Emergence of Rekhti chapti-namahs, or female non-sexual homosocial narratives, in Urdu poetry.[16]
1861
Anti-sodomy section of Offences against the Person Act 1861 imposed on entire British Empire, that says "Whosoever shall be convicted of the abominable Crime of Buggery, committed either with Mankind or with any Animal, shall be liable, at the Discretion of the Court, to be kept in Penal Servitude for Life or for any Term not less than Ten Years." This section is credited with giving birth to the controversial Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.[17]
1871
Hijras labeled a "criminal tribe" under the Criminal Tribes Act, 1871, meaning they could be arrested as criminals anywhere in British India.[18]
1897
Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 amended, with the subtitle "An Act for the Registration of Criminal Tribes and Eunuchs", ordering that "criminal" eunuchs "dressed or ornamented like a woman in a public street… be arrested without warrant" and imprisoned.[19][20][21][22]
1918
Earliest known records of South Asian MSM in North America, as Tara Singh and Jamil Singh are separately arrested for interracial sodomy in Sacramento, CA.[23]
1922
Poems Written in Prison by Gopabandhu Das, a freedom fighter and Gandhian, is published. At least two poems address male friends and co-workers, and the author describes these relationships in terms that are intense and erotically charged though not overtly sexual. These poems are sometimes included in Odia language literature textbooks.[24]
1924
"Chocolate", a short story in Hindi written by nationalist and social reformer Pandey Bechan Sharma (under the penname Ugra), is published in the nationalist newspaper Matvala. Ugra's crusade against male-to-male sex sparks debate in Hindi newspapers and magazines, resulting in perhaps the first public debate in Hindi on homosexuality.[24][25]
1929
Mahatma Gandhi speaks out against same-sex relations in a Young India letter, in response to queries on "unnatural vices" in schools.[24]
1936
Urdu poet Firaq Gorakhpuri writes an essay defending the Ghazal form of poetry that includes a defence of homosexuality, citing philosophers, poets and other renowned figures across the East and the West who were homosexual or had expressed homosexual desire in well-known works.[24]
Ismat Chughtai publishes her semi-autobiographical Tehri Lakeer ("The Crooked Line"), an Urdu novel that does not shy away from sexuality and depiction of same-sex attraction.[24]
1962
Rajendra Yadav, a leading Hindi novelist, publishes his story "Prateeksha" ("Waiting") that depicts a homosexual relation between two women without censure and in detail.[24]
1968
Bhupen Khakhar, a successful painter and writer of Gujarati fiction, and one of the few who is openly homosexual, writes an untitled story depicting bisexuality in a quotidian, lower middle-class context.[24]
Gay Scene journal published in Calcutta (only a few issues published)[24]
1972
Indian poet Kamala Das serialized her semi-fictionalized autobiography My Story in 1972, creating a minor scandal. The autobiography revealed her extramarital heterosexual affairs and her adolescent crush on a female teacher and a brief lesbian encounter with an older student.[7][27] It was first published as a book in Malayalam in 1973, followed by an edited English version in 1976.
