Unicode character property

The Unicode Standard assigns various properties to each Unicode character and code point.^[1]^[2]

The properties can be used to handle characters (code points) in processes, like in line-breaking, script direction right-to-left or applying controls. Some "character properties" are also defined for code points that have no character assigned and code points that are labeled like "<not a character>". The character properties are described in Standard Annex #44.^[2]

Properties have levels of forcefulness: normative, informative, contributory, or provisional. For simplicity of specification, a character property can be assigned by specifying a continuous range of code points that have the same property.^[3]

Semantic elements

Properties are displayed in the following order:^[4]

[code];[name];[gc];[cc];[bc];[decomposition];[nv-dec];[nv-dig];[nv-num];[bm];[alias];;[upper case];[lower case];[title case]

'alias' = corrected name. Obsolete. Now tracked with a separate database, but remains for Unicode 1 names etc.
'bc' = bidi (bidirectional) category [L, R etc]
'bm' = bidi mirrored [N or Y]
'cc' = combining class [position of diacritic]
decomposition type or <mapping> = letter + diacritic, ligature X Y, superscript X, font X, initial X, medial X, final X, isolated X, vertical X, etc.
'gc' = general category [letter, symbol, digit, punctuation, case behavior, etc.]
'nv' = numeric type and value [of a digit]. If numeric type is 'decimal', all 3 slots are filled. If 'digit', the first will be null. (This has been discontinued.) If 'numeric', then the first two will be null and only the last will be used.

The property between 'alias' and 'upper case' is obsolete and is now null for all Unicode characters.

Code

The first property is the hexadecimal code point.

Name and alias

A Unicode character is assigned a unique Name (na).^[1] The name is composed of uppercase letters A–Z, digits 0–9, hyphen-minus and space. Some sequences are excluded: names beginning with a space or hyphen, names ending with a space or hyphen, repeated spaces or hyphens, and space after hyphen are not allowed. The name is guaranteed to be unique within Unicode, and can be used to identify a code point and its character. Ideographic characters, of which there are tens of thousands, are named in the pattern "cjk unified ideograph-hhhh". For example, U+4E00 一 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E00. Formatting characters are named too: U+00A0 NO-BREAK SPACE.

The following classes of code point do not have a Name (na=""): Controls (General Category: Cc), Private use (Co), Surrogate (Cs), Non-characters (Cn) and Reserved (Cn). They may be referenced, informally, by a generic or specific meta-name, called "Code Point Labels": <control>, <control-0088>, <reserved>, <noncharacter-hhhh>, <private-use-hhhh>, or <surrogate>. Since these labels contain <>-brackets, they can never appear as a Name, which prevents confusion.

Version 1.0 names

In version 2.0 of Unicode, many names were changed. From then on the rule "a name will never change" came into effect, including the strict (normative) use of alias names. Disused version 1.0-names were moved to the property Alias, to provide some backward compatibility.

Character name alias

Starting from Unicode version 2.0, the published name for a code point will never change. Therefore, in the event of a character name being misspelled or if the character name is completely wrong or seriously misleading, a formal Character Name Alias may be assigned to the character, and this alias may be used by applications instead of the actual defective character name.^[1] For example, U+FE18 ︘ PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRAKCET has the character name alias "PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET" in order to mitigate the misspelling of "bracket" as "brakcet" [sic] in the actual character name; U+A015 ꀕ YI SYLLABLE WU has the character name alias "YI SYLLABLE ITERATION MARK" because, contrary to the character name, it does not have a fixed syllabic value.

In addition to character name aliases which are corrections to defective character names, some characters are assigned aliases which are alternative names or abbreviations. Five types of character name aliases are defined in the Unicode Standard:

Correction: corrections for misspelled or seriously incorrect character names;
Control: ISO 6429 names for C0 and C1 control functions (which are not assigned character names in the Unicode Standard);
Alternate: alternative names for some format characters (only U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE which has the alias "BYTE ORDER MARK");
Figment: Documented labels for some C1 control code functions which are not actual names in any standard;
Abbreviation: Abbreviations or acronyms for control codes, format characters, spaces, and variation selectors.

All formal character name aliases follow the rules for permissible character names, and are guaranteed to be unique within both the character name alias and the character name namespaces (for this reason, the ISO 6429 name "BELL" is not defined as an alias for U+0007 <control-0007> because U+1F514 is named "BELL"; U+0007 instead has the alias of "ALERT").^[1]

As of Unicode version 16.0, thirty-five formal character name aliases are defined as corrections for defective character names.^[5]

Apart from these normative names, informal names may be shown in the Unicode code charts. These are other commonly used names for a character, and do not have the same character restriction. These informal names are not guaranteed to be unique, and may be changed or removed in later versions of the standard.

General Category

Each code point is assigned a value for General Category. This is one of the character properties that are also defined for unassigned code points and code points that are defined "not a character".

General Category (Unicode Character Property)^[a] v t e
Value	Category Major, minor	Basic type^[b]	Character assigned^[b]	Count^[c] (as of 16.0)	Remarks

L, Letter; LC, Cased Letter (Lu, Ll, and Lt only)^[d]
Lu	Letter, uppercase	Graphic	Character	1,858
Ll	Letter, lowercase	Graphic	Character	2,258
Lt	Letter, titlecase	Graphic	Character	31	Ligatures or digraphs containing an uppercase followed by a lowercase part (e.g., ǅ, ǈ, ǋ, and ǲ)
Lm	Letter, modifier	Graphic	Character	404	A modifier letter
Lo	Letter, other	Graphic	Character	136,477	An ideograph or a letter in a unicase alphabet
M, Mark
Mn	Mark, nonspacing	Graphic	Character	2,020
Mc	Mark, spacing combining	Graphic	Character	468
Me	Mark, enclosing	Graphic	Character	13
N, Number
Nd	Number, decimal digit	Graphic	Character	760	All these, and only these, have Numeric Type = De^[e]
Nl	Number, letter	Graphic	Character	236	Numerals composed of letters or letterlike symbols (e.g., Roman numerals)
No	Number, other	Graphic	Character	915	E.g., vulgar fractions, superscript and subscript digits, vigesimal digits
P, Punctuation
Pc	Punctuation, connector	Graphic	Character	10	Includes spacing underscore characters such as "_", and other spacing tie characters. Unlike other punctuation characters, these may be classified as "word" characters by regular expression libraries.^[f]
Pd	Punctuation, dash	Graphic	Character	27	Includes several hyphen characters
Ps	Punctuation, open	Graphic	Character	79	Opening bracket characters
Pe	Punctuation, close	Graphic	Character	77	Closing bracket characters
Pi	Punctuation, initial quote	Graphic	Character	12	Opening quotation mark. Does not include the ASCII "neutral" quotation mark. May behave like Ps or Pe depending on usage
Pf	Punctuation, final quote	Graphic	Character	10	Closing quotation mark. May behave like Ps or Pe depending on usage
Po	Punctuation, other	Graphic	Character	640
S, Symbol
Sm	Symbol, math	Graphic	Character	950	Mathematical symbols (e.g., +, −, =, ×, ÷, √, ∊, ≠). Does not include parentheses and brackets, which are in categories Ps and Pe. Also does not include !, *, -, or /, which despite frequent use as mathematical operators, are primarily considered to be "punctuation".
Sc	Symbol, currency	Graphic	Character	63	Currency symbols
Sk	Symbol, modifier	Graphic	Character	125
So	Symbol, other	Graphic	Character	7,376
Z, Separator
Zs	Separator, space	Graphic	Character	17	Includes the space, but not TAB, CR, or LF, which are Cc
Zl	Separator, line	Format	Character	1	Only U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR (LSEP)
Zp	Separator, paragraph	Format	Character	1	Only U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR (PSEP)
C, Other
Cc	Other, control	Control	Character	65 (will never change)^[e]	No name,^[g] <control>
Cf	Other, format	Format	Character	170	Includes the soft hyphen, joining control characters (ZWNJ and ZWJ), control characters to support bidirectional text, and language tag characters
Cs	Other, surrogate	Surrogate	Not (only used in UTF-16)	2,048 (will never change)^[e]	No name,^[g] <surrogate>
Co	Other, private use	Private-use	Character (but no interpretation specified)	137,468 total (will never change)^[e] (6,400 in BMP, 131,068 in Planes 15–16)	No name,^[g] <private-use>
Cn	Other, not assigned	Noncharacter	Not	66 (will not change unless the range of Unicode code points is expanded)^[e]	No name,^[g] <noncharacter>
Cn	Other, not assigned	Reserved	Not	819,467	No name,^[g] <reserved>
^ "Table 4-4: General Category". The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. September 2024. ^ ^a ^b "Table 2-3: Types of code points". The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. September 2024. ^ "DerivedGeneralCategory.txt". The Unicode Consortium. 2024-04-30. ^ "5.7.1 General Category Values". UTR #44: Unicode Character Database. Unicode Consortium. 2024-08-27. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Unicode Character Encoding Stability Policies: Property Value Stability Stability policy: Some gc groups will never change. gc=Nd corresponds with Numeric Type=De (decimal). ^ "Annex C: Compatibility Properties (§ word)". Unicode Regular Expressions. Version 23. Unicode Consortium. 2022-02-08. Unicode Technical Standard #18. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Table 4-9: Construction of Code Point Labels". The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. September 2024. A Code Point Label may be used to identify a nameless code point. E.g. <control-hhhh>, <control-0088>. The Name remains blank, which can prevent inadvertently replacing, in documentation, a Control Name with a true Control code. Unicode also uses <not a character> for <noncharacter>.

