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Timeline of schizophrenia

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 52 min

The timeline of schizophrenia is a list of significant events in the creation, definition, development and continued redefinition of the diagnostic category "schizophrenia", as was originally created by the doctors of Burgholzli, the hospital clinic of the University of Zurich, during an approximately eleven year period beginning in the early 20th century.

2022: The pathogenesis of schizophrenia is unknown. [1]

2021: The etiology of schizophrenia is unknown.[2]

2019: ICD 11th revision:The World Health Organisation ICD classification: primary psychotic disorder 6A20 Schizophrenia. For schizophrenia to be diagnosed depends on the existence for most of a 1 month duration 2 of (a) - (g) of which one of the two must be (a) - (d): Persistent delusions (a), and, or, hallucinations (b), disorganized thinking (c), experiences of influence, passivity or control (d), Negative symptoms such as affective flattening, alogia or paucity of speech, avolition, asociality and anhedonia (e), grossly disorganized behaviour that impedes goal-directed activity (f), psychomotor disturbances (g)[3][4]

2014: the Mandarin name for schizophrenia in Taiwan is changed to a word with a new meaning: “disorder with dysfunction of thought and perception” [5]

2013: DSM-5 is published. There are no tests for the purpose of diagnosis using a laboratory or by psychometric methods. Neurological imaging, pathology, and physiology research indicates the presence of abnormalities within the brain, but "none are diagnostic".[6] Schizophrenia has the Diagnostic Criteria codes: 295.90 (F20.9), and is within the group: Schizophrenia Spectrum and other psychotic disorders [7]

2012: The Korean term for schizophrenia (jungshinbunyeolbyung / jeongshin-bunyeol-byung: mind-split disorder) is changed to attunement disorder by the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. The concept of the replacement word was inspired by the text of a South Korean monk written during 1579.[8][9]

2002: In Japan, the translation of the word schizophrenia in discontinued, replaced by Japanese words which mean "integration disorder" or ‘disintegration disorder’ [10][11][12][13]

2001: the term for schizophrenia in Hong Kong (jing-shen-fen-lie: 'mental split-mind disorder' / splitting of the mind) is changed to si-jue-shi-tiao.[14][9]

1997: an explanation for schizophrenia by neural diathesis-stress is made by Walker & Diforio via "a substantive literature on the behavioral effects of psychosocial stressors" and recent studies on "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis" cortisol activation [15][16]

1994: DSM-IV is published. Schizophrenia is encoded as 295, with the types: Catatonic, Disorganised, Paranoid, Residual, Schizophreniform, Undifferentiated [17][18]

1990: ICD 10th revision: encodes "(F20-F29)" with the descriptions: "Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders" [19][20] The diagnostic concept is divided: Catatonic, Cenesthopathic, Hebephrenic, Paranoid, Residual, Schizophreniform, Simple, Undifferentiated, unspecified.[21]

1982: Irwin Feinberg proposes the hypothesis that a cause of schizophrenia is correlation to reduction in synaptic density within the cortex of the brain of adolescent aged individuals.[22][23][24]

1980: DSM-III is published. Diagnosis of schizophrenia depends on the existence of one of (1) - (6) for at least six months: (1): bizarre delusions (2): somatic, grandiose, religious, nihilistic, or other delusions without persecutery or jealous content (3): delusions with persecutory or jealous content if accompanied by hallucinations of any type (4): auditory hallucinations in which either a voice keeps up a running commentary on the individual's behavior or thoughts, or two or more voices converse with each other (5): auditory hallucinations on several occasions with content of more than one or two words (6): incoherence, marked loosening of associations, markedly illogical thinking, or marked poverty of content of speech if associated with at least one of the following: (a) blunted, flat, or inappropriate affect (b) delusions or hallucinations (c) catatonic or other grossly disorganized behavior. Encoded as 295 with the types: Disorganized, Catatonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated, Residual.[25]

1976: the first tomography study of schizophrenia [26][27]

1975: ICD 9th revision: "(295-299) Other psychoses" "295 Schizophrenic psychoses" [28][20]

1972: philosopher Gilles Deleuze and psychoanalyst and political activist Félix Guattari first publish on the subject of "anti-Oedipus" with Capitalism and schizophrenia, as a critique of conventional psychiatric and psychoanalytic practices. [29][30][31]