1974
Malayalam novel Randu Penkuttikal ("Two Girls") by V. T. Nandakumar is published in India. The novel gives a positive picture of lesbian relationships in Kerala, and became very popular among young women.[24]
Begum Barve, a Marathi play written and directed by Satish Alekar, is performed for the first time by Theatre Academy, Pune, at Shriram Centre in New Delhi. Begum Barve, the central character, plays female parts and desires to live a woman's life.[24]
The story "A Double Life" by well known Rajasthani author Vijay Dan Detha is published, depicting a romantic-sexual relationship between two women "married" to each other in rural Rajasthan.[24]
Partner, a one-act play written by Dr. Anand Nadkarni, explores the relationship between two male hostel inmates in love, and the complications when one of them gets married[24]
Two college students in love, Mallika and Lalitatambika, attempt suicide.[30]
The Delhi Group formed; Red Rose Rendezvous Group started. Indian women in Delhi active in creating spaces, dialogue, or research: Giti, Kanchana, Gita, Abha, and Paola[30]
1981
All-India Hijra Conference in Agra brings together over 50,000 hijras from across South Asia.[31]
"Mitrachi Goshta", a lesbian theme play in Marathi written by eminent playwright Vijay Tendulkar opens in Mumbai and Thane. The play portrays the inner conflict of a woman who realizes she is lesbian. It was well received, and ran for 26 shows. (15 August)[24]
1982/1983/1984
Uma, a New Zealand lesbian of Indian descent interviewed in Conexions: Global Context issue 10. Uma established first Lesbian Line in Australia in the early 1980s, and later served on ILGA World Board as the Regional Representative of Oceania.[32][33][34]
Article in Spare Rib, a grassroots British feminist magazine, "...NO, WE NEVER GO OUT OF FASHION ... FOR EACH OTHER!" Interview with Audre Lorde, Dorothea, Jackie Kay and Uma.[35]
Vikram Seth writes in the poem "Dubious", which appears in his first collection Mappings, about bisexuality: "In the strict ranks of Gay and Straight / What is my status? / Stray? or Great?"[36]
HAC Asian Theatre tours On the Road to Nowhere with sketches and visuals on race, power, sexuality, gender non-conforming roles, being gay, to Asian audiences that cause a press storm and calls for censorship.[37]
1984
Zami, first Canadian group formed for Black and West Indian gays and lesbians (Toronto).[38]
1985
Anamika, a newsletter for South Asian lesbians and queer women publishes the first of its three issues, mailed free to women in South Asia.[39]
Bhopal policewomen Lila and Urmila marry with religious priest and get fired from police job (Dec)[60]
Village teachers Aruna Sombhai Jaisinghbhai Gohil, aged 31, and Sudha Amarsinh Mohansinh Ratanwadia, aged 29, entered maitri karar (friendship agreement) before a notary public in 1987 after nine years together[30]
London Borough of Ealing Race Equality Unit holds the first London South Asian LGBTQ poetry festival organised by Race Equality Campaigns Officer, Poulomi Desai with the bookshop, Bogle L'overture in defiance of Section 28[61][62]
SAGALG set up by Shivananda Khan and Poulomi Desai which later becomes Shakti
Books
Between the Lines: An Anthology by Pacific/Asian lesbians of Santa Cruz, California includes Anu's chapter "Sexuality, Lesbianism, and South Asian Feminism"[39]
1988
Shakti formed in London by Shivananda Khan, Poulomi Desai, Sunil Gupta, Atul Sarin, Manjit Rooprah, Savi Hensman, Pratibha Parmar - the first South Asian LGBT organisation in Europe (June)[63][64]
Trikone (San Francisco), Khush (Toronto), Shakti (London) and Urvashi Vaid make the Illustrated Weekly of India.[65] (September)
First Shakti Bhangra disco in London organised by Shivananda Khan, Poulomi Desai with DJ Ritu. Seed funding given to Shakti by the Ealing Race Equality Unit. (Oct)[66][67]
Freedom newsletter published in Gulbarga (Sep)[42]
Fun Club starts in Calcutta to organize social gatherings (Dec)[84][85]
Desh Pardesh (1990 - 2001, multidisciplinary queer South Asian arts festival in Toronto, Ontario). See citation for oral history project about the festival.[86][87]
1990 "Our People - HIV/AIDS and the Black Communities" Picture Talk Films directed by Ash Kotak for BHAN (Black HIV/AIDS Network). Funded by the Department of Health. In English, several Sth Asian languages and Cantonese. Winner of a British Medical Association Silver Award 1991
