushimoto, Wakayama Prefecture.
	20 March	South Korean-flagged tanker Keoyoung Sun capsizes off the coast of Yamaguchi Prefecture during the stormy weather. Nine crew members are found dead, while one person remains missing. Two people are rescued.
	26 March	Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida's cabinet allows the sale and export of fighter aircraft to other countries.
	29 March	North Korean state media cites foreign minister Choe Son Hui as saying that North Korea rejects any talks with Japan on any issue, including Japanese abductees, after Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida said he was willing to meet in person with Kim Jong Un.
	30 March	Japanese health officials search a Kobayashi Pharmaceutical factory in Osaka after five deaths possibly linked to its dietary supplements containing the red mold benikoji.
	1 April	North Korea fires a ballistic missile into the Sea of Japan near South Korean territory. The Imperial House of Japan opens an account on Instagram for the first time.^[40]
	3 April	According to the Japan Meteorological Agency, a magnitude 7.4 earthquake strikes off the coast of Taiwan, prompting tsunami warnings for Okinawa Prefecture in Japan. A large section of an uninhabited Guishan Island collapses into the Pacific Ocean. Nine people are killed including four by rockfalls in Taiwan, with more than 930 other people have injured. A 30-cm tsunami is observed at Yonaguni Island and Miyako Island while a 20-cm tsunami reaches Ishigaki Island.^[41]^[42]
	15 April	Japan raises its four-stage danger ranking level for most of Iran, including Tehran, to Level 3, which urges to avoid all travel to Iran following the Iranian strikes in Israel.
	23 April	China objects to an offering the controversies that Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida made at Tokyo's Yasukuni Shrine.

References and notes

^ Lee Injae、Owen Miller、Park Jinhoon、Yi Hyun-Hae, "Korean History in Maps", p. 696 (60)
^ Brown, Delmer M.; Ishida, Ichirō (1979). The Future and the Past: A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0520034600.
^ Brown, Delmer M.; Ishida, Ichirō (1979). The Future and the Past: A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0520034600.
^ Hornyak, Tim (December 16, 2017). "Heart of gold: The Ginza Line celebrates its 90th birthday". Japan Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ "Japan raises sales tax for first time in 17 years". BBC News. 2014-04-01. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "Honda fined for failing to report injury, death complaints - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "Economic Engagement". japan.embassy.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ Bergin, Chris (2015-01-31). "Japanese H-IIA launches with IGS spy satellite". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "Japanese Red Army member arrested upon return from U.S." The Japan Times. 2015-02-20. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "Prince William arrives in Japan for four-day visit". BBC News. 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ Daniel Leussink (Sep 4, 2020). "Tokyo's Toyosu fish market, the world's largest, taking outsized hit from pandemic". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021.
^ Sugiura, Eri. "Japan gets more than it bargained for with tourist boom". asia.nikkei.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
^ Mae Vogel, Holly. "What is behind Japan's travel boom". asiancorrespondent.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
^ "Japan confirms first case of coronavirus that has infected dozens in China". The Japan Times. 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ McCurry, Justin (2020-04-07). "Japan declares state of emergency over coronavirus". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "PM Shinzo Abe declares end to Japan's coronavirus emergency". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "Japan's COVID-19 state of emergency lifted as infections decline". Nikkei Asia. October 1, 2021. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "Japan former Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu dies at 91". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ Gunia, Amy; Guzman, Chad de (2022-07-08). "Shinzo Abe Dies After Being Shot: Latest Updates". TIME. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "Tributes pour in as Japan's Shinzo Abe dies after being shot". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "EXPLAINER: The Unification Church's ties to Japan's politics". AP News. 2022-07-17. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ Mogul, Jessie Yeung,Rhea (2022-07-12). "Live updates: Japan holds Shinzo Abe's funeral". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Japan detects first monkeypox case". GMA News Online. 2022-07-25. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ NEWS, KYODO. "Japan PM Kishida to reshuffle Cabinet on Aug. 10: officials". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ McCurry, Justin (2022-11-22). "Japan begins inquiry into Unification church in wake of Shinzo Abe killing". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "Suspected Abe shooter Yamagami charged with murder". Nikkei Asia. January 14, 2023. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ NEWS, KYODO. "Japan's 1st female upper house chief Chikage Ogi dies at 89". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ NEWS, KYODO. "Japanese space agency's Epsilon small rocket engine explodes in test". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "S. Korea to keep import ban on Japan's fishery products in place: PM-Xinhua". english.news.cn. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "Japan's Kishida shuffles Cabinet and party posts to solidify power". AP News. 2023-09-13. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ NEWS, KYODO. "Scandal-hit Johnny's to change name, over 300 victims seek redress". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "Bodies of 4 elderly climbers recovered from Japan's Mount Asahi - UPI.com". UPI. October 7, 2023. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ Ogura, Emiko Jozuka,Tetsu Sukegawa,Junko (2023-10-15). "Japan seeks dissolution of controversial Unification Church: What you need to know". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Britzky, Haley (2023-11-30). "Crew members aboard Osprey that crashed off coast of Japan still missing, Pentagon says | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ Bloomberg, Momoka Yokoyama / (2023-12-12). "Japanese Ex-Soldiers Found Guilty of Sexual Assault in Rina Gonoi Case". TIME. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "Haneda crash probe focuses on last 2 minutes of silence". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ NEWS, KYODO. "Ex-LDP member Tanigawa resigns as lawmaker amid funds scandal". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ Mehta, Jatan. "How Japan's 'Moon Sniper' Mission Hit Its Mark". Scientific American. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "Japan's Nikkei average closes above 40,000, led by booming chip stocks". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ "Japan's imperial family makes Instagram debut". The Japan Times. 2024-04-01. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ NEWS, KYODO. "Tsunami warnings prompt evacuation, disrupt transport in south Japan". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
^ NEWS, KYODO. "BREAKING NEWS: Tsunami reaches southern Japan island of Ishigaki: agency". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

External links

BBC News. "Japan Profile: Timeline".
"Japan". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
"Timeline of Modern Japan (1868–1945)". About Japan: A Teacher's Resource. New York: Japan Society.
"Japanese History: A Chronological Outline". Asia for Educators. USA: Columbia University.