1968: DSM-II is published. Schizophrenia is within the group: Psychoses not attributed to physical conditions previously listed. The diagnostic code is 295. The concept is divided into the types: acute schizophrenic episode, catatonic, childhood, chronic undifferentiated, hebephrenic, latent, other (and unspecified) types, paranoid, residual, schizo-affective, simple.[32]

1966: Jacques Van Rossum proposes that a more than normally active or more stimulated anatomical receptors for the cerebrally neurotransmitting biochemical catecholamine dopamine could be an etiology. Catecholamines are synthesized in the adrenal medulla. [33][34][35][36]

1965: ICD 8th revision: "(290-299) Psychoses" of which the codes "295.0 - .9" are for "Schizophrenia" [37][20]

1955: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 7th revision: "Psychoses": 300.0-.7: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)" [38]

1952: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-I: "Psychoses": 300.0-.8: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)" [39]

1950: Monograph Series on Schizophrenia No. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, an English language translation by J. Zinkin of Dr Bleuler's 1911 work is published [40]

1948: International Lists of Diseases and Causes of Death 6th revision: Dementia (309): Dementia praecox (schizophrenia) (300.7) / Schizophrenia, schizophrenic (insanity) (psychosis) (reaction) 300.7 [41]

1945: about 40,000 psychiatric patients of 283,000 patients with various diagnoses during 1939 in Germany aren't dead [42]

1941:

Rümke's idea praecox feeling for diagnosing schizophrenia [42]

senior physician at Friedmatt, the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Basel and battalion physician of the Swiss army Dr Manfred Bleuler finds, from a "eugenic standpoint", sterilisation is necessary from the results of a hereditary study of "316 hospitalized schiophrenics and their 11410 relatives" [43][44][45]

1940 JANUARY: 1st group of psychiatric patients killed by carbon monoxide gas in Germany [42][46]

1939 SEPTEMBER 23: Dr Freud dies by euthanasia effected by an overdose of morphine as a consequence of the pathological effects of tobacco with the psychoactive nicotine (an addiction) in addition to or without cocaine, which were precipitative of oral cancer, diagnosed during 1923.[47][48][49][50][51][52]

1939 SEPTEMBER after 1: organization of the deaths of patients with schizophrenia directly caused by the German government.[42]

1939 JULY 15: Dr Bleuler dies[53][54]

1939: FRS are included in a monograph by Schneider [55] Schneider's idea of Second Rank Symptoms include "Wahneinfall, thought inhibition (slowing or poverty of thought), flight of ideas, incoherence or dilapidation (Zerfahrenheit), compulsion".[56] The word Zerfahrenheit was created by Dr Kraepelin as the sole sign necessary for recognition of all possible forms of dementia praecox.[57]

1938 OCTOBER 3–7: ILCD 5th revision (in Europe and after the United States): Mental disorders and deficiency: "84b", defined as: "Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)" [58][20][59]

1938: Kurt Schneider mentions his idea of symptoms (First Rank Symptoms: FRS) in a conference in Berlin [55][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68]

1937:

the publically known correspondance of Professor Bleuler and Dr Freud concludes with 26 letters written by Dr Freud, 53 by Professor Bleuler[69]

Schizophrenia in Japan commences to exist by the transferal of the concept by the approval of a translation of the term by a committee within the Japanese Society for Psychiatry and Neurology [13]

1934: Patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, which is approximately 26% of the total in Germany, are made unable to produce children via sterilisation [70]

1933 JULY 14: the German government make a law that people diagnosed with "Schizophrenia" can be sterilised.[71][42]

1932: the President of the Royal Society of Medicine in preambulatory speech states that schizophrenia is a "reaction-type"[72][nb 1]

1929: International List of Causes of Death (ILCD 4th revision): "84a" the description for this code is: "Dementia praecox" [79][20]

1924:

Dr Bleuler supports ideas of eugenics.[80]

diagnosis by feelings: Ludwig Binswanger[81][82]

1920: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ISI 3rd revision) list: 84(1) Idiocy, Imbecility" [83][20][84]

1913:

Dementia praecox is accepted by "most British psychiatrists"[85]

Dr Kraepelin provides his most detailed description of schizophrenia[86]

1912: The government of Switzerland is the first country outside of the United States of America to produce a eugenics law: it becomes illegal for those diagnosed as mentally ill to marry[87][88]