Punctuation

Characters have separate properties to denote they are a punctuation character. The properties all have a Yes/No values: Dash, Quotation_Mark, Sentence_Terminal, Terminal_Punctuation. The Punctuation property refers to characters that are used to divide or structure text, and these are classified into different types based on their roles. Unicode assigns these punctuation characters specific categories.

Whitespace

Whitespace is a commonly used concept for a typographic effect. Basically it covers invisible characters that have a spacing effect in rendered text. It includes spaces, tabs, and new line formatting controls. In Unicode, such a character has the property set "WSpace=yes". In version 16.0, there are 25 whitespace characters.

v t e Unicode characters with property White_Space=yes^[a]^[b]
Name	Code point		Width box	May break?	In IDN?	Script	Block	General category	Notes
character tabulation	U+0009	9		Yes	No	Common	Basic Latin	Other, control	HT, Horizontal Tab. HTML/XML named entity: `&Tab;`, LaTeX: `\tab`, C escape: `\t`
line feed	U+000A	10	Is a line-break			Common	Basic Latin	Other, control	LF, Line feed. HTML/XML named entity: `&NewLine;`, C escape: `\n`
line tabulation	U+000B	11	Is a line-break			Common	Basic Latin	Other, control	VT, Vertical Tab. C escape: `\v`
form feed	U+000C	12	Is a line-break			Common	Basic Latin	Other, control	FF, Form feed. C escape: `\f`
carriage return	U+000D	13	Is a line-break			Common	Basic Latin	Other, control	CR, Carriage return. C escape: `\r`
space	U+0020	32		Yes	No	Common	Basic Latin	Separator, space	Most common (normal ASCII space). LaTeX: `\`
next line	U+0085	133	Is a line-break			Common	Latin-1 Supplement	Other, control	NEL, Next line. LaTeX: `\\`
no-break space	U+00A0	160		No	No	Common	Latin-1 Supplement	Separator, space	Non-breaking space: identical to U+0020, but not a point at which a line may be broken. HTML/XML named entity: ` `, `&NonBreakingSpace;`, LaTeX: `~`
ogham space mark	U+1680	5760		Yes	No	Ogham	Ogham	Separator, space	Used for interword separation in Ogham text. Normally a vertical line in vertical text or a horizontal line in horizontal text, but may also be a blank space in "stemless" fonts. Requires an Ogham font.
en quad	U+2000	8192		Yes	No	Common	General Punctuation	Separator, space	Width of one en. U+2002 is canonically equivalent to this character; U+2002 is preferred.
em quad	U+2001	8193		Yes	No	Common	General Punctuation	Separator, space	Also known as "mutton quad". Width of one em. U+2003 is canonically equivalent to this character; U+2003 is preferred.
en space	U+2002	8194		Yes	No	Common	General Punctuation	Separator, space	Also known as "nut". Width of one en. U+2000 En Quad is canonically equivalent to this character; U+2002 is preferred. HTML/XML named entity: `&ensp;`, LaTeX: `\enspace` (the LaTeX en space is a no-break space)
em space	U+2003	8195		Yes	No	Common	General Punctuation	Separator, space	Also known as "mutton". Width of one em. U+2001 Em Quad is canonically equivalent to this character; U+2003 is preferred. HTML/XML named entity: `&emsp;`, LaTeX: `\quad`
three-per-em space	U+2004	8196		Yes	No	Common	General Punctuation	Separator, space	Also known as "thick space". One third of an em wide. HTML/XML named entity: `&emsp13;`, LaTeX: `\;` (the LaTeX thick space is a no-break space)
four-per-em space	U+2005	8197		Yes	No	Common	General Punctuation	Separator, space	Also known as "mid space". One fourth of an em wide. HTML/XML named entity: `&emsp14;`
six-per-em space	U+2006	8198		Yes	No	Common	General Punctuation	Separator, space	One sixth of an em wide. In computer typography, sometimes equated to U+2009.
figure space	U+2007	8199		No	No	Common	General Punctuation	Separator, space	Figure space. In fonts with monospaced digits, equal to the width of one digit. HTML/XML named entity: `&numsp;`
punctuation space	U+2008	8200		Yes	No	Common	General Punctuation	Separator, space	As wide as the narrow punctuation in a font, i.e. the advance width of the period or comma.^[6] HTML/XML named entity: `&puncsp;`
thin space	U+2009	8201		Yes	No	Common	General Punctuation	Separator, space	Thin space; one-fifth (sometimes one-sixth) of an em wide. Recommended for use as a thousands separator for measures made with SI units. Unlike U+2002 to U+2008, its width may get adjusted in typesetting.^[7] HTML/XML named entity: ` `, ` `, LaTeX: `\,` (the LaTeX thin space is a no-break space)
hair space	U+200A	8202		Yes	No	Common	General Punctuation	Separator, space	Thinner than a thin space. HTML/XML named entity: `&hairsp;`, `&VeryThinSpace;`
line separator	U+2028	8232	Is a line-break			Common	General Punctuation	Separator, line
paragraph separator	U+2029	8233	Is a line-break			Common	General Punctuation	Separator, paragraph
narrow no-break space	U+202F	8239		No	No	Common	General Punctuation	Separator, space	Narrow no-break space. Similar in function to U+00A0 No-Break Space. When used with Mongolian, its width is usually one third of the normal space; in other context, its width sometimes resembles that of the Thin Space (U+2009). LaTeX: `\,`
medium mathematical space	U+205F	8287		Yes	No	Common	General Punctuation	Separator, space	MMSP. Used in mathematical formulae. Four-eighteenths of an em.^[8] In mathematical typography, the widths of spaces are usually given in integral multiples of an eighteenth of an em, and 4/18 em may be used in several situations, for example between the a and the + and between the + and the b in the expression a + b.^[9] HTML/XML named entity: ` `, LaTeX: `\:` (the LaTeX medium space is a no-break space)
ideographic space	U+3000	12288		Yes	No	Common	CJK Symbols and Punctuation	Separator, space	As wide as a CJK character cell (fullwidth). Used, for example, in tai tou.

v t e Related Unicode characters with property White_Space=no
Name	Code point		Width box	May break?	In IDN?	Script	Block	General category	Notes
mongolian vowel separator	U+180E	6158	᠎	Yes	No	Mongolian	Mongolian	Other, Format	MVS. A narrow space character, used in Mongolian to cause the final two characters of a word to take on different shapes.^[10] It is no longer classified as space character (i.e. in Zs category) in Unicode 6.3.0, even though it was in previous versions of the standard.
zero width space	U+200B	8203		Yes	No	?	General Punctuation	Other, Format	ZWSP, zero-width space. Used to indicate word boundaries to text processing systems when using scripts that do not use explicit spacing. It is similar to the soft hyphen, with the difference that the latter is used to indicate syllable boundaries, and should display a visible hyphen when the line breaks at it. HTML/XML named entity: `&ZeroWidthSpace;`^[11]^[c]
zero width non-joiner	U+200C	8204	‌	Yes	Context-dependent^[16]	?	General Punctuation	Other, Format	ZWNJ, zero-width non-joiner. When placed between two characters that would otherwise be connected, a ZWNJ causes them to be printed in their final and initial forms, respectively. HTML/XML named entity: `&zwnj;`
zero width joiner	U+200D	8205	‍	Yes	Context-dependent^[17]	?	General Punctuation	Other, Format	ZWJ, zero-width joiner. When placed between two characters that would otherwise not be connected, a ZWJ causes them to be printed in their connected forms. Can also be used to display joining forms in isolation. Depending on whether a ligature or conjunct is expected by default, can either induce (as in emoji and in Sinhala) or suppress (as in Devanagari) substitution with a single glyph, whilst still permitting use of individual joining forms (unlike ZWNJ). HTML/XML named entity: `&zwj;`
word joiner	U+2060	8288	⁠	No	No	?	General Punctuation	Other, Format	WJ, word joiner. Similar to U+200B, but not a point at which a line may be broken. HTML/XML named entity: `&NoBreak;`
zero width non-breaking space	U+FEFF	65279		No	No	?	Arabic Presentation Forms-B	Other, Format	Zero-width non-breaking space. Used primarily as a Byte Order Mark. Use as an indication of non-breaking is deprecated as of Unicode 3.2; see U+2060 instead.

