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Tourism in Turkey

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 15 min

Pamukkale in Turkey is a World Heritage Site. Turkey has 622 national parks.

Tourism in Turkey is focused largely on a variety of historical sites, and on seaside resorts along its Aegean and Mediterranean Sea coasts. Turkey has also become a popular destination for culture, spa, and health care.[1] Since 2021, Turkey is the fourth most visited country in the world.[2]

Number of international tourist arrivals

At its height in 2019, Turkey attracted around 51 million foreign tourists,[3][4] The total number fluctuated between around 41 million in 2015, and around 30 million in 2016.[5][6] However, recovery began in 2017, with the number of foreign visitors increasing to 37.9 million, and in 2018 to 46.1 million visitors.[7][8][9]

Destinations

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Istanbul

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Dolmabahçe Palace is a popular tourism destination in Turkey.
Ortaköy Mosque and the Bosphorus Bridge

Istanbul is one of the most important tourist spots not only in Turkey but also in the world. There are thousands of hotels and other tourist-oriented industries in the city. Turkey's largest city, Istanbul has a number of major attractions derived from its historical status as the capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires. These include the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (the "Blue Mosque"), the Hagia Sophia, the Topkapı Palace, the Basilica Cistern, the Dolmabahçe Palace, the Galata Tower, the Grand Bazaar, the Spice Bazaar, and the Pera Palace Hotel. Istanbul has also recently become one of the biggest shopping centers of the European region by hosting malls and shopping centers, such as MetroCity, Akmerkez and Cevahir Mall, which is the biggest mall in Europe and seventh largest shopping center in the world. Other attractions include sporting events, museums, and cultural events.

In January 2013, the Turkish government announced that it would build the world's largest airport in Istanbul. The operation has an invested 7-billion euros and was planned to have the first part of a four-part plan completed by 2017.[10]

As a consequence of the continuous fall in tourism to Turkey in recent years, as of October 2016 in Istanbul's famous bazaar once crowded shopping streets are not as crowded as before, "the streams of tourists who used to visit the market each day have trickled to a halt".[5] The number of foreign tourists visiting Istanbul declined to 9.2 million in 2016, a 26 percent decrease compared to 2015.[11]

Ankara

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Ankara is the country's capital and second most populated city.[12] It is rich with Turkish history and culture that have roots in the founding of Turkey along with the history of ancient civilizations. The most popular landmark is the Anıtkabir,[13] a mausoleum for Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey. Another landmark would be the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, a museum that possesses works from Paleolithic, Neolithic, Hatti, Hittite, Phrygian, Urartian, and Roman civilizations.[14]

Izmir

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Izmir is a city with historical and geopolitical importance in ancient civilizations such as Macedonia, Persia, Lydia, and the Ottomans.[15] The city has a memorable history in the early years of Turkey as it was the main city that was affected by the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).[16] Izmir is home to many ancient cities such as Ephesus, Pergamon, and Klazomenai.[17] Besides historical significance, Izmir also possesses many locations for coastal tourism for international travelers. Frequently visited regions that have tourist beaches for local and international tourists would be Çeşme, Mordoğan, and Foça.[18][19]

Other destinations

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Ölüdeniz beach
Butterfly Valley, Fethiye

Beach vacations and Blue Cruises, particularly for Turkish delights and visitors from Western Europe, are also central to the Turkish tourism industry. Most beach resorts are located along the southwestern and southern coast, called the Turkish Riviera, especially along the Mediterranean coast near Antalya. Antalya is also accepted as the tourism capital of Turkey.[20] Major resort towns include Bodrum, Fethiye, Marmaris, Kuşadası, Didim and Alanya. Also, Turkey has been chosen second in the world in 2015 with its 436 blue-flagged beaches, according to the Chamber of Shipping.[21]

Attractions elsewhere in the country include the sites of Ephesus, Troy, Pergamon, House of the Virgin Mary, Pamukkale, Hierapolis, Trabzon (where one of the oldest monasteries is the Sümela Monastery), Konya (where the poet Rumi had spent most of his life), Didyma, Church of Antioch, ancient Pontic capital and king rock tombs with its acropolis in Amasya, religious places in Mardin (such as Deyrülzafarân Monastery), and the ruined cities and landscapes of Cappadocia.