1911:

Dr Bleuler's German language work: Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien is published in Leipzig & Vienna.[89][90][nb 2] Schizophrenia is a group of diseases not a sole disease. The groupings (paranoid, hebrephrenic, simple, catatonic) are entities constructed for nosology purposes not as descriptions of nature [91]

  • Association-splitting is a primary symptom, the secondary symptoms of sz happen because of "loosening of the associations".[92][93][94] Disturbance of associations is the "main primary symptom"[95][96] "Schizophrenic splitting" per se is "only" an "exaggerated" form of existing healthy "physiological processess" (sic).[97][98]
  • For treatment Dr Bleuler considers the best option available is occupation by work, even if the patient is within the acute stage, if not this, then sport, if neither are possible then preoccupation with games. Work provides the patient the opportunity to escape from an autistic existence.[99]
  • Dr Bleuler's theory of the symptoms but not the causes of schizophrenia used psychology analysis ideas invented by Dr Sigmund Freud.[100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107] Dr Bleuler wrote for his 1911 text that an "important aspect" of the Dr and the Dr's colleagues theory of concepts of the psychology of pathology (this is the "psychopathology") of schizophrenia was the "application of Freud's ideas to dementia praecox".[108][109][110][111][102][112][113][114]
  • Dr Bleuler expresses his "hope" that sterilisation will be used in certain circumstances with regards to those diagnosed with schizophrenia "for eugenic reasons".[115]

Dr Freud's hypothesis that schizophrenia is an "inability to maintain libidinal cathexis of objects"[116]

Dr Ballet describes the nosology psychose hallucinatoire chronique[117][118]

1910: ILCD 2: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute: 67 General paralysis of the insane 68 Other forms of mental alienation 74 (A.B.C.D.) Other diseases of the nervous system 74A Idiocy, imbecility [119][20][120]

1909 MARCH 7: work at the clinic of Zurich by the direction of Dr Jung under he direction of Dr Bleuler: experiments on "word-association", is concluded by Dr Jung's resignation. The doctors who did the experiments were Dr Bleuler (clinic director), Dr Jung, Dr Riklin, Dr Fürst, Dr Binswanger, Dr Nunberg, Dr Wehrlin[121][122]

1908 APRIL 24: the term "schizophrenie" is first used at a Deutscher Verein für Psychiatrie (German Association for Psychiatry) conference in Berlin by Dr Bleuler, in a lecture entitled 'Prognosis of Dementia Praecox (Group of Schizophrenias)'. Dr Bleuler's concept is from an approximately eight year study of 647 patients [123][124][125][126][127][nb 3] The conference was the first time the Association had convened to discuss specifically dementia praecox. Maximilian Jahrmärker spoke on the ease of the diagnosing and differentiating from other psychoses of d. praecox. [141]

1907:

Indiana (in the United States of America) is the first place in the world to make a eugenics-law for the sterilisation of "idiots" and "imbeciles" [88][142]

Dr Carl Jung's work on the psychology of Dementia Praecox is published. [143] The work contains no direct reference to schizophrenia. [144] Dr Jung refers to "dissociation (Binet, Janet)" as a "weakness of consciousness due to the splitting-off of one or a series of ideas". Dr Jung discusses Otto Gross's "synchronous series" as consciousness if affected by disease in the lexicon of the "French School" which is that "associations" are "split-off", and that a split-off series of ideas occur in hysteria [145] in situations of hypnotism and with the somnambulists. [146][147][148] Dr Jung explicitly associates a "split off series of ideas" with "Freud and Gross". [149] Dr Jung in discussion of organisms sans brain, and, catatonia, in relation to automatism (the "reflex machine") propounds the notion that the reality of the catatonic state is of a complex in the mind split off ("unassailable") from any external psychological stimuli [150] In discussion of Paranoid Dementia, with reference specifically to "hysterics with dissociation of consciousness", in a first state of one consciousness, the existence of a second subsequent state of consciousness (in a temporal sequence) will not occur in the hysterics consciousness normally, and instead, the "force" of the second state of consciousness is expressed as hallucination or "other automatisms", as a split-off complex disturbing another complex. The disturbance is compared (with reference to Flournoy) as the disturance of an invisible planet in orbit to a visible planet. Split off thoughts coalesce ("crowd themselves") into consciousness forming hallucination. [151]