^ White_Space is a binary Unicode property.^[18] ^ "PropList-16.0.0.txt". Unicode. 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2024-09-13. ^ Although `&ZeroWidthSpace;` is one HTML5 named entity for U+200B, the additional names `NegativeMediumSpace`, `NegativeThickSpace`, `NegativeThinSpace` and `NegativeVeryThinSpace` (which are names used in the Wolfram Language for negative-advance spaces, which it maps to the Private Use Area)^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] are also defined by HTML5 as aliases for U+200B (e.g. `&NegativeMediumSpace;`).^[11]

Casing

The Case value is Normataive in Unicode. It pertains to those scripts with uppercase (aka capital, majuscule) and the lowercase (aka small, minuscule) letters. Case-difference occurs in Adlam, Armenian, Cherokee, Coptic, Cyrillic, Deseret, Garay, Glagolitic, Greek, Khutsuri and Mkhedruli Georgian, Latin, Medefaidrin, Old Hungarian, Osage, Vithkuqi and Warang Citi scripts.

(upper, lower, title, folding—both simple and full)

Other general characteristics

Ideographic, alphabetic, noncharacter.

Combining class

Some common codes:

0 = spacing letter, symbol or modifier (e.g. a, (, ʰ)

1 = overlay

6 = Han reading (CJK diacritic reading marks)

7 = nukta (diacritic nukta in Brahmic scripts)

8 = kana voicing marks

9 = virama

10–199 = various fixed-position classes

Marks which attach to the base letter:

200 = attached at bottom left

202 = attached directly below (e.g. cedilla on ç)

204 = attached at bottom right

208 = attached to left

210 = attached to right

212 = attached to top left

214 = attached directly above

216 = attached at top right

Marks which do not attach to the base letter:

218 = bottom left

220 = directly below (e.g. ring on n̥)

222 = below right

224 = left

226 = right

228 = above left

230 = above (e.g. acute accent on á)

232 = above right

233 = double below (subtends two bases)

234 = double above (extends two bases)

240 = iota subscript (only that Greek diacritic)

Bidirectional writing

Six character properties pertain to bi-directional writing: Bidi_Class, Bidi_Control, Bidi_Mirrored, Bidi_Mirroring_Glyph, Bidi_Paired_Bracket and Bidi_Paired_Bracket_Type.

One of Unicode's major features is support of bi-directional (Bidi) text display right-to-left (R-to-L) and left-to-right (L-to-R). The Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm UAX9^[19] describes the process of presenting text with altering script directions. For example, it enables a Hebrew quote in an English text. The Bidi_Character_Type marks a character's behaviour in directional writing. To override a direction, Unicode has defined special formatting control characters (Bidi-Controls). These characters can enforce a direction, and by definition only affect bi-directional writing.

Each code point has a property called Bidi_Class. It defines its behaviour in a bidirectional text as interpreted by the algorithm:

Bidirectional character type (Bidi_Class Unicode character property)^[1]

Type^[2]	Description	Strength	Directionality	General scope	Bidi_Control character^[3]
L	Left-to-Right	Strong	L-to-R	Most alphabetic and syllabic characters, Chinese characters, non-European or non-Arabic digits, LRM character, ...	U+200E LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK (LRM)
R	Right-to-Left	Strong	R-to-L	Adlam, Garay, Hebrew, Mandaic, Mende Kikakui, N'Ko, Samaritan, ancient scripts like Kharoshthi and Nabataean, RLM character, ...	U+200F RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK (RLM)
AL	Arabic Letter	Strong	R-to-L	Arabic, Hanifi Rohingya, Sogdian, Syriac, and Thaana alphabets, and most punctuation specific to those scripts, ALM character, ...	U+061C ARABIC LETTER MARK (ALM)
EN	European Number	Weak		European digits, Eastern Arabic-Indic digits, Coptic epact numbers, ...
ES	European Separator	Weak		plus sign, minus sign, ...
ET	European Number Terminator	Weak		degree sign, currency symbols, ...
AN	Arabic Number	Weak		Arabic-Indic digits, Arabic decimal and thousands separators, Rumi digits, Hanifi Rohingya digits, ...
CS	Common Number Separator	Weak		colon, comma, full stop, no-break space, ...
NSM	Nonspacing Mark	Weak		Characters in General Categories Mark, nonspacing, and Mark, enclosing (Mn, Me)
BN	Boundary Neutral	Weak		Default ignorables, non-characters, control characters other than those explicitly given other types
B	Paragraph Separator	Neutral		paragraph separator, appropriate Newline Functions, higher-level protocol paragraph determination
S	Segment Separator	Neutral		Tabs
WS	Whitespace	Neutral		space, figure space, line separator, form feed, General Punctuation block spaces (smaller set than the Unicode whitespace list)
ON	Other Neutrals	Neutral		All other characters, including object replacement character
LRE	Left-to-Right Embedding	Explicit	L-to-R	LRE character only	U+202A LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING (LRE)
LRO	Left-to-Right Override	Explicit	L-to-R	LRO character only	U+202D LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE (LRO)
RLE	Right-to-Left Embedding	Explicit	R-to-L	RLE character only	U+202B RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING (RLE)
RLO	Right-to-Left Override	Explicit	R-to-L	RLO character only	U+202E RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE (RLO)
PDF	Pop Directional Format	Explicit		PDF character only	U+202C POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING (PDF)
LRI	Left-to-Right Isolate	Explicit	L-to-R	LRI character only	U+2066 LEFT-TO-RIGHT ISOLATE (LRI)
RLI	Right-to-Left Isolate	Explicit	R-to-L	RLI character only	U+2067 RIGHT-TO-LEFT ISOLATE (RLI)
FSI	First Strong Isolate	Explicit		FSI character only	U+2068 FIRST STRONG ISOLATE (FSI)
PDI	Pop Directional Isolate	Explicit		PDI character only	U+2069 POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE (PDI)
Notes 1.^ Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm (UAX#9), As of Unicode version 16.0 2.^ Possible Bidirectional character types for character property: Bidi_Class or 'type' 3.^ Bidi_Control characters: Twelve Bidi_Control formatting characters are defined. They are invisible, and have no effect apart from directionality. Nine of them have a unique, overruling BiDi-type that is used by the algorithm. Their type is also their acronym (e.g. character 'LRE' has BiDi type 'LRE').

In normal situations, the algorithm can determine the direction of a text by this character property. To control more complex Bidi situations, e.g. when an English text has a Hebrew quote, extra options are added to Unicode. Twelve characters have the property Bidi_Control=Yes: ALM, FSI, LRE, LRI, LRM, LRO, PDF, PDI, RLE, RLI, RLM and RLO as named in the table. These are invisible formatting control characters, only used by the algorithm and with no effect outside of bidirectional formatting.^[19] Despite the name, they are formatting characters, not control characters, and have General category Other, format (Cf) in the Unicode definition.

Basically, the algorithm determines a sequence of characters with the same strong direction type (R-to-L or L-to-R), taking in account an overruling by the special Bidi-controls. Number strings (Weak types) are assigned a direction according to their strong environment, as are Neutral characters. Finally, the characters are displayed per a string's direction.

Two character properties are relevant to determining a mirror image of a glyph in bidirectional text: Bidi_Mirrored=Yes indicates that the glyph should be mirrored when written R-to-L. The property Bidi_Mirroring_Glyph=U+hhhh can then point to the mirrored character. For example, parentheses (, ) are mirrored this way. Shaping cursive scripts such as Arabic, and mirroring glyphs that have a direction, is not part of the algorithm.

Numeric values and types

Decimal

Characters are classified with a Numeric type.^[1] Characters such as fractions, subscripts, superscripts, Roman numerals, currency numerators, encircled numbers, and script-specific digits are type Numeric. They have a numeric value that can be decimal, including zero and negatives, or a vulgar fraction. If there is not such a value, as with most of the characters, the numeric type is "None".

The characters that do have a numeric value are separated in three groups: Decimal (De), Digit (Di) and Numeric (Nu, i.e. all other). "Decimal" means the character is a straight decimal digit. Only characters that are part of a contiguous encoded range 0..9 have numeric type Decimal. Other digits, like superscripts, have numeric type Digit. All numeric characters like fractions and Roman numerals end up with the type "Numeric". The intended effect is that a simple parser can use these decimal numeric values, without being distracted by say a numeric superscript or a fraction. Eighty-three CJK Ideographs that represent a number, including those used for accounting, are typed Numeric.

On the other hand, characters that could have a numeric value as a second meaning are still marked Numeric type None, and have no numeric value. E.g. Latin letters can be used in paragraph numbering like "II.A.1.b", but the letters "I", "A" and "b" are not numeric (type None) and have no numeric value.

v t e Numeric Type^[a]^[b] (Unicode character property)
Numeric type	Code	Has numeric value	Example	Remarks
Not numeric	`<none>`	No	A X (Latin) ! Д μ に	Numeric Value="NaN"
Decimal	`De`	Yes	0 1 9 ६ (Devanagari 6) ೬ (Kannada 6) 𝟨 (Mathematical, styled sans serif)	Straight digit (decimal-radix). Corresponds both ways with General Category=Nd^[a]
Digit	`Di`	Yes	¹ (superscript) ① ⒈ (digit with full stop)	Decimal, but in typographic context
Numeric	`Nu`	Yes	¾ ௰ (Tamil number ten) Ⅹ (Roman numeral) 六 (Han number 6)	Numeric value, but not decimal-radix
a. ^ "Section 4.6: Numeric Value". The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. September 2024.
b. ^ "Unicode 16.0 Derived Numeric Types". Unicode Character Database. Unicode Consortium. 2024-04-30.