One of the most important and famous cities in the east and southeast of Turkey is called Diyarbakır. This city is considered one of the important options for traveling to the east of Turkey due to its numerous historical, religious and cultural places. For researchers who are interested in cultural studies, this city is a favorable option for study and research due to the accommodation of different ethnic groups (Kurds, Turks, Arabs, Assyrians, Armenians) and religious groups (Muslims, Christians). Due to the civil wars between the PKK group and the central government of Turkey in the 90's, the number of tourists in this region decreased. With the beginning of the 21st century and after the establishment of relative peace and security in these areas, tourism has been increasing again in these areas.[27]

Gallipoli and Anzac Cove – a small cove on the Gallipoli peninsula, which became known as the site of World War I landing of the ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) on 25 April 1915. Following the landing at Anzac Cove, the beach became the main base for the Australian and New Zealand troops for the eight months of the Gallipoli campaign.

Cappadocia is a region created by the erosion of soft volcanic stone by the wind and rain for centuries.[28] The area is a popular tourist destination, having many sites with unique geological, historic, and cultural features.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

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Main article: List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey
Safranbolu was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1994 due to its well-preserved Ottoman era houses and architecture.

As of 2023, Turkey hosts 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 19 cultural and 2 mixed.[29]

Turkey's World Heritage Sites, as per their official UNESCO names, are as follows:

  1. Aphrodisias
  2. Archaeological Site of Ani
  3. Archaeological Site of Troy
  4. Arslantepe Mound
  5. Bursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire
  6. City of Safranbolu
  7. Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape
  8. Ephesus
  9. Gordion
  10. Göbekli Tepe
  11. Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia
  12. Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği
  13. Hattusha: the Hittite Capital
  14. Hierapolis-Pamukkale
  15. Historic Areas of Istanbul
  16. Nemrut Dağ
  17. Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük
  18. Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape
  19. Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
  20. Wooden Hypostyle Mosques of Medieval Anatolia
  21. Xanthos-Letoon

Medical tourism

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Main article: Health care in Turkey
Acıbadem Hospital in Altunizade, Istanbul

An emerging branch of tourism in Turkey is medical tourism. Commonly performed medical procedures are hair transplant operations, rhinoplasty and cosmetic dentistry as it draws in thousands of foreigner tourists every year.[30][31] In 2021, the revenue generated from medical tourism was given as $1.05 billion with 642,000 people that visited for the purpose of getting medical service.[32] This is due to Turkey offering high-quality clinics for affordable pricing compared to the rest of Europe and its central location between Asia and Europe.[33] Other reasons for the high demand for healthcare in Turkey are foreigners having easy visa procedures and immediate scheduling for operations.[1]

Development of tourism

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Most tourist arrivals in Turkey come from the following countries:[34][35][9][36][37]