1904:

Bleuler begins an approximately 33 year exchange of mailed (posted) letters with Dr Freud [152]

Jung & Riklin publish: "Experimental investigations about associations of healthy people" [153]

1902:

Jung uses the idea of a complex in his thesis.[154][155]

Bleuler first reads the writings of Freud [156]

1900:

Carl Jung is a staff member at a Psychiatric Clinic in Zurich where Dr E Bleuler is director[157]

The Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ILCD-1) describes psychiatric disorders as: "85 General paralysis of insane 86 Insanity (not puerperal)" [158][20]

1899:

a definition of Dementia Praecox with the syndromes: hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid is made by Kraepelin in his textbook[159]

a doctor of the Indiana State Reformatory discovers the method for sterilisation: vasectomy [142]

1895:

Freud publishes a work which mentions "association fibers" of the brain which "serve the association of ideas"[160]

Connecticut (United States of America): (eugenics) the first law in America for which an enforcement is made that it is illegal for "epileptics, imbeciles, and the feebleminded" to marry [161][162][163]

Freud is using cocaine [164]

1894: Dr Freud is inhaling ignited tobacco smoke containing the psychoactive nicotine from about 20 cigars every day [165][166]

1893: Dr Josef Breuer of Vienna and Dr Freud explain the existence of the phenomenon of "splitting of consciousness" as "present to a rudimentary degree in all forms of hysteria".[167][168]

1892: Freud begins a method of "psychical analysis" or "concentration technique" for analysis of psychology. Dr Freud begins his use of a technique and analysis which later is known as "free association" [169][170][171]

1888: Professor (1886; chef de clinique, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 1885) Gilbert Ballet thinks "inner speech unfolds a life of its own" which "occasionally" persist in consciousness to an extent which is to "border on auditory hallucination" [172]

1886: (eugenics) Auguste Forel is the first in Europe (as Director of Burgholzli hospital in Zurich) to sterilize someone because of a psychiatric diagnosis [173][88][157]

OCTOBER 20,1885 - FEBRUARY 28, 1886: Freud's work changes from neuropathology to psychopathology.[174][175][176] During this period Dr Freud is attending lectures provided by the neurologist professor Jean-Martin Charcot ('le pere de la neurologie' in France, the father of modern neurology), Hôpital de la Salpêtrière.[177][178][179][176][172] Dr Freud participates in the drug-use of cocaine, a psychoactive drug, during this period.[174][180][181][182][183]

1884 after APRIL 21 - before JUNE 19: Dr Freud first consumes and self administers cocaine in order to report on the history, pharmacology, effects, and possible medicinal use; published as Über Coca during July 1884.[184][185][186][187][188]

1883: Sir F Galton F.R.S publishes his use of: a word association test. Galton invents "eugenics".[189][190]

after MAY 1880 and before MAY 1881: S Freud begins his predominantly life-long habit of tobacco consumption. During 31 March 1881 Dr S Freud qualifies as a doctor of medicine. Dr Freud's father was also a consumer of the same plant the smoke of which contains the psychoactive substance nicotine and a number of toxic substances.[191][192][193][166][194][195]

1880: "dementia praecox" is first used as a description by alienist Heinrich Schüle within Illenau asylum (construction completed 1842) in Baden, Germany.[196][197][198] Schuele's concept of nosology was made in harmony with an idea of degression from health in which insanity is progressive through generation by biological inheritance, named the theory of degeneration.[199]

1879: Francis Galton first mentions in publication the "essence" of a novel idea for psychological investigation: a word association experiment [200]

1874: Kahlbaum creates the idea of catatonia[201][202]

1863:

Kahlbaum creates the idea of hebephrenia [203][204][205][206] Hebe is the translation of an ancient greek word which meant "goddess of the youth", hebe in the psychiatric sense meant "youth" [203][204][205][207]

Kahlbaum differentiates vesania typica from dysphrenia.[208][209][nb 4]

1857: Morel's degeneration-theory, from Saint-Yon asylum (opened 11 July 1825), is published "1st generation: neurosis, 2nd: mental alienation, 3rd: imbecility, 4th: sterilisation". The degenerative process as from the first stage is thought caused by alcohol and, or, other toxic substances. The possible danger of the problem of degeneration is that it could develop as a “physiological and moral malaria” within a hypothetical population by defective development of circumstances as a consequence of environmental pathologicity.[211][212][213][214][215][216]