Hexadecimal digits

Hexadecimal characters are those in the series with hexadecimal values 0...9ABCDEF (sixteen characters, decimal value 0–15). The character property Hex_Digit is set to Yes when a character is in such a series:

Characters in Unicode marked `Hex_Digit=Yes`^[a]
`0123456789ABCDEF`	Basic Latin, capitals	Also `ASCII_Hex_Digit=Yes`
`0123456789abcdef`	Basic Latin, small letters	Also `ASCII_Hex_Digit=Yes`
`０１２３４５６７８９ＡＢＣＤＥＦ`	Fullwidth forms, capitals
`０１２３４５６７８９ａｂｃｄｅｆ`	Fullwidth forms, small letters
a. ^ "Unicode 16.0 UCD: PropList.txt". 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2024-09-13.

Forty-four characters are marked as Hex_Digit. The ones in the Basic Latin block are also marked as ASCII_Hex_Digit.

Unicode has no separate characters for hexadecimal values. A consequence is, that when using regular characters it is not possible to determine whether hexadecimal value is intended, or even whether a value is intended at all. That should be determined at a higher level, e.g. by prepending 0x to a hexadecimal number or by context. The only feature is that Unicode can note that a sequence can or can not be a hexadecimal value.

Block

A block is a uniquely named, contiguous range of code points. It is identified by its first and last code point. Blocks do not overlap. A block may contain code points that are reserved, not-assigned, etc. Each character that is assigned, has a single "block name" value from the 338 names assigned as of Unicode version 16.0. Unassigned code points outside of an existing block have the default value "No_block".