[1] Lee Injae、Owen Miller、Park Jinhoon、Yi Hyun-Hae, "Korean History in Maps", p. 696 (60)

[2] Brown, Delmer M.; Ishida, Ichirō (1979). The Future and the Past: A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0520034600.

[3] Brown, Delmer M.; Ishida, Ichirō (1979). The Future and the Past: A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0520034600.

[90th-2017-4] Hornyak, Tim (December 16, 2017). "Heart of gold: The Ginza Line celebrates its 90th birthday". Japan Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2017.

[5] "Japan raises sales tax for first time in 17 years". BBC News. 2014-04-01. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[6] "Honda fined for failing to report injury, death complaints - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 2015-01-08. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[7] "Economic Engagement". japan.embassy.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[8] Bergin, Chris (2015-01-31). "Japanese H-IIA launches with IGS spy satellite". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[9] "Japanese Red Army member arrested upon return from U.S." The Japan Times. 2015-02-20. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[10] "Prince William arrives in Japan for four-day visit". BBC News. 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[reuters-toyosu-11] Daniel Leussink (Sep 4, 2020). "Tokyo's Toyosu fish market, the world's largest, taking outsized hit from pandemic". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021.

[12] Sugiura, Eri. "Japan gets more than it bargained for with tourist boom". asia.nikkei.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019.

[13] Mae Vogel, Holly. "What is behind Japan's travel boom". asiancorrespondent.com. Retrieved 2 July 2019.

[14] "Japan confirms first case of coronavirus that has infected dozens in China". The Japan Times. 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[15] McCurry, Justin (2020-04-07). "Japan declares state of emergency over coronavirus". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[16] "PM Shinzo Abe declares end to Japan's coronavirus emergency". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[17] "Japan's COVID-19 state of emergency lifted as infections decline". Nikkei Asia. October 1, 2021. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[18] "Japan former Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu dies at 91". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[19] Gunia, Amy; Guzman, Chad de (2022-07-08). "Shinzo Abe Dies After Being Shot: Latest Updates". TIME. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[20] "Tributes pour in as Japan's Shinzo Abe dies after being shot". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[21] "EXPLAINER: The Unification Church's ties to Japan's politics". AP News. 2022-07-17. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[22] Mogul, Jessie Yeung,Rhea (2022-07-12). "Live updates: Japan holds Shinzo Abe's funeral". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[23] "Japan detects first monkeypox case". GMA News Online. 2022-07-25. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[24] NEWS, KYODO. "Japan PM Kishida to reshuffle Cabinet on Aug. 10: officials". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[25] McCurry, Justin (2022-11-22). "Japan begins inquiry into Unification church in wake of Shinzo Abe killing". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[26] "Suspected Abe shooter Yamagami charged with murder". Nikkei Asia. January 14, 2023. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[27] NEWS, KYODO. "Japan's 1st female upper house chief Chikage Ogi dies at 89". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[28] NEWS, KYODO. "Japanese space agency's Epsilon small rocket engine explodes in test". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[29] "S. Korea to keep import ban on Japan's fishery products in place: PM-Xinhua". english.news.cn. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[30] "Japan's Kishida shuffles Cabinet and party posts to solidify power". AP News. 2023-09-13. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[31] NEWS, KYODO. "Scandal-hit Johnny's to change name, over 300 victims seek redress". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[32] "Bodies of 4 elderly climbers recovered from Japan's Mount Asahi - UPI.com". UPI. October 7, 2023. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[33] Ogura, Emiko Jozuka,Tetsu Sukegawa,Junko (2023-10-15). "Japan seeks dissolution of controversial Unification Church: What you need to know". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[34] Britzky, Haley (2023-11-30). "Crew members aboard Osprey that crashed off coast of Japan still missing, Pentagon says | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[35] Bloomberg, Momoka Yokoyama / (2023-12-12). "Japanese Ex-Soldiers Found Guilty of Sexual Assault in Rina Gonoi Case". TIME. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[36] "Haneda crash probe focuses on last 2 minutes of silence". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[37] NEWS, KYODO. "Ex-LDP member Tanigawa resigns as lawmaker amid funds scandal". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[38] Mehta, Jatan. "How Japan's 'Moon Sniper' Mission Hit Its Mark". Scientific American. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[39] "Japan's Nikkei average closes above 40,000, led by booming chip stocks". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[40] "Japan's imperial family makes Instagram debut". The Japan Times. 2024-04-01. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[41] NEWS, KYODO. "Tsunami warnings prompt evacuation, disrupt transport in south Japan". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[42] NEWS, KYODO. "BREAKING NEWS: Tsunami reaches southern Japan island of Ishigaki: agency". Kyodo News+. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]