1852: Alienist Bénédict-Augustin Morel first describes "démence précoce" [217][218][219][214]

1841: medical examiner and physician Canstatt creates the word psychosis; in the original German language version: "Psychose". Dr. Canstatt was "königlich bayerischem Gerichtsarzte" (a royal Bavarian court physician) during 1843, during the reign of Ludwig I.[220][221][222][223][224][225][226]

1797: the retrospective first supposed contended obvious example of the admission to an institution of an individual with thoughts and behaviours which indicate the existence of a schizophrenia-like disorder: the case of James Tilly Matthews.[227][228]

1602-8: Professor (University of Basel) Felix Platter determines within states of phrensie "spectra varia ex falsa imaginatione existiment". Platter determines lesion of the mind as association of mentis alienatio with mentis hallucinatio.[229]

1300's: the word frentik is associated with both "fooles" and "madde" in England in Piers Plowman and by Geoffrey Chaucer (esquire) respectively.[230][231][232][233][234][235][236][237]

circa 130 AD: Claudius Galenus Pergami (Greek: Κλαύδιος Γαληνός) recognizes the location of the phrenic nerve at the spinal cord 3rd mylotome with the diaphragm [238]

Terentius Afer (195 or 185 - 159 BCE) uses "deludier" a word of the ancient Latin language [239]

Παρανοίας γραφή (paranoías graphḗ) a legal action against insanity, as in Plato's text "Laws" (Πλάτων Νόμοι),[240][241] was a process in which someone could make complaint, usually against a father, or against anyone who is "mad or senile".[242][243][244]

399: Σωκράτης (Socrates) is condemned by a court to be expelled from Athens in relation in part to a voice he hears (τὸ δαιμόνιον - the daimonion).[245][246][247][248][249][250][251][252]

428: In an ancient Greek theatre play by ΕΥΡΙΠΙΔΗΣ (Euripides) a nurse is made to speak on the subject of a problem which relates to φρένας (phrenes)[253][254][255]

References[edit]

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    Under all circumstances, if the disease is diagnosed or suspected, marriage must be discouraged with the greatest emphasis...we know of no measures which will cure the disease, as such, or even bring it to a halt...it is to be hoped that sterilisation will soon be employed on a larger scale in these cases as in other patients with a pathological Anlage for eugenic reasons
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    Dissociation according to the French school is a weakness of consciousness due to the splitting off of one or a series of ideas. They separate themselves from the hierarchy of the conscious ego and begin a more or less independent existence.77 The hysteria doctrine of Breuer and Freud was developed on this foundation...77 See the fundamental work of Janet : L'automatisme psychologique....If the connection between Gross's synchronous series is severed by disease, disintegration of consciousness results. Translated into the language of the French school, it means that if one or more association series are split off there results a dissociation causing weakness of consciousness. Let us not quarrel over words....As aforesaid, the displeasing part in this hypothesis is the assumption of synchronous independent association series. Normal psychology does not furnish us with any facts on this point. Where we can best observe split-off series of ideas, namely, in hysteria, we find that the opposite holds true.

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    τάδε μαντείας ἄξια πολλῆς,

    ὅστις σε θεῶν ἀνασειράζει

    καὶ παρακόπτει φρένας, ὦ παῖ.

    ΦΑ. δύστηνος ἐγώ, τί ποτ᾽ εἰργασάμην;

    ποῖ παρεπλάγχθην γνώμης ἀγαθῆς

    using:

    with:

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Notes[edit]

  1. ^ During 14 April a method for the splitting of an atom is discovered. An atom of lithium is made disintegrational by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton using a particle accelerator (after Rutherford) designed to study nuclear reactions. The disintegrational products are transmutations. [73][74][75][76][77][78] see: 1948
  2. ^ For sources of first names of "Riklin" and "Abraham" see: Bibliography
  3. ^ "coins the term schizophrenia" (i.e. "coin") is used in a number of sources [128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140]
  4. ^ (Rocha, Cunha, Torres, Lopes 2021) "Initially, in 1896, Kahlbaum coined the term ‘dysphrenia’, a group of severe form of psychosis" [210]

Bibliography[edit]

Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_schizophrenia
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