v t e Unicode blocks and contained scripts
Plane	Block range	Block name	Code points^[a]	Assigned characters	Scripts^[b]^[c]^[d]^[e]^[f]
0 BMP	U+0000..U+007F	Basic Latin^[g]	128	128	Latin (52 characters), Common (76 characters)
0 BMP	U+0080..U+00FF	Latin-1 Supplement^[h]	128	128	Latin (64 characters), Common (64 characters)
0 BMP	U+0100..U+017F	Latin Extended-A	128	128	Latin
0 BMP	U+0180..U+024F	Latin Extended-B	208	208	Latin
0 BMP	U+0250..U+02AF	IPA Extensions	96	96	Latin
0 BMP	U+02B0..U+02FF	Spacing Modifier Letters	80	80	Bopomofo (2 characters), Latin (14 characters), Common (64 characters)
0 BMP	U+0300..U+036F	Combining Diacritical Marks	112	112	Inherited
0 BMP	U+0370..U+03FF	Greek and Coptic	144	135	Coptic (14 characters), Greek (117 characters), Common (4 characters)
0 BMP	U+0400..U+04FF	Cyrillic	256	256	Cyrillic (254 characters), Inherited (2 characters)
0 BMP	U+0500..U+052F	Cyrillic Supplement	48	48	Cyrillic
0 BMP	U+0530..U+058F	Armenian	96	91	Armenian
0 BMP	U+0590..U+05FF	Hebrew	112	88	Hebrew
0 BMP	U+0600..U+06FF	Arabic	256	256	Arabic (238 characters), Common (6 characters), Inherited (12 characters)
0 BMP	U+0700..U+074F	Syriac	80	77	Syriac
0 BMP	U+0750..U+077F	Arabic Supplement	48	48	Arabic
0 BMP	U+0780..U+07BF	Thaana	64	50	Thaana
0 BMP	U+07C0..U+07FF	NKo	64	62	N’Ko
0 BMP	U+0800..U+083F	Samaritan	64	61	Samaritan
0 BMP	U+0840..U+085F	Mandaic	32	29	Mandaic
0 BMP	U+0860..U+086F	Syriac Supplement	16	11	Syriac
0 BMP	U+0870..U+089F	Arabic Extended-B	48	42	Arabic
0 BMP	U+08A0..U+08FF	Arabic Extended-A	96	96	Arabic (95 characters), Common (1 character)
0 BMP	U+0900..U+097F	Devanagari	128	128	Devanagari (122 characters), Common (2 characters), Inherited (4 characters)
0 BMP	U+0980..U+09FF	Bengali	128	96	Bengali
0 BMP	U+0A00..U+0A7F	Gurmukhi	128	80	Gurmukhi
0 BMP	U+0A80..U+0AFF	Gujarati	128	91	Gujarati
0 BMP	U+0B00..U+0B7F	Oriya	128	91	Oriya
0 BMP	U+0B80..U+0BFF	Tamil	128	72	Tamil
0 BMP	U+0C00..U+0C7F	Telugu	128	100	Telugu
0 BMP	U+0C80..U+0CFF	Kannada	128	91	Kannada
0 BMP	U+0D00..U+0D7F	Malayalam	128	118	Malayalam
0 BMP	U+0D80..U+0DFF	Sinhala	128	91	Sinhala
0 BMP	U+0E00..U+0E7F	Thai	128	87	Thai (86 characters), Common (1 character)
0 BMP	U+0E80..U+0EFF	Lao	128	83	Lao
0 BMP	U+0F00..U+0FFF	Tibetan	256	211	Tibetan (207 characters), Common (4 characters)
0 BMP	U+1000..U+109F	Myanmar	160	160	Myanmar
0 BMP	U+10A0..U+10FF	Georgian	96	88	Georgian (87 characters), Common (1 character)
0 BMP	U+1100..U+11FF	Hangul Jamo	256	256	Hangul
0 BMP	U+1200..U+137F	Ethiopic	384	358	Ethiopic
0 BMP	U+1380..U+139F	Ethiopic Supplement	32	26	Ethiopic
0 BMP	U+13A0..U+13FF	Cherokee	96	92	Cherokee
0 BMP	U+1400..U+167F	Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics	640	640	Canadian Aboriginal
0 BMP	U+1680..U+169F	Ogham	32	29	Ogham
0 BMP	U+16A0..U+16FF	Runic	96	89	Runic (86 characters), Common (3 characters)
0 BMP	U+1700..U+171F	Tagalog	32	23	Tagalog
0 BMP	U+1720..U+173F	Hanunoo	32	23	Hanunoo (21 characters), Common (2 characters)
0 BMP	U+1740..U+175F	Buhid	32	20	Buhid
0 BMP	U+1760..U+177F	Tagbanwa	32	18	Tagbanwa
0 BMP	U+1780..U+17FF	Khmer	128	114	Khmer
0 BMP	U+1800..U+18AF	Mongolian	176	158	Mongolian (155 characters), Common (3 characters)
0 BMP	U+18B0..U+18FF	Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended	80	70	Canadian Aboriginal
0 BMP	U+1900..U+194F	Limbu	80	68	Limbu
0 BMP	U+1950..U+197F	Tai Le	48	35	Tai Le
0 BMP	U+1980..U+19DF	New Tai Lue	96	83	New Tai Lue
0 BMP	U+19E0..U+19FF	Khmer Symbols	32	32	Khmer
0 BMP	U+1A00..U+1A1F	Buginese	32	30	Buginese
0 BMP	U+1A20..U+1AAF	Tai Tham	144	127	Tai Tham
0 BMP	U+1AB0..U+1AFF	Combining Diacritical Marks Extended	80	31	Inherited
0 BMP	U+1B00..U+1B7F	Balinese	128	127	Balinese
0 BMP	U+1B80..U+1BBF	Sundanese	64	64	Sundanese
0 BMP	U+1BC0..U+1BFF	Batak	64	56	Batak
0 BMP	U+1C00..U+1C4F	Lepcha	80	74	Lepcha
0 BMP	U+1C50..U+1C7F	Ol Chiki	48	48	Ol Chiki
0 BMP	U+1C80..U+1C8F	Cyrillic Extended-C	16	11	Cyrillic
0 BMP	U+1C90..U+1CBF	Georgian Extended	48	46	Georgian
0 BMP	U+1CC0..U+1CCF	Sundanese Supplement	16	8	Sundanese
0 BMP	U+1CD0..U+1CFF	Vedic Extensions	48	43	Common (16 characters), Inherited (27 characters)
0 BMP	U+1D00..U+1D7F	Phonetic Extensions	128	128	Cyrillic (2 characters), Greek (15 characters), Latin (111 characters)
0 BMP	U+1D80..U+1DBF	Phonetic Extensions Supplement	64	64	Greek (1 character), Latin (63 characters)
0 BMP	U+1DC0..U+1DFF	Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement	64	64	Inherited
0 BMP	U+1E00..U+1EFF	Latin Extended Additional	256	256	Latin
0 BMP	U+1F00..U+1FFF	Greek Extended	256	233	Greek
0 BMP	U+2000..U+206F	General Punctuation	112	111	Common (109 characters), Inherited (2 characters)
0 BMP	U+2070..U+209F	Superscripts and Subscripts	48	42	Latin (15 characters), Common (27 characters)
0 BMP	U+20A0..U+20CF	Currency Symbols	48	33	Common
0 BMP	U+20D0..U+20FF	Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols	48	33	Inherited
0 BMP	U+2100..U+214F	Letterlike Symbols	80	80	Greek (1 character), Latin (4 characters), Common (75 characters)
0 BMP	U+2150..U+218F	Number Forms	64	60	Latin (41 characters), Common (19 characters)
0 BMP	U+2190..U+21FF	Arrows	112	112	Common
0 BMP	U+2200..U+22FF	Mathematical Operators	256	256	Common
0 BMP	U+2300..U+23FF	Miscellaneous Technical	256	256	Common
0 BMP	U+2400..U+243F	Control Pictures	64	42	Common
0 BMP	U+2440..U+245F	Optical Character Recognition	32	11	Common
0 BMP	U+2460..U+24FF	Enclosed Alphanumerics	160	160	Common
0 BMP	U+2500..U+257F	Box Drawing	128	128	Common
0 BMP	U+2580..U+259F	Block Elements	32	32	Common
0 BMP	U+25A0..U+25FF	Geometric Shapes	96	96	Common
0 BMP	U+2600..U+26FF	Miscellaneous Symbols	256	256	Common
0 BMP	U+2700..U+27BF	Dingbats	192	192	Common
0 BMP	U+27C0..U+27EF	Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A	48	48	Common
0 BMP	U+27F0..U+27FF	Supplemental Arrows-A	16	16	Common
0 BMP	U+2800..U+28FF	Braille Patterns	256	256	Braille
0 BMP	U+2900..U+297F	Supplemental Arrows-B	128	128	Common
0 BMP	U+2980..U+29FF	Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B	128	128	Common
0 BMP	U+2A00..U+2AFF	Supplemental Mathematical Operators	256	256	Common
0 BMP	U+2B00..U+2BFF	Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows	256	253	Common
0 BMP	U+2C00..U+2C5F	Glagolitic	96	96	Glagolitic
0 BMP	U+2C60..U+2C7F	Latin Extended-C	32	32	Latin
0 BMP	U+2C80..U+2CFF	Coptic	128	123	Coptic
0 BMP	U+2D00..U+2D2F	Georgian Supplement	48	40	Georgian
0 BMP	U+2D30..U+2D7F	Tifinagh	80	59	Tifinagh
0 BMP	U+2D80..U+2DDF	Ethiopic Extended	96	79	Ethiopic
0 BMP	U+2DE0..U+2DFF	Cyrillic Extended-A	32	32	Cyrillic
0 BMP	U+2E00..U+2E7F	Supplemental Punctuation	128	94	Common
0 BMP	U+2E80..U+2EFF	CJK Radicals Supplement	128	115	Han
0 BMP	U+2F00..U+2FDF	Kangxi Radicals	224	214	Han
0 BMP	U+2FF0..U+2FFF	Ideographic Description Characters	16	16	Common
0 BMP	U+3000..U+303F	CJK Symbols and Punctuation	64	64	Han (15 characters), Hangul (2 characters), Common (43 characters), Inherited (4 characters)
0 BMP	U+3040..U+309F	Hiragana	96	93	Hiragana (89 characters), Common (2 characters), Inherited (2 characters)
0 BMP	U+30A0..U+30FF	Katakana	96	96	Katakana (93 characters), Common (3 characters)
0 BMP	U+3100..U+312F	Bopomofo	48	43	Bopomofo
0 BMP	U+3130..U+318F	Hangul Compatibility Jamo	96	94	Hangul
0 BMP	U+3190..U+319F	Kanbun	16	16	Common
0 BMP	U+31A0..U+31BF	Bopomofo Extended	32	32	Bopomofo
0 BMP	U+31C0..U+31EF	CJK Strokes	48	39	Common
0 BMP	U+31F0..U+31FF	Katakana Phonetic Extensions	16	16	Katakana
0 BMP	U+3200..U+32FF	Enclosed CJK Letters and Months	256	255	Hangul (62 characters), Katakana (47 characters), Common (146 characters)
0 BMP	U+3300..U+33FF	CJK Compatibility	256	256	Katakana (88 characters), Common (168 characters)
0 BMP	U+3400..U+4DBF	CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A	6,592	6,592	Han
0 BMP	U+4DC0..U+4DFF	Yijing Hexagram Symbols	64	64	Common
0 BMP	U+4E00..U+9FFF	CJK Unified Ideographs	20,992	20,992	Han
0 BMP	U+A000..U+A48F	Yi Syllables	1,168	1,165	Yi
0 BMP	U+A490..U+A4CF	Yi Radicals	64	55	Yi
0 BMP	U+A4D0..U+A4FF	Lisu	48	48	Lisu
0 BMP	U+A500..U+A63F	Vai	320	300	Vai
0 BMP	U+A640..U+A69F	Cyrillic Extended-B	96	96	Cyrillic
0 BMP	U+A6A0..U+A6FF	Bamum	96	88	Bamum
0 BMP	U+A700..U+A71F	Modifier Tone Letters	32	32	Common
0 BMP	U+A720..U+A7FF	Latin Extended-D	224	199	Latin (194 characters), Common (5 characters)
0 BMP	U+A800..U+A82F	Syloti Nagri	48	45	Syloti Nagri
0 BMP	U+A830..U+A83F	Common Indic Number Forms	16	10	Common
0 BMP	U+A840..U+A87F	Phags-pa	64	56	Phags Pa
0 BMP	U+A880..U+A8DF	Saurashtra	96	82	Saurashtra
0 BMP	U+A8E0..U+A8FF	Devanagari Extended	32	32	Devanagari
0 BMP	U+A900..U+A92F	Kayah Li	48	48	Kayah Li (47 characters), Common (1 character)
0 BMP	U+A930..U+A95F	Rejang	48	37	Rejang
0 BMP	U+A960..U+A97F	Hangul Jamo Extended-A	32	29	Hangul
0 BMP	U+A980..U+A9DF	Javanese	96	91	Javanese (90 characters), Common (1 character)
0 BMP	U+A9E0..U+A9FF	Myanmar Extended-B	32	31	Myanmar
0 BMP	U+AA00..U+AA5F	Cham	96	83	Cham
0 BMP	U+AA60..U+AA7F	Myanmar Extended-A	32	32	Myanmar
0 BMP	U+AA80..U+AADF	Tai Viet	96	72	Tai Viet
0 BMP	U+AAE0..U+AAFF	Meetei Mayek Extensions	32	23	Meetei Mayek
0 BMP	U+AB00..U+AB2F	Ethiopic Extended-A	48	32	Ethiopic
0 BMP	U+AB30..U+AB6F	Latin Extended-E	64	60	Latin (56 characters), Greek (1 character), Common (3 characters)
0 BMP	U+AB70..U+ABBF	Cherokee Supplement	80	80	Cherokee
0 BMP	U+ABC0..U+ABFF	Meetei Mayek	64	56	Meetei Mayek
0 BMP	U+AC00..U+D7AF	Hangul Syllables	11,184	11,172	Hangul
0 BMP	U+D7B0..U+D7FF	Hangul Jamo Extended-B	80	72	Hangul
0 BMP	U+D800..U+DB7F	High Surrogates	896	0	Unknown
0 BMP	U+DB80..U+DBFF	High Private Use Surrogates	128	0	Unknown
0 BMP	U+DC00..U+DFFF	Low Surrogates	1,024	0	Unknown
0 BMP	U+E000..U+F8FF	Private Use Area	6,400	6,400	Unknown
0 BMP	U+F900..U+FAFF	CJK Compatibility Ideographs	512	472	Han
0 BMP	U+FB00..U+FB4F	Alphabetic Presentation Forms	80	58	Armenian (5 characters), Hebrew (46 characters), Latin (7 characters)
0 BMP	U+FB50..U+FDFF	Arabic Presentation Forms-A	688	631	Arabic (629 characters), Common (2 characters)
0 BMP	U+FE00..U+FE0F	Variation Selectors	16	16	Inherited
0 BMP	U+FE10..U+FE1F	Vertical Forms	16	10	Common
0 BMP	U+FE20..U+FE2F	Combining Half Marks	16	16	Cyrillic (2 characters), Inherited (14 characters)
0 BMP	U+FE30..U+FE4F	CJK Compatibility Forms	32	32	Common
0 BMP	U+FE50..U+FE6F	Small Form Variants	32	26	Common
0 BMP	U+FE70..U+FEFF	Arabic Presentation Forms-B	144	141	Arabic (140 characters), Common (1 character)
0 BMP	U+FF00..U+FFEF	Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms	240	225	Hangul (52 characters), Katakana (55 characters), Latin (52 characters), Common (66 characters)
0 BMP	U+FFF0..U+FFFF	Specials	16	5	Common
1 SMP	U+10000..U+1007F	Linear B Syllabary	128	88	Linear B
1 SMP	U+10080..U+100FF	Linear B Ideograms	128	123	Linear B
1 SMP	U+10100..U+1013F	Aegean Numbers	64	57	Common
1 SMP	U+10140..U+1018F	Ancient Greek Numbers	80	79	Greek
1 SMP	U+10190..U+101CF	Ancient Symbols	64	14	Greek (1 character), Common (13 characters)