Country 8/2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018
 Russia 4,550,588 6,313,675 5,232,611 4,694,422 2,128,758 7,017,657 5,964,631
 Germany 4,385,331 6,193,259 5,679,194 3,085,215 1,118,932 5,027,472 4,512,360
 United Kingdom 3,102,412 3,800,922 3,370,739 392,746 820,709 2,562,064 2,254,871
 Iran 2,101,847 2,504,494 2,331,076 9,618 385,762 2,102,890 2,001,744
 Bulgaria 1,871,827 2,893,092 2,882,512 1,402,795 1,242,961 2,713,464 2,386,885
 Poland 1,327,953 1,539,123 1,135,903 585,076 145,908 880,839 646,365
 Georgia 1,003,932 1,633,977 1,514,813 291,852 410,501 1,995,254 2,069,392
 Netherlands 955,610 1,232,220 1,244,756 645,601 271,526 1,117,290 1,013,642
 United States 943,099 1,334,337 1,013,478 371,759 148,937 578,074 448,327
 Romania 833,313 990,005 886,555 496,178 269,076 763,320 641,484
 France 794,320 1,031,824 986,090 621,493 311,708 875,957 731,379
 Kazakhstan 667,831 826,319 712,136 366,076 137,213 455,724 426,916
 Azerbaijan 658,378 855,445 683,834 470,618 236,797 901,723 858,506
 Saudi Arabia 654,391 820,683 497,914 10,083 67,490 564,816 747,233
 Ukraine 637,466 839,729 675,467 2,060,008 997,652 1,547,996 1,386,934
 Iraq 635,497 1,051,721 1,208,895 836,624 387,587 1,374,896 1,172,896
 Belgium 466,448 596,355 596,173 339,529 138,729 557,435 511,559
 Greece 461,776 686,480 569,795 157,723 136,305 836,882 686,891
 Italy 461,698 602,176 420,661 116,806 72,619 377,011 284,195
 Austria 404,993 496,482 454,638 284,095 112,126 401,475 353,628
 Uzbekistan 381,839 470,644 419,673 272,604 102,598 252,138 241,235
 Czech Republic 302,584 384,158 295,454 89,734 15,642 311,359 228,251
 Sweden 292,414 364,984 415,696 192,872 93,703 444,285 384,397
 China 268,252 248,119 89,515 33,641 40,264 426,344 394,109
 Spain 253,816 324,690 298,165 104,848 54,381 257,342 178,018
  Switzerland 253,310 390,044 382,835 219,591 127,643 311,107 269,649
 Denmark 247,638 319,835 356,127 111,499 44,694 335,877 326,278
 Serbia 237,730 311,738 357,787 238,852 129,284 282,347 225,312
 Moldova 231,915 288,377 274,257 192,441 109,137 198,867 194,268
 Belarus 226,432 309,216 239,966 220,932 106,426 258,419 245,254
 Jordan 221,485 384,680 494,629 326,633 93,750 474,874 406,469
 India 220,029 274,159 231,579 52,651 44,707 230,131 147,127
 Kuwait 213,539 363,070 480,123 246,249 120,221 374,191 298,620
 Algeria 206,677 292,505 210,478 48,827 50,121 295,512 288,207
 Canada 190,894 248,868 197,416 72,034 34,210 139,164 108,272
 Lebanon 189,294 257,781 272,844 191,768 89,337 376,721 338,837
 Lithuania 180,139 277,810 251,619 114,227 14,194 229,704 199,371
 Northern Cyprus 178,385 215,137 182,945 68,353 59,808 268,341 266,859
 Hungary 172,912 222,327 165,842 76,257 16,563 149,523 123,448
 Norway 162,758 203,325 191,789 54,633 25,100 208,330 161,789
 Morocco 158,377 262,124 251,708 121,333 67,775 234,264 176,538
 North Macedonia 157,368 251,066 266,184 182,045 115,483 222,862 209,519
 Libya 147,250 194,351 220,179 197,983 107,251 259,243 188,312
 Egypt 146,044 187,053 227,850 124,483 68,936 177,655 148,943
 Bosnia 136,576 177,893 200,698 131,347 61,651 144,445 120,480
 Kosovo 136,495 174,681 193,823 145,931 70,462 152,048 139,500
 Ireland 135,604 163,165 136,608 36,947 26,176 96,886 71,221
 South Korea 134,715 159,039 99,869 15,206 36,636 212,970 159,354
 Australia 133,421 192,770 118,847 15,674 15,109 120,837 96,488
 Indonesia 126,407 178,800 152,995 49,319 36,690 127,149 119,337
 Kyrgyzstan 126,236 169,906 147,487 102,840 52,142 121,364 114,926
 Tunisia 121,551 176,547 206,714 126,970 57,563 172,587 142,372
 Albania 112,726 142,482 145,032 89,748 49,667 134,869 125,935
 Turkmenistan 102,176 120,928 45,249 18,979 43,236 297,706 252,911
 Pakistan 89,438 140,388 173,621 90,681 51,326 130,736 113,579
 Mexico 89,239 155,155 114,267 34,705 12,775 66,557 36,737
 Philippines 88,067 120,347 97,954 55,397 48,440 139,126 95,068
 Japan 82,496 78,782 30,610 7,153 19,122 103,320 81,931
 Finland 80,948 117,123 117,281 32,809 15,003 135,192 128,860
 Brazil 77,198 106,717 84,582 17,788 22,722 101,164 78,691
 United Arab Emirates 69,647 120,819 146,438 52,587 3,772 37,500 43,292
 Israel 57,664 2,305,997 843,028 225,238 129,677 569,368 443,732
 Malaysia 54,350 95,444 89,766 9,618 17,892 114,214 95,591
 Bahrain 45,890 64,771 98,147 62,730 17,852 90,299 77,075
 Qatar 42,869 70,090 92,439 83,831 31,956 108,496 96,327
Total 35,803,874 49,209,180 44,564,395 24,712,266 12,734,213 51,747,198 46,112,592
Visa policy of Turkey
  Republic of Turkey
  Unlimited stay
  Visa not required (90 days and may enter with ID card)
  Visa not required (90 days)
  Visa not required (60 days)
  Visa not required (30 days)
  Visa not required (90 days - conditional)
  eVisa (30 days)
  eVisa (30 days - conditional)
  Visa required