Khush: An Investigation into South Asian Lesbians and Gay Men and Their Lives edited by Shivananda Khan and Pratibha Parmar, and SHAKTI, published in London by the Naz Project[95][96]
Companions on a Journey founded by Sherman de Rose in Sri Lanka[101][102]
Activist Siddhartha Gautam, a lawyer who founded the AIDS Bhedbhav Virodhi Andolan (ABVA) in 1989–90 to raise public awareness about HIV/AIDS and protest discriminatory policies, passes away in New Delhi at age 28.[103][104][105]
Shobha De's Strange Obsession (1993), a rambunctious novel about lesbian love published by Penguin Books of India.[129][130]
Play: Draupadi's Robes by Raminder Kaur, starring Parminder Sekhon and Poulomi Desai. The production included poetry, music and dance with performers from London's Asian LGBTTQI communities[131]
1994
Vadamalli by novelist Su.Samuthiram is the first Tamil novel about Aravaani community in Tamil Nadu[132]
G.A.Y (Good as You) group formed in Bangalore[133]
South Asian Lesbian and Gay Association (SALGA) banned from marching in the New York City India Day Parade, but protested along with Sakhi, a women's organization.[142][143][144][145]
Trikone gets San Francisco Gay and Lesbian Historical Society Award (Oct)[4]
Anuja Gupta, who worked with ABVA, an Indian AIDS prevention group, testifies at tribunal on human rights violations against sexual minorities in New York (Oct)[167]
Khuli Zaban founded by Leema Khan and Neena Hemmady in Chicago (Oct).[168][169]
Trikone and SALGA get NGLTF Community Service Award (Nov)[170]
Queer Issue of Rungh, a South Asian quarterly of culture, comment, and criticism[171]
+ From the Coffee Table to the Kit(s)chen - an exhibition of Queer Asian portraits by Poulomi Desai, curated by Preet Paul opens at the Oxford bookstore and Gallery in Kolkatta during riots.[173][174]
Arvind Kumar and Ashok Jethanandi, founders of Trikone and India Currents, are married in Toronto in traditional religious ceremony conducted by Ma Yogashakti, Arvind's mother.[123]
Books
Giti Thadani, Sakhiyani: Lesbian Desire in Ancient and Modern India.[184]
Al-Fatiha Foundation, an organization for LGBTQ Muslims worldwide, is founded by Faisal Alam, a Pakistani American.[214][215]
Khushnet.com, a Canadian queer South Asian website, launched (featuring personal ads section named "Nobody knows I met my boyfriend through Khushnet's personals")[216]
Sarani experimental group stages Coming Out with Music in Calcutta (Apr)[68][79]
Sangha Mitra newsletter in Kannada and English published in Bangalore (Feb)[217]
First International Retreat of LGBT Muslims in Boston (Oct)[218]
GHAR (Gay Housing Assistance Resource) mailing lists start, eventually covering Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore, Canada, and the United States[223]
Poet Ifti Nasim receives Adeeb International Award (Jul)[276]
Ash Kotak's play Hijra staged at the Theatre Royal Plymouth (Oct) and to rave reviews at the Bush Theatre in London (Nov)[277]
National Human Rights Commission in India recommend reformulating Section 377 to legalize sexual activity between consenting adults (Nov)[278]
National Alliance of South Asian Lambda Organization (NASALO) listserv created to support LGBT South Asian organizations and leaders across the U.S.[citation needed]
Journal of Homosexuality's issue on queer Asian cinema includes several articles on Indian cinema[279]
Companions on a Journey and Women's Support Group win Felipa DeSouza award from IGLHRC (May)[286][287]
Delhi hosts India's first public gay wedding for Vijay and Naseem (May)[4][288]
Milan Project (Naz India) files case with National Human Rights Commission against psychiatric abuse of a homosexual patient subjected to aversion therapy (May)[4][201]
Trikone magazine wins South Asian Journalists Association award for "South Asian Queers Out on the Internet" article (Jun)[289][290]
Four activists of Naz Foundation International arrested in Lucknow under Section 377 in "gay area", Naz and Bharosa offices raided (Jul)[291][292]
QFilmistan – first Queer South Asian film festival[293]
First legal same-sex union on Indian soil with Indian fashion designer Wendell Rodricks, a Goan Catholic, and Jerome Marrell conducted at French Embassy under French law.[4][123]
Red Threads by Parminder Sekhon and Poulomi Desai photographic portraits published by Diva and Millvres[346]