1 SMP	U+101D0..U+101FF	Phaistos Disc	48	46	Common (45 characters), Inherited (1 character)
1 SMP	U+10280..U+1029F	Lycian	32	29	Lycian
1 SMP	U+102A0..U+102DF	Carian	64	49	Carian
1 SMP	U+102E0..U+102FF	Coptic Epact Numbers	32	28	Common (27 characters), Inherited (1 character)
1 SMP	U+10300..U+1032F	Old Italic	48	39	Old Italic
1 SMP	U+10330..U+1034F	Gothic	32	27	Gothic
1 SMP	U+10350..U+1037F	Old Permic	48	43	Old Permic
1 SMP	U+10380..U+1039F	Ugaritic	32	31	Ugaritic
1 SMP	U+103A0..U+103DF	Old Persian	64	50	Old Persian
1 SMP	U+10400..U+1044F	Deseret	80	80	Deseret
1 SMP	U+10450..U+1047F	Shavian	48	48	Shavian
1 SMP	U+10480..U+104AF	Osmanya	48	40	Osmanya
1 SMP	U+104B0..U+104FF	Osage	80	72	Osage
1 SMP	U+10500..U+1052F	Elbasan	48	40	Elbasan
1 SMP	U+10530..U+1056F	Caucasian Albanian	64	53	Caucasian Albanian
1 SMP	U+10570..U+105BF	Vithkuqi	80	70	Vithkuqi
1 SMP	U+105C0..U+105FF	Todhri	64	52	Todhri
1 SMP	U+10600..U+1077F	Linear A	384	341	Linear A
1 SMP	U+10780..U+107BF	Latin Extended-F	64	57	Latin
1 SMP	U+10800..U+1083F	Cypriot Syllabary	64	55	Cypriot
1 SMP	U+10840..U+1085F	Imperial Aramaic	32	31	Imperial Aramaic
1 SMP	U+10860..U+1087F	Palmyrene	32	32	Palmyrene
1 SMP	U+10880..U+108AF	Nabataean	48	40	Nabataean
1 SMP	U+108E0..U+108FF	Hatran	32	26	Hatran
1 SMP	U+10900..U+1091F	Phoenician	32	29	Phoenician
1 SMP	U+10920..U+1093F	Lydian	32	27	Lydian
1 SMP	U+10980..U+1099F	Meroitic Hieroglyphs	32	32	Meroitic Hieroglyphs
1 SMP	U+109A0..U+109FF	Meroitic Cursive	96	90	Meroitic Cursive
1 SMP	U+10A00..U+10A5F	Kharoshthi	96	68	Kharoshthi
1 SMP	U+10A60..U+10A7F	Old South Arabian	32	32	Old South Arabian
1 SMP	U+10A80..U+10A9F	Old North Arabian	32	32	Old North Arabian
1 SMP	U+10AC0..U+10AFF	Manichaean	64	51	Manichaean
1 SMP	U+10B00..U+10B3F	Avestan	64	61	Avestan
1 SMP	U+10B40..U+10B5F	Inscriptional Parthian	32	30	Inscriptional Parthian
1 SMP	U+10B60..U+10B7F	Inscriptional Pahlavi	32	27	Inscriptional Pahlavi
1 SMP	U+10B80..U+10BAF	Psalter Pahlavi	48	29	Psalter Pahlavi
1 SMP	U+10C00..U+10C4F	Old Turkic	80	73	Old Turkic
1 SMP	U+10C80..U+10CFF	Old Hungarian	128	108	Old Hungarian
1 SMP	U+10D00..U+10D3F	Hanifi Rohingya	64	50	Hanifi Rohingya
1 SMP	U+10D40..U+10D8F	Garay	80	69	Garay
1 SMP	U+10E60..U+10E7F	Rumi Numeral Symbols	32	31	Arabic
1 SMP	U+10E80..U+10EBF	Yezidi	64	47	Yezidi
1 SMP	U+10EC0..U+10EFF	Arabic Extended-C	64	7	Arabic
1 SMP	U+10F00..U+10F2F	Old Sogdian	48	40	Old Sogdian
1 SMP	U+10F30..U+10F6F	Sogdian	64	42	Sogdian
1 SMP	U+10F70..U+10FAF	Old Uyghur	64	26	Old Uyghur
1 SMP	U+10FB0..U+10FDF	Chorasmian	48	28	Chorasmian
1 SMP	U+10FE0..U+10FFF	Elymaic	32	23	Elymaic
1 SMP	U+11000..U+1107F	Brahmi	128	115	Brahmi
1 SMP	U+11080..U+110CF	Kaithi	80	68	Kaithi
1 SMP	U+110D0..U+110FF	Sora Sompeng	48	35	Sora Sompeng
1 SMP	U+11100..U+1114F	Chakma	80	71	Chakma
1 SMP	U+11150..U+1117F	Mahajani	48	39	Mahajani
1 SMP	U+11180..U+111DF	Sharada	96	96	Sharada
1 SMP	U+111E0..U+111FF	Sinhala Archaic Numbers	32	20	Sinhala
1 SMP	U+11200..U+1124F	Khojki	80	65	Khojki
1 SMP	U+11280..U+112AF	Multani	48	38	Multani
1 SMP	U+112B0..U+112FF	Khudawadi	80	69	Khudawadi
1 SMP	U+11300..U+1137F	Grantha	128	86	Grantha (85 characters), Inherited (1 character)
1 SMP	U+11380..U+113FF	Tulu-Tigalari	128	80	Tulu Tigalari
1 SMP	U+11400..U+1147F	Newa	128	97	Newa
1 SMP	U+11480..U+114DF	Tirhuta	96	82	Tirhuta
1 SMP	U+11580..U+115FF	Siddham	128	92	Siddham
1 SMP	U+11600..U+1165F	Modi	96	79	Modi
1 SMP	U+11660..U+1167F	Mongolian Supplement	32	13	Mongolian
1 SMP	U+11680..U+116CF	Takri	80	68	Takri
1 SMP	U+116D0..U+116FF	Myanmar Extended-C	48	20	Myanmar
1 SMP	U+11700..U+1174F	Ahom	80	65	Ahom
1 SMP	U+11800..U+1184F	Dogra	80	60	Dogra
1 SMP	U+118A0..U+118FF	Warang Citi	96	84	Warang Citi
1 SMP	U+11900..U+1195F	Dives Akuru	96	72	Dives Akuru
1 SMP	U+119A0..U+119FF	Nandinagari	96	65	Nandinagari
1 SMP	U+11A00..U+11A4F	Zanabazar Square	80	72	Zanabazar Square
1 SMP	U+11A50..U+11AAF	Soyombo	96	83	Soyombo
1 SMP	U+11AB0..U+11ABF	Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A	16	16	Canadian Aboriginal
1 SMP	U+11AC0..U+11AFF	Pau Cin Hau	64	57	Pau Cin Hau
1 SMP	U+11B00..U+11B5F	Devanagari Extended-A	96	10	Devanagari
1 SMP	U+11BC0..U+11BFF	Sunuwar	64	44	Sunuwar
1 SMP	U+11C00..U+11C6F	Bhaiksuki	112	97	Bhaiksuki
1 SMP	U+11C70..U+11CBF	Marchen	80	68	Marchen
1 SMP	U+11D00..U+11D5F	Masaram Gondi	96	75	Masaram Gondi
1 SMP	U+11D60..U+11DAF	Gunjala Gondi	80	63	Gunjala Gondi
1 SMP	U+11EE0..U+11EFF	Makasar	32	25	Makasar
1 SMP	U+11F00..U+11F5F	Kawi	96	87	Kawi
1 SMP	U+11FB0..U+11FBF	Lisu Supplement	16	1	Lisu
1 SMP	U+11FC0..U+11FFF	Tamil Supplement	64	51	Tamil
1 SMP	U+12000..U+123FF	Cuneiform	1,024	922	Cuneiform
1 SMP	U+12400..U+1247F	Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation	128	116	Cuneiform
1 SMP	U+12480..U+1254F	Early Dynastic Cuneiform	208	196	Cuneiform
1 SMP	U+12F90..U+12FFF	Cypro-Minoan	112	99	Cypro Minoan
1 SMP	U+13000..U+1342F	Egyptian Hieroglyphs	1,072	1,072	Egyptian Hieroglyphs
1 SMP	U+13430..U+1345F	Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls	48	38	Egyptian Hieroglyphs
1 SMP	U+13460..U+143FF	Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A	4,000	3,995	Egyptian Hieroglyphs
1 SMP	U+14400..U+1467F	Anatolian Hieroglyphs	640	583	Anatolian Hieroglyphs
1 SMP	U+16100..U+1613F	Gurung Khema	64	58	Gurung Khema
1 SMP	U+16800..U+16A3F	Bamum Supplement	576	569	Bamum
1 SMP	U+16A40..U+16A6F	Mro	48	43	Mro
1 SMP	U+16A70..U+16ACF	Tangsa	96	89	Tangsa
1 SMP	U+16AD0..U+16AFF	Bassa Vah	48	36	Bassa Vah
1 SMP	U+16B00..U+16B8F	Pahawh Hmong	144	127	Pahawh Hmong
1 SMP	U+16D40..U+16D7F	Kirat Rai	64	58	Kirat Rai
1 SMP	U+16E40..U+16E9F	Medefaidrin	96	91	Medefaidrin
1 SMP	U+16F00..U+16F9F	Miao	160	149	Miao
1 SMP	U+16FE0..U+16FFF	Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation	32	7	Han (4 characters), Khitan Small Script (1 character), Nushu (1 character), Tangut (1 character)
1 SMP	U+17000..U+187FF	Tangut	6,144	6,136	Tangut
1 SMP	U+18800..U+18AFF	Tangut Components	768	768	Tangut
1 SMP	U+18B00..U+18CFF	Khitan Small Script	512	471	Khitan Small Script
1 SMP	U+18D00..U+18D7F	Tangut Supplement	128	9	Tangut
1 SMP	U+1AFF0..U+1AFFF	Kana Extended-B	16	13	Katakana
1 SMP	U+1B000..U+1B0FF	Kana Supplement	256	256	Hiragana (255 characters), Katakana (1 character)
1 SMP	U+1B100..U+1B12F	Kana Extended-A	48	35	Hiragana (32 characters), Katakana (3 characters)
1 SMP	U+1B130..U+1B16F	Small Kana Extension	64	9	Hiragana (4 characters), Katakana (5 characters)
1 SMP	U+1B170..U+1B2FF	Nushu	400	396	Nüshu
1 SMP	U+1BC00..U+1BC9F	Duployan	160	143	Duployan
1 SMP	U+1BCA0..U+1BCAF	Shorthand Format Controls	16	4	Common
1 SMP	U+1CC00..U+1CEBF	Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement	704	686	Common
1 SMP	U+1CF00..U+1CFCF	Znamenny Musical Notation	208	185	Common (116 characters), Inherited (69 characters)
1 SMP	U+1D000..U+1D0FF	Byzantine Musical Symbols	256	246	Common
1 SMP	U+1D100..U+1D1FF	Musical Symbols	256	233	Common (211 characters), Inherited (22 characters)
1 SMP	U+1D200..U+1D24F	Ancient Greek Musical Notation	80	70	Greek
1 SMP	U+1D2C0..U+1D2DF	Kaktovik Numerals	32	20	Common
1 SMP	U+1D2E0..U+1D2FF	Mayan Numerals	32	20	Common
1 SMP	U+1D300..U+1D35F	Tai Xuan Jing Symbols	96	87	Common
1 SMP	U+1D360..U+1D37F	Counting Rod Numerals	32	25	Common
1 SMP	U+1D400..U+1D7FF	Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols	1,024	996	Common
1 SMP	U+1D800..U+1DAAF	Sutton SignWriting	688	672	SignWriting
1 SMP	U+1DF00..U+1DFFF	Latin Extended-G	256	37	Latin
1 SMP	U+1E000..U+1E02F	Glagolitic Supplement	48	38	Glagolitic
1 SMP	U+1E030..U+1E08F	Cyrillic Extended-D	96	63	Cyrillic
1 SMP	U+1E100..U+1E14F	Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong	80	71	Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong
1 SMP	U+1E290..U+1E2BF	Toto	48	31	Toto
1 SMP	U+1E2C0..U+1E2FF	Wancho	64	59	Wancho
1 SMP	U+1E4D0..U+1E4FF	Nag Mundari	48	42	Mundari
1 SMP	U+1E5D0..U+1E5FF	Ol Onal	48	44	Ol Onal
1 SMP	U+1E7E0..U+1E7FF	Ethiopic Extended-B	32	28	Ethiopic
1 SMP	U+1E800..U+1E8DF	Mende Kikakui	224	213	Mende Kikakui
1 SMP	U+1E900..U+1E95F	Adlam	96	88	Adlam
1 SMP	U+1EC70..U+1ECBF	Indic Siyaq Numbers	80	68	Common
1 SMP	U+1ED00..U+1ED4F	Ottoman Siyaq Numbers	80	61	Common
1 SMP	U+1EE00..U+1EEFF	Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols	256	143	Arabic
1 SMP	U+1F000..U+1F02F	Mahjong Tiles	48	44	Common
1 SMP	U+1F030..U+1F09F	Domino Tiles	112	100	Common
1 SMP	U+1F0A0..U+1F0FF	Playing Cards	96	82	Common
1 SMP	U+1F100..U+1F1FF	Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement	256	200	Common
1 SMP	U+1F200..U+1F2FF	Enclosed Ideographic Supplement	256	64	Hiragana (1 character), Common (63 characters)
1 SMP	U+1F300..U+1F5FF	Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs	768	768	Common
1 SMP	U+1F600..U+1F64F	Emoticons	80	80	Common
1 SMP	U+1F650..U+1F67F	Ornamental Dingbats	48	48	Common
1 SMP	U+1F680..U+1F6FF	Transport and Map Symbols	128	118	Common
1 SMP	U+1F700..U+1F77F	Alchemical Symbols	128	124	Common
1 SMP	U+1F780..U+1F7FF	Geometric Shapes Extended	128	103	Common
1 SMP	U+1F800..U+1F8FF	Supplemental Arrows-C	256	162	Common
1 SMP	U+1F900..U+1F9FF	Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs	256	256	Common
1 SMP	U+1FA00..U+1FA6F	Chess Symbols	112	98	Common
1 SMP	U+1FA70..U+1FAFF	Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A	144	114	Common
1 SMP	U+1FB00..U+1FBFF	Symbols for Legacy Computing	256	249	Common
2 SIP	U+20000..U+2A6DF	CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B	42,720	42,720	Han
2 SIP	U+2A700..U+2B73F	CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C	4,160	4,154	Han
2 SIP	U+2B740..U+2B81F	CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D	224	222	Han
2 SIP	U+2B820..U+2CEAF	CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E	5,776	5,762	Han
2 SIP	U+2CEB0..U+2EBEF	CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F	7,488	7,473	Han
2 SIP	U+2EBF0..U+2EE5F	CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I	624	622	Han
2 SIP	U+2F800..U+2FA1F	CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement	544	542	Han
3 TIP	U+30000..U+3134F	CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G	4,944	4,939	Han
3 TIP	U+31350..U+323AF	CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H	4,192	4,192	Han
14 SSP	U+E0000..U+E007F	Tags	128	97	Common
14 SSP	U+E0100..U+E01EF	Variation Selectors Supplement	240	240	Inherited
15 PUA-A	U+F0000..U+FFFFF	Supplementary Private Use Area-A	65,536	65,534	Unknown
16 PUA-B	U+100000..U+10FFFF	Supplementary Private Use Area-B	65,536	65,534	Unknown
^ Code point count includes unassigned code points: noncharacter, reserved etc. ^ The script has one or multiple characters in the block, as defined by the Script Property. This is independent of the block name ^ "Common" and "Unknown" (Zyyy) and "Inherited" (Zinh or Qaai) refer to Scripts in ISO 15924 ^ Unicode Blocks data file. As of Unicode version 16.0 ^ UAX 24: Unicode Script Property (4 alpha code) ^ UAX 24: Script data file ^ Called "C0 Controls and Basic Latin" in ISO/IEC 10646 ^ Called "C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement" in ISO/IEC 10646

