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Timeline of United States and Native American relations

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Timeline of United States and Native American relations
Date Event
1629 The Beaver Wars begin between as the Iroquois, Dutch, and England fight the Algonquian allies and France over economic welfare in the Great Lakes region.[1]
June 20, 1675 King Philip's War: A band of Pokanokets attack several homesteads in the English colony Swansea, beginning the war.[2]
August 2–4, 1675 King Philip's War: A group of Nipmuc attack an army of Massachusetts Bay colonists in Wheeler's Surprise.[3]
October 1705 Virginia General Assembly passes "An act concerning Servants and Slaves", declaring that all enslaved Native Americans were a part of a caste.[4]
January 31, 1852 The Utah Territorial Legislature passes "an Act for the Relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners", requiring those who obtained enslaved Native peoples to care for their children.[5]
1954 Robert Satiacum, a Puallup tribal leader, is arrested for gillnetting without a license. The decision by the lower courts suggests that Washington's government has the jurisdiction to regulate Native American fishing.[6]
February 15, 1966 American comedian Dick Gregory and his wife are arrested for illegal fish netting during a fish-in with the Nisqually tribe to protest state legislature that prevents tribe members from fishing according to their traditional ways, a right they were guaranteed in the Point No Point Treaty.[7]
April 14–16, 1966 An emergency conference of 80 tribal leaders is called by the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) to respond to the US Congressional meeting to discuss the reorganization of Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) in which the NCAI was not permitted to attend. After Native people pushed, the chairperson of the House Commission on Interior and Insular Affairs, Morris Udall, agreed to the NCAIs admission and to create a group of tribespeople, called the Tribal Advisory Commission, to advise him in his position.[7]
April 30, 1966 The Havasupai tribe, who live at the base of the Grand Canyon, reject the BAI's proposal to "modernize" the tribe by connecting the reservation to outside towns with roads, chair lifts, and helicopters.[7]
March 6, 1968 Executive Order 11399 creates the National Council on Indian Opportunity to oversee federal programs benefiting the needs of Native people.[8]
April 11, 1968 The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 is passed, guaranteeing the rights stated in the Bill of Rights are applicable to Native Americans.[9]
December 18, 1971 President Richard Nixon signs the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANSCA) with extinguishes the Alaska Native title to nine-tenths of Alaska in return for 44 million acres and $962.5 million and creates villages and regional corporations under state law for the management of the lands and funds provided. Most of the representatives of the Alaska Federation of Natives approve of the bill, though many Alaskan Natives fear the act will destroy their traditional way of life.[7]
April 12, 1974 Congress passes the Indian Financing Act, making $250 million in credits with grants up to $50,000 available to Native people.[7]
June 4, 1975 United States v. Washington reaffirms the reserved right of Native American tribes to act alongside of the state of Washington to co-manage salmon and fish.[10]
April 5, 1977 The US Supreme Court rules that congressional legislation that diminished the size of the Sioux people's reservation thereby destroyed the tribe's jurisdictional authority over the area in Rosebud Sioux Tribe v. Kneip.[7]
August 11, 1978 President Jimmy Carter signs the American Indian Religious Freedom Act into law, which prohibited government interference of Native American religious practices.[11]
April 3, 1980 US Congress restores a federal trust relationship with the 501 members of the Shvwits, Kanosh, Koosharem, and the Indian Peaks and Cedar City bands of the Paiute people of Utah.[7]
April 13, 1980 The Supreme Court rules that the Washoe Nation can use its own hunting laws on 60,000 acres of off-reservation land in the Pine Nut Mountains of Nevada.[7]
January 1, 1987 The community of Pueblo Isleta near Albuquerque, New Mexico elects Verna Williamson as their first female governor.[7][12]
April 3, 1989 The US Supreme Court upholds the jurisdictional rights of tribal courts under the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 in Mississippi Choctaw Band v. Holyfield.[7]
October 15, 1990 President George H. W. Bush signs the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, providing monetary compensation to those affected by exposure to radiation from nuclear testing.

Though the majority of the casualties of uranium miners were Native Americans, particularly Navajo people, few widows and widowers were compensated because they lacked the standard marriage licenses required by US law.[13][14]

October 11, 2015 Governor Jerry Brown bans California public schools from using the mascot "Redskins", becoming the first state to pass such a law.[15]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Morgan, Lewis H. (1922). The League of the Iroquois. Classic Textbooks. ISBN 9781404751606.
  2. ^ Church, Benjamin (1865). The history of King Philip's war. Boston. hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t5m90c088.
  3. ^ Fiske, Jeffrey H. (1993). Wheeler's Surprise: The Lost Battlefield of King Philip's War. Towtaid.
  4. ^ "An act concerning Servants and Slaves (1705)". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
  5. ^ Bennion, Michael Kay (2012). "Captivity, Adoption, Marriage and Identity: Native American Children in Mormon Homes, 1847-1900". UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones: 89–90.
  6. ^ Parker, Angela (2013). "Review of Red Power Rising: The National Indian Youth Council and the Origins of Native Activism". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 7 (1): 155–157. doi:10.14321/jstudradi.7.1.0155. JSTOR 10.14321/jstudradi.7.1.0155.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Champagne, Duane (2001). The Native North American Almanac. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. ISBN 978-0787616557.
  8. ^ Britten, Thomas A. (2014). The National Council on Indian Opportunity: Quiet Champion of Self-Determination. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826355003.
  9. ^ "Presidential Documents Archive Guidebook | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  10. ^ Monson, Peter C. "United States v. Washington (Phase II): The Indian Fishing Conflict Moves Upstream Casenote 12 Environmental Law 1981-1982". Environmental Law. 12: 469. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  11. ^ "42 U.S. Code § 1996 - Protection and preservation of traditional religions of Native Americans". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  12. ^ AP (January 1987). "NEW MEXICO INDIANS PICK FIRST WOMAN GOVERNOR". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  13. ^ "- AN OVERVIEW OF THE RADIATION EXPOSURE COMPENSATION PROGRAM". www.gpo.gov. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  14. ^ McKenna, Brian (December 2010). "Half-Lives and Half-Truths, Confronting the Radioactive Legacies of the Cold War. by Barbara Rose Johnston". Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 24 (4): 558–561. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1387.2010.01126.x. hdl:2027.42/79262. ISSN 0745-5194.
  15. ^ "California Becomes First State to Ban 'Redskins' Nickname". NBC News. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
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