2004
Humsafar opens first Indian gay and lesbian drop-in center opens in Mumbai (Apr)[4][5]
Mirchi group begins for queer women, hosted at the Alliance for South Asian AIDS Prevention[59]
Rosanna Flamer-Caldera re-elected as Co-Secretary General of the International Lesbian and Gay Association (Apr)[4]
Mala (Vaijayanthi Nagarajan) and Vega (Vegavahini Subramaniam) participate as plaintiffs in the marriage equality lawsuit against King County and Washington (March)[4]
Gita Deane (Indian-born) and Lisa Polyak become the lead plaintiff couple in the marriage equality lawsuit against Maryland.[347][348]
Sivagami "Shiva" Subbaraman, first S. Asian to become Director of an LGBTQ Center in US higher education; and Founding Director of the first LGBTQ Center in a Catholic & Jesuit University in the US (Georgetown U).[372][373]
Seksualiti Merdeka, an annual sexuality rights festival held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia founded by arts programmer Pang Khee Teik and singer-songwriter Jerome Kugan.[5]
D'Lo leads first queer South Asian writing workshop in Los Angeles[5]
First LGBT Education Fest for School Students launched by Srishti Madurai at Madurai on 5 June 2012. It was attended by 600 school students.[394]
Gopi Shankar Madurai of Srishti Madurai became the youngest panelist to share a chair at the University Grants Commission's sponsored seminars on gender and sexuality that have been taking place all over Tamil Nadu since 2012–2014.[384]
Nepal hosts South Asia's first gay sports tournament[395]
Several Pakistani hijra leaders run for national and provincial assembly seats in elections (e.g. Bindiya Rana of Gender Interactive Alliance)[5]
In January 2013 The American College in Madurai under graduation English department included Funny Boy by Shyam Selvadurai as part of syllabus under gay literature and ‘The Truth about me: A Hijra Life story' by A. Revathi under Third Gender literature marginalized studies. Due to the efforts of Srishti Madurai.[400]
In June 2013 Harish Iyer became the first Indian citizen to be listed in the Guardian's World Pride Powerlist, a list of the 100 most influential LGBTIQ people in the world [401]
DesiQ Conference, fourth International South Asian Queer Conference[402]
DOMA declared unconstitutional and Prop 8 goes down[5]
Srishti Madurai launched India's first helpline for Genderqueer, LGBTQIA on 2 October 2011, at Madurai. Later in June 2013 the helpline turned to offer service for 24 hours with a tagline "Just having someone understanding to talk to can save a life".[403]
Supreme Court of Nepal ruling for the introduction of a transgender category for people obtaining their citizenship certificates. People can register as a third gender when completing the certificates which serve as national identity cards required to open bank accounts, sell and buy property, and get a passport.[5]
A state-sponsored anti-LGBT musical tours Malaysian schools and theaters[5]
Books
Q?Y Art? book/art compilation released, based on multidisciplinary arts program for South Asian LGBTTIQQ2S/WSW/MSM youth (Toronto).[5][407]
2014
Launch of Roopbaan, the first LGBT magazine in Bangladesh[408]
First Indian LGBT Youth Leadership Summit held in Mumbai (Feb)[409]
In July 2014 first book on genderqueer in Tamil and first Tamil book on LGBTQIA from Srishti Madurai was released by BJP's state general secretary Vanathi Srinivasan at the Hindu spiritual service foundation's sixth service fair, Chennai[410][411][412]
British born gay doctor, Dr Nazim Mahmood, takes his own life after being confronted about his sexuality by his family, leading the launch of the charity Naz and Matt Foundation[413][414][415]
Supreme Court of India rules in the NALSA vs. Union of India case, declaring that transgender people have all rights granted by the Indian constitution, the right to determine their gender (man, woman, third-gender) regardless of surgery, hormones or attire[416]
In October 2014, a month long celebrations commenced to celebrate LGBT History Month at The American College with a lecture on gender and sexual minorities organised by Srishti Madurai.[400]
Aaditi Hardikar named first woman of color as White House LGBT Liaison [417]
Books
Maraikappata Pakkangal (Hidden Pages) is the first book on LGBTQIA & Gendervariants in Tamil penned by Gopi Shankar Madurai of Srishti Madurai.