Foreign tourist arrivals increased substantially in Turkey between 2000 and 2005, from 8 million to 25 million, which made Turkey a top-10 destination in the world for foreign visitors. 2005 revenues were US$20.3 billion which also made Turkey one of the top-10 biggest revenue owners in the world. In 2011, Turkey ranked as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world and 4th in Europe, according to UNWTO World Tourism barometer.[38] See World Tourism rankings. At its height in 2014, Turkey attracted around 42 million foreign tourists, still ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world.[4] From 2015, tourism to Turkey entered a steep decline.[39][40] In 2016, only around 30 million people visited Turkey. 2016 is described as the second year of huge losses on both visitor numbers and income, a "year of devastating losses", with Turkish tourism businesses stating that they "cannot remember a worse time in the sector".[5] The number of foreign visitors started recovering in 2017 with 37.9 million visitors being recorded. The recovery was partly due to intense security campaigns and advertising. The number of Russian tourists increased by 444% after the recovery of bilateral relations, resulting in Russia becoming the top tourism market for Turkey once again.[7][8] Increases were also recorded in the British, Dutch and Belgian markets.[41]

In early 2017, the Turkish government urged Turkish citizens living abroad to take their vacations in Turkey, attempting to revive the struggling tourism sector[42] of an economy that went into contraction from late 2016.[43] After the April 2017 constitutional referendum, another sharp drop in tourist bookings from Germany was recorded.[44] In 2018, however, the German Tourism Industry Association recorded a growth in German tourist bookings for Turkey, with a 70% increase being recorded by the TUI Group alone.[45]

[edit]

Government policy and regulation

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The AKP government has been promoting "halal tourism" for years,[46] politically reaffirming this stance over the course of 2016.[47] In March 2017, a Turkish court banned global travel fare aggregator website Booking.com from offering services to Turkish tourists for lack of a national licence,[48] while the Hoteliers Association of Turkey campaigns for a lifting the ban of the enterprise on which its members relied for up to 90 percent of their turnover.[49] In April 2017, the police department of the prime resort city of Antalya issued a directive banning the consumption of alcohol outside of buildings.[50]

Sex tourism

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Main article: Prostitution in Turkey

Prostitution is legal and regulated in Turkey. The secularization of Turkish society allowed prostitution to achieve legal status during the early 20th century. Sex tourism has been part of Turkey's tourism industry and has been growing over the decades both for foreigners and locals. Many foreigners come to Turkey to work for local Turks in the prostitution business, while many Turks travel abroad as consumers of sex tourism, mostly to Eastern Europe for the purpose.[51] Anyone who encourages someone to commit prostitution, facilitates it, or mediates or provides a place for prostitution is punished with imprisonment from two months to four years and a judicial fine of up to three thousand days.[52][53]

COVID-19 pandemic

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of tourists arriving in Turkey declined to around 16 million in 2020.[54] This was the lowest number of tourists in the last decade.[54] The revenue from international travel was reduced to $13.7 billion which only made up 1.91% of the total economy in 2020.[55][56] In 2021, Turkey's tourism recovered from the pandemic as it contributed $59.3 billion to the GDP, which made up 7.3% of the total economy.[57][58]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Esma, Gültüvin Gür Omay; Emrah, Cengiz (7 August 2020). "Health Tourism in Turkey: Opportunities and Threats". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 4 (10).
  2. ^ "UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, December 2020 | World Tourism Organization". UNWTO World Tourism Barometer (English Version). 18 (7): 1–36. 18 December 2020. doi:10.18111/wtobarometereng.2020.18.1.7. S2CID 241989515.
  3. ^ "Rekord: 51,9 Millionen Urlauber besuchten die Türkei 2019 - Hürriyet.de - Wirtschaft". www.hurriyet.de. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020.
  4. ^ a b "42 million tourists visit Turkey in 2014". Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  5. ^ a b c "Turkey's tourism industry reels from a year to forget". The Guardian. 5 October 2016.
  6. ^ "Turkish–German ties at historic low, says scholar Faruk Şen". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 November 2016. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019.
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  8. ^ a b "Tourism in Turkey starts recovery". ITIJ. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  9. ^ a b "DISTRIBUTION OF ARRIVING FOREIGN VISITORS - TOP 5 COUNTRIES (2016-2018) JANUARY-DECEMBER".
  10. ^ Maierbrugger, Arno (25 January 2013). "Turkey plans world's biggest airport". Inside Investor. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
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  12. ^ "Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  13. ^ "Putin bir kararı daha imzaladı. Tartışmalı bölge Rus mülkiyetine geçirildi". Yeni Çağ Gazetesi (in Turkish). 5 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  14. ^ "MUSEUM OF ANATOLIAN CIVILIZATIONS". T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  15. ^ "History of İzmir". izmir.ktb.gov.tr. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  16. ^ "Summary of Nation Building and the Lives it Changed Forever: A Reflection on the 100th Anniversary of the Greco-Turkish War · Online Exhibits". apps.lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  17. ^ "Historical and Cultural Places". izmir.ktb.gov.tr. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  18. ^ "Blue Flag Turkey | TURCEV | Foundation for Environmental Education in Turkey". www.mavibayrak.org.tr. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
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  20. ^ Tilic, L. Dogan (5 April 2010). "Antalya: The Tourism Capital of Turkey". European Business Review. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  21. ^ "Turkey rich in "blue flags" – TRAVEL". Hürriyet Daily News. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  22. ^ Ahmady, Kameel 2009: Another Look at East and Southeast Turkey. GABB Publication, Diyarbakır. p 198.
  23. ^ "Diyarbakir | History, Population, & Walls | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  24. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  25. ^ "A city at the crossroads of history". DİYARBAKIR'S MEMORY. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  26. ^ "Diyarbakır aims to host 1 mln tourists this year - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  27. ^ [22][23][24][25][26]
  28. ^ "Capadocia" (PDF).
  29. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Türkiye - UNESCO World Heritage Convention". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  30. ^ "Turkey's Thriving Business in Hair, Beard, and Mustache Implants". Bloomberg.com. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  31. ^ Pirzada, Nefes (15 June 2022). "The Expansion of Turkey's Medical Tourism Industry". Voices in Bioethics. 8. doi:10.52214/vib.v8i.9894. ISSN 2691-4875. S2CID 249840691.
  32. ^ "400,000 Europeans visit Turkey for health tourism - Latest News". Hürriyet Daily News. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  33. ^ KARAÇADIR, Vahap; SEZGİN, Aykut (20 September 2022). "KAMU İNTERNET VE MOBİL SAĞLIK UYGULAMALARI KULLANIM NİYETİ DEĞİŞKENLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ". Türkiye Mesleki ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (9): 60–71. doi:10.46236/jovosst.1176463. ISSN 2687-3478. S2CID 252422361.
  34. ^ Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Republic of Turkey. "Number of Arriving-Departing Foreigners and Citizens, December 2016". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  35. ^ NUMBER OF ARRIVING-DEPARTING VISITORS, FOREIGNERS AND CITIZENS December 2017
  36. ^ "Tourism Receipts-Expenditures (2003-2019)".
  37. ^ "2019". Ktb.gov.tr. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  38. ^ "2012 Tourism Highlights" (PDF). UNWTO. June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  39. ^ Kafanov, Lucy (19 August 2015). "Violence costing Turkey precious tourism, even far from the fighting". The Christian Science Monitor.
  40. ^ "4.9 pct less tourists in Turkey in June". DailySabah. 29 July 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  41. ^ "It is now time for Turkey's tourism sector to raise revenue". Hürriyet Daily News. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  42. ^ "Erdoğan calls on citizens abroad: 'Come to Turkey for vacation'". Hürriyet Daily News. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
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  48. ^ "Turkey has banned Booking.com but the website isn't backing down". The Independent. 30 March 2017.
  49. ^ "Turkish hotelier association asks court to lift ban on Booking.com". Hürriyet Daily News. 6 April 2017.
  50. ^ "Statement on alcohol ban in outdoor locations in Turkey's Antalya sparks debate". Hürriyet Daily News. 28 April 2017.
  51. ^ "Tourism's dark side: Child sexual abuse in Turkey". 27 June 2016.
  52. ^ "Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi".
  53. ^ "Fuhuşa Teşvik Ve Aracılık Etme Suçu".
  54. ^ a b "Turkey Tourist arrivals - data, chart". TheGlobalEconomy.com. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
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  57. ^ "Travel & Tourism Economic Impact | World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC)". wttc.org. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  58. ^ THE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE TOURISM INDUSTRY .

Requirements for Urgent Visa for Turkey

Further reading

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[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Turkey.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tourism in Turkey.
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