Script

Each assigned character can have a single value for its "Script" property, signifying to which script it belongs.^[20] The value is a four-letter code in the range Aaaa-Zzzz, as available in ISO 15924, which is mapped to a writing system. Apart from when describing the background and usage of a script, Unicode does not use a connection between a script and languages that use that script. So "Hebrew" refers to the Hebrew script, not to the Hebrew language.

The special code Zyyy for "Common" allows a single value for a character that is used in multiple scripts. The code Zinh "Inherited script", used for combining characters and certain other special-purpose code points, indicates that a character "inherits" its script identity from the character with which it is combined. (Unicode formerly used the private code Qaai for this purpose.) The code Zzzz "Unknown" is used for all characters that do not belong to a script (i.e. the default value), such as symbols and formatting characters. Overall, characters of a single script can be scattered over multiple blocks, like Latin characters. And the other way around too: multiple scripts can be present is a single block, e.g. block Letterlike Symbols contains characters from the Latin, Greek and Common scripts.

When the Script is "" (blank), according to Unicode the character does not belong to a script. This pertains to symbols, because the existing ISO script codes "Zmth" (Mathematical notation), "Zsym" (Symbol), and "Zsye" (Symbol, emoji variant) are not used in Unicode. The "Script" property is also blank for code points that are not a typographic character like controls, substitutes, and private use code points.

If there is a specific script alias name in ISO 15924, it is used in the character name: U+0041 A LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A, and U+05D0 א HEBREW LETTER ALEF.

v t e Scripts in ISO 15924^[a]^[b] and in Unicode^[c]^[d]
ISO 15924				Script in Unicode^[e]
Code	ISO number	ISO formal name	Directionality	Unicode Alias^[f]	Version	Characters	Notes	Description
Adlm	166	Adlam	right-to-left script	Adlam	9.0	88		Ch 19.9
Afak	439	Afaka	varies	ZZ— Not in Unicode, proposal is explored^[i]
Aghb	239	Caucasian Albanian	left-to-right	Caucasian Albanian	7.0	53	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.11
Ahom	338	Ahom, Tai Ahom	left-to-right	Ahom	8.0	65	Ancient/historic	Ch 15.16
Arab	160	Arabic	right-to-left script	Arabic	1.0	1,373		Ch 9.2
Aran	161	Arabic (Nastaliq variant)	mixed	ZZ— Typographic variant of Arabic (see § Arab)
Armi	124	Imperial Aramaic	right-to-left script	Imperial Aramaic	5.2	31	Ancient/historic	Ch 10.4
Armn	230	Armenian	left-to-right	Armenian	1.0	96		Ch 7.6
Avst	134	Avestan	right-to-left script	Avestan	5.2	61	Ancient/historic	Ch 10.7
Bali	360	Balinese	left-to-right	Balinese	5.0	127		Ch 17.3
Bamu	435	Bamum	left-to-right	Bamum	5.2	657		Ch 19.6
Bass	259	Bassa Vah	left-to-right	Bassa Vah	7.0	36	Ancient/historic	Ch 19.7
Batk	365	Batak	left-to-right	Batak	6.0	56		Ch 17.6
Beng	325	Bengali (Bangla)	left-to-right	Bengali	1.0	96		Ch 12.2
Bhks	334	Bhaiksuki	left-to-right	Bhaiksuki	9.0	97	Ancient/historic	Ch 14.3
Blis	550	Blissymbols	varies	ZZ— Not in Unicode, proposal is explored^[i]
Bopo	285	Bopomofo	left-to-right, right-to-left script	Bopomofo	1.0	77		Ch 18.3
Brah	300	Brahmi	left-to-right	Brahmi	6.0	115	Ancient/historic	Ch 14.1
Brai	570	Braille	left-to-right	Braille	3.0	256		Ch 21.1
Bugi	367	Buginese	left-to-right	Buginese	4.1	30		Ch 17.2
Buhd	372	Buhid	left-to-right	Buhid	3.2	20		Ch 17.1
Cakm	349	Chakma	left-to-right	Chakma	6.1	71		Ch 13.11
Cans	440	Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics	left-to-right	Canadian Aboriginal	3.0	726		Ch 20.2
Cari	201	Carian	left-to-right, right-to-left script	Carian	5.1	49	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.5
Cham	358	Cham	left-to-right	Cham	5.1	83		Ch 16.10
Cher	445	Cherokee	left-to-right	Cherokee	3.0	172		Ch 20.1
Chis	298	Chisoi	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode, proposal is mature^[ii]
Chrs	109	Chorasmian	right-to-left script, top-to-bottom	Chorasmian	13.0	28	Ancient/historic	Ch 10.8
Cirt	291	Cirth	varies	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Copt	204	Coptic	left-to-right	Coptic	1.0	137	Ancient/historic, disunified from Greek in 4.1	Ch 7.3
Cpmn	402	Cypro-Minoan	left-to-right	Cypro Minoan	14.0	99	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.4
Cprt	403	Cypriot syllabary	right-to-left script	Cypriot	4.0	55	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.3
Cyrl	220	Cyrillic	left-to-right	Cyrillic	1.0	508	Includes typographic variant Old Church Slavonic (see § Cyrs)	Ch 7.4
Cyrs	221	Cyrillic (Old Church Slavonic variant)	varies	ZZ— Typographic variant of Cyrillic (see § Cyrl); Ancient/historic
Deva	315	Devanagari (Nagari)	left-to-right	Devanagari	1.0	164		Ch 12.1
Diak	342	Dives Akuru	left-to-right	Dives Akuru	13.0	72	Ancient/historic	Ch 15.15
Dogr	328	Dogra	left-to-right	Dogra	11.0	60	Ancient/historic	Ch 15.18
Dsrt	250	Deseret (Mormon)	left-to-right	Deseret	3.1	80		Ch 20.4
Dupl	755	Duployan shorthand, Duployan stenography	left-to-right	Duployan	7.0	143		Ch 21.6
Egyd	070	Egyptian demotic	mixed	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Egyh	060	Egyptian hieratic	mixed	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Egyp	050	Egyptian hieroglyphs	right-to-left script, left-to-right	Egyptian Hieroglyphs	5.2	5,105	Ancient/historic	Ch 11.4
Elba	226	Elbasan	left-to-right	Elbasan	7.0	40	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.10
Elym	128	Elymaic	right-to-left script	Elymaic	12.0	23	Ancient/historic	Ch 10.9
Ethi	430	Ethiopic (Geʻez)	left-to-right	Ethiopic	3.0	523		Ch 19.1
Gara	164	Garay	right-to-left	Garay	16.0	69
Geok	241	Khutsuri (Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri)	left-to-right	Georgian			Unicode groups Khutsori, Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri into 'Georgian' (see § Geok). Similarly, Mkhedruli and Mtavruli are 'Georgian' (see § Geor)	Ch 7.7
Geor	240	Georgian (Mkhedruli and Mtavruli)	left-to-right	Georgian	1.0	173	In Unicode this also includes Nuskhuri (Geok)	Ch 7.7
Glag	225	Glagolitic	left-to-right	Glagolitic	4.1	134	Ancient/historic	Ch 7.5
Gong	312	Gunjala Gondi	left-to-right	Gunjala Gondi	11.0	63		Ch 13.15
Gonm	313	Masaram Gondi	left-to-right	Masaram Gondi	10.0	75		Ch 13.14
Goth	206	Gothic	left-to-right	Gothic	3.1	27	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.9
Gran	343	Grantha	left-to-right	Grantha	7.0	85	Ancient/historic	Ch 15.14
Grek	200	Greek	left-to-right	Greek	1.0	518	Directionality sometimes as boustrophedon	Ch 7.2
Gujr	320	Gujarati	left-to-right	Gujarati	1.0	91		Ch 12.4
Gukh	397	Gurung Khema	left-to-right	Gurung Khema	16.0	58
Guru	310	Gurmukhi	left-to-right	Gurmukhi	1.0	80		Ch 12.3
Hanb	503	Han with Bopomofo (alias for Han + Bopomofo)	mixed	ZZ— See § Hani, § Bopo
Hang	286	Hangul (Hangŭl, Hangeul)	left-to-right, vertical right-to-left	Hangul	1.0	11,739	Hangul syllables relocated in 2.0	Ch 18.6
Hani	500	Han (Hanzi, Kanji, Hanja)	top-to-bottom, columns right-to-left (historically)	Han	1.0	99,030		Ch 18.1
Hano	371	Hanunoo (Hanunóo)	left-to-right, bottom-to-top	Hanunoo	3.2	21		Ch 17.1
Hans	501	Han (Simplified variant)	varies	ZZ— Subset of Han (Hanzi, Kanji, Hanja) (see § Hani)
Hant	502	Han (Traditional variant)	varies	ZZ— Subset of § Hani
Hatr	127	Hatran	right-to-left script	Hatran	8.0	26	Ancient/historic	Ch 10.12
Hebr	125	Hebrew	right-to-left script	Hebrew	1.0	134		Ch 9.1
Hira	410	Hiragana	vertical right-to-left, left-to-right	Hiragana	1.0	381		Ch 18.4
Hluw	080	Anatolian Hieroglyphs (Luwian Hieroglyphs, Hittite Hieroglyphs)	left-to-right	Anatolian Hieroglyphs	8.0	583	Ancient/historic	Ch 11.6
Hmng	450	Pahawh Hmong	left-to-right	Pahawh Hmong	7.0	127		Ch 16.11
Hmnp	451	Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong	left-to-right	Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong	12.0	71		Ch 16.12
Hrkt	412	Japanese syllabaries (alias for Hiragana + Katakana)	vertical right-to-left, left-to-right	Katakana or Hiragana			See § Hira, § Kana	Ch 18.4
Hung	176	Old Hungarian (Hungarian Runic)	right-to-left script	Old Hungarian	8.0	108	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.8
Inds	610	Indus (Harappan)	mixed	ZZ— Not in Unicode, proposal is explored^[i]
Ital	210	Old Italic (Etruscan, Oscan, etc.)	right-to-left script, left-to-right	Old Italic	3.1	39	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.6
Jamo	284	Jamo (alias for Jamo subset of Hangul)	varies	ZZ— Subset of § Hang
Java	361	Javanese	left-to-right	Javanese	5.2	90		Ch 17.4
Jpan	413	Japanese (alias for Han + Hiragana + Katakana)	varies	ZZ— See § Hani, § Hira and § Kana
Jurc	510	Jurchen	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Kali	357	Kayah Li	left-to-right	Kayah Li	5.1	47		Ch 16.9
Kana	411	Katakana	vertical right-to-left, left-to-right	Katakana	1.0	321		Ch 18.4
Kawi	368	Kawi	left-