Dalit queer activists Dhrubo Jyoti, Akhil Khang, and Dhiren Borisa speak out at Delhi Pride Parade (Nov)[422][423][424]
Nepal issues its first "third-gender" passport[425][426][427]
Nepal explicitly puts equal rights and freedom from discrimination for LGBT individuals in the constitution[427][428]
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, started offering "Others" option in the gender column of the application form. Due to the efforts of Gopi Shankar Madurai of Srishti Madurai and the student community at JNU.[384]
Srishti Madurai urged Lok Sabha MP's to include intersex people in a bill to protect the rights of trans people.[429][430]
Gopi Shankar Madurai, a 25-year-old gender activist, made a bid to contest as one of the youngest candidates in the Tamil Nadu Assembly election and also the first openly Intersex & Genderqueer person to do so. Ze secured 14th place out of 21 candidates by securing 1% vote.[441][442][443][444]
The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka states it would be unable to enforce Article 365 that criminalizes homosexual sex, but the law is left dormant on the books due to lack of judicial review powers.[450]
2017
Pakistan issues first passport with transgender category.[451]
Indian Supreme Court declares privacy is an intrinsic right, and that sexual orientation is an essential attribute of privacy.[452]
2018
First South Asian LGBTI Conference held at Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, organised by British Asian LGBTI, Finding A Voice and Gaysian Faces on 28 July 2018, with eighteen speakers, two films (Sisak and Planchette) [453][454]
Indian Supreme Court legalizes gay sex and reads down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized same-sex relations. India's Outgoing chief justice Dipak Misra, regarding the ruling, said: "Criminalising carnal intercourse is irrational, arbitrary and manifestly unconstitutional."[455]
First Indian LGBTQIA Network in the UK, GIN (Gay Indian Network) founded by Mayank Joshi. First "GIN & Bombay Tonic" meeting in Soho on 30 September 2018.
2019
Parivar Bay Area, a South Asian transgender and gender non-conforming centered organization, launched in the San Francisco Bay Area[456]
Indian & South Asian LGBTQ social and support group set up in Birmingham, GIN Midlands, by the GIN Indian LGBTQIA Network UK. on 4 September 2020.
2021
Indian's First ever Drag conference was organized virtually by Dragvanti to promote academic discussion on Indian drag [460]
the first All India Queer Mobilization conclave was organised by Mobbera Foundation online where more than 25 Queer rights organizations participated to discuss Reformation plan for queer rights within each Indian state.[461]
Indian & South Asian Lesbian social and support group, GIN & Lime setup in UK by Sophie Cannivady, Sejal Patel and GIN Indian LGBTQ Network UK. on 18 February 2021.
2022
Anish Pathak and Mayank Joshi set up Next GINeration; a social and support group for younger Indian & South Asian LGBTQ people in the UK, on 5 January 2022. Sponsored by GIN Indian LGBTQIA Network UK.
The Supreme Court of India merges all current lower court cases regarding same-sex marriage from across India. The combined case, Supriyo v. Union of India, is heard by a five-member bench of the court. In October, the court rules against the plaintiffs, ruling that the legalization of same-sex marriage, civil unions and adoption is a question for the Parliament and state legislatures of India.
One of the most prominent Sikh voices in British public life, Jasvir Singh talks to the BBC about being a gay Sikh man married to his husband and the challenges faced along the way [1]
Books
Asian Gay Literature: An Annotated Bibliography of Modern LGBTQ Works of Literary Fiction and Biography, Arranged by Country, 3rd edition (2024, March)
ASIAN GAY LITERATURE, 3rd ed. (2024, March)
(193-page digital list
of novels, poetry, short
stories, autobiographies,
etc. Includes many works from India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and other countries across Asia)
^V. N. Datta (27 November 2012), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarman, ISBN9788129126627, Walderman Hansen doubts whether sensual passions played any part in their love [sic]; puri doubts about their homosexual relationship
^Shah, Nayan (2011). "Policing Strangers and Borderlands". Stranger Intimacy: Contesting Race, Sexuality, and the Law in the North American West. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 74–78. ISBN978-0-520-27087-9.
^Knight, Lisa I. (2010). "Reviewed work: "Ugra," Chocolate and Other Writings on Male Homoeroticism, Pandey Bechan Sharma, Ruth Vanita". International Journal of Hindu Studies. 14 (2/3): 343–345. JSTOR41476628.
^Alison Kim (1987). "Pacific/Asian Lesbian Bibliography". In Cristy Chung; Alison Kim; A. Kaweah Lemeshewsky (eds.). Between the lines: an anthology by Pacific/Asian lesbians of Santa Cruz, California. Dancing Bird Press. p. 54. ISBN9780962281907.
^Nayan Shah (13 September 2013). Nardi, Peter M; Schneider, Beth E (eds.). Social Perspectives in Lesbian and Gay Studies: A Reader (2013 ed.). Routledge. p. 489. ISBN978-1-136-21931-3.
^Bose, Brinda; Bhattacharyya, Subhabrata (2007). The Phobic and the Erotic: The Politics of Sexualities in Contemporary India. Seagull. p. 323. ISBN978-1-905422-14-2.
^Chandra Balachandran (2004). "Emerging Gay Geographies". In Srivastava, Sanjay (ed.). Sexual Sites, Seminal Attitudes: Sexualities, Masculinities and Culture in South Asia (Issue 4 ed.). Sage. p. 176. ISBN978-0761997771. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
^"Urvashi Vaid". LGBT History Month. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
^Parayath, Chitra (30 September 2004). "MASALA Mela In Boston". Lokvani. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
^"GAY FILM FESTIVAL OPPOSED IN INDIA". listserv.indianetwork.org. India News Network Digest - UPI. 2 November 1994. p. Vol 2, Issue 406. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
^IGLHRC (2003). "India"(PDF). Country Reports: 77. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
^ ab"Sappho For Equality: About Us". Sappho For Equality. Sappho For Equality: The Activist Forum for Lesbian, Bisexual woman and Transman Rights. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
^Rothschild, Cynthia. Long, Scott; Fried, Susana (eds.). "India Update". Written Out How Sexuality is Used to Attack Women's Organizing. IGLHRC and Center for Women's Global Leadership: 135. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
^ abSrinivasan, Rajeev (6 September 2000). "Coming Out Coming Home". India Currents. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^DasGupta, Debanuj (23 June 2014). "Towards a Politics of Pleasure-Knowledge". The Scholar & Feminist Online. Barnard Center for Research on Women. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
^Baim, Tracy (12 July 2000). "Snyde and Sneak". Windy City News. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^Thottiparambil, Subhash (January 2006). "Melas: Festivals for Sex Workers of Alternative Sexualities". In Ditmore, Melissa Hope (ed.). Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work, Volume 1. Greenwood Publishing Group.
^Narrain, Siddharth. "Being A Eunuch". Countercurrents.org. Frontline. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^Desai, Poulomi Desai; Sekhon, Parminder (2003). Red threads: the South Asian queer connection in photographs. London: Millivres Prowler. ISBN9781873741764. OCLC52948335.
^"Trikone Vancouver". Yahoo Groups. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015. Trikone Vancouver officially somes/came into existence on July 31st, 2005, at Vancouver's Pride March.
^Alizadeh, Hossein (7 May 2007). "Q & A: Sunil Panta". The Nepal Monitor. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
^Patel, Ami (2013). "Parading on Pioneer". A Community History of Satrang: Negotiating Visibility as LGBTQ South Asian Americans in Los Angeles (M.A., Asian American Studies). UCLA. p. 34.