Turkish Cypriot enclaves

The Turkish Cypriot enclaves were inhabited by Turkish Cypriots between the intercommunal violence of 1963–64 and the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus.

Events leading to the creation of the enclaves

In December 1963 the President of the Republic of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios, citing Turkish Cypriot tactics aimed at obstructing the normal functioning of government, proposed several amendments to the post-colonial constitution of 1960. This precipitated a crisis between the Greek Cypriot majority and the Turkish Cypriot minority, and Turkish Cypriot representation in the government ended. The nature of this event is controversial. Greek Cypriots claim that Turkish Cypriots voluntarily withdrew from the institutions of the Republic of Cyprus, while the Turkish Cypriot narrative has it that the Turkish Cypriots were forcibly excluded.^[2]

After the rejection of the constitutional amendments by the Turkish Cypriot community the situation escalated into island-wide intercommunal violence. 103 to 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages were attacked and 25,000-30,000 Turkish Cypriots became refugees.^[3]^[4] According to official records, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed.^[5] Turkish Cypriots consequently started living in enclaves; the republic's structure was changed unilaterally by Makarios and Nicosia was divided by the Green Line, with the deployment of UNFICYP troops.^[4]

Situation in the enclaves

The enclaves were scattered all over the island. The enclaves were deprived of many necessities. Restrictions on the enclaves began to be eased after 1967 and many Turkish Cypriots began to return to the villages they'd left in 1963.^{[citation needed]}

Ban on goods

The Greek Cypriot-run Republic of Cyprus banned the possession of certain items by Turkish Cypriots and the entrance of these items to the enclaves. The restrictions were aimed not only at restricting the military activities of Turkish Cypriots, but also to prevent their return to economic normality. As for fuels, all kinds of fuels including kerosene were initially banned, but the ban on kerosene was lifted by October 1964. The ban on petrol and diesel did remain in force until that time and hindered food supply to the enclaves. Ban on building materials prevented the restoration of houses damaged by fighting when winter approached, and the ban on woolen clothing affected the supply of clothing to Turkish Cypriots, especially putting the displaced in a concerning situation. The restriction on tent materials further blocked the construction of temporary places of residence for the displaced. Below is a list of banned items as of 7 October 1964, according to a report by the United Nations Secretary-General:^[6]

Accumulators
Ammonium nitrate
Angle iron
Automobile spare parts
Bags
Cables
Camouflage netting
Cartridges, shotgun
Cement
Crushed metal
Crushed stone

Electrical detonators
Exploders and explosives
Fuel, in large amounts
Galvanometers
Iron pickets
Iron poles and rods
Khaki-colored cloth
Mine detectors
Radio sets
Safety fuses
Sand

Studs for boots
Sulfur
Telephones
Tents and tent material
Thick steel plates
Timber
Tires
Wire, including barbed wire
Wire-cutters
Woollen clothing (if it can be used militarily)

Travel restrictions

The freedom of movement of Turkish Cypriots were restricted in this period. The Greek Cypriot police committed what was called by the UN Secretary-General "excessive checks and searches and apparently unnecessary obstructions", which instilled fear in Turkish Cypriots who had to travel.^[6] Turkish Cypriots suffered the harassment of nationalist Greek Cypriot officers at control points, airports and government offices.^[7] The Secretary-General also noted his concerns about arbitrary arrest and detention. Greek Cypriot police imposed restrictions on Turkish Cypriot travel outside the enclave of North Nicosia. Initially, the movement of Turkish Cypriots in and out of Lefka was not allowed at all, the restriction was relaxed by October 1964 to allow them to travel eastwards, but not westwards towards Limnitis. Turkish Cypriot doctors were also not allowed to travel freely to carry out their profession, the Greek Cypriots insisted that they should be searched.^[6]

Economic situation

The period of 1963-74 saw widening economic disparities between the two communities. Whilst the Greek Cypriot economy benefited from flourishing tourism and finance sectors, Turkish Cypriots grew increasingly poor and unemployment increased.^[8] The enclaves were put under an economic embargo by the Greek Cypriot administration of the Republic of Cyprus, trade between communities was blocked. Due to travel restrictions, a large number of Turkish Cypriots had to leave their previous jobs. Refugees, meanwhile, had been uprooted from their old sources of income. The period thus saw the beginning of aid from the Turkish government, as by 1968, Turkey had started to give about £8,000,000 a year to Turkish Cypriots.^[9]

List of Turkish Cypriot enclaves

Kazivera (Gaziveren)
Kokkina (Erenköy)
Limnitis (Yeşilırmak)
Lefka (Lefke)
Nicosia-Agirda (Lefkoşa-Ağırdağ)
Chatos (Çatoz/Serdarlı)
Galinoporni (Kaleburnu)
Kofinou (Geçitkale)
Louroujina (Akincilar)
Angolemi (Taşpınar)
Pergamos (Beyarmudu)

Smaller enclaves within the main cities:

Paphos (Mouttalos/Kasaba)
Larnaca (İskele)
Famagusta (Mağusa/Suriçi)

References

^ "Cyprus Ethnic 1973".
^ Ker-Lindsay, James (2011). The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. pp. 35–6. ISBN 9780199757169.
^ John Terence O'Neill, Nicholas Rees. United Nations peacekeeping in the post-Cold War era, p.81
^ ^a ^b Hoffmeister, Frank (2006). Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession. EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-90-04-15223-6.
^ Oberling, Pierre. The road to Bellapais (1982), Social Science Monographs, p.120: "According to official records, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the 1963-1964 crisis."
^ ^a ^b ^c "REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN CYPRUS (For the period 10 September to 12 December 1964) - Annex II. Doc S/6103" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
^ Asmussen, Jan (2014). "Escaping the Tyranny of History". In Ker-Lindsay, James (ed.). Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution. I.B.Tauris. p. 35. ISBN 9781784530006.
^ Ker-Lindsay, James, ed. (2014). Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution. I.B.Tauris. p. 35. ISBN 978-0857736017.
^ Navaro-Yashin, Yael (2012). The Make-Believe Space: Affective Geography in a Postwar Polity. Duke University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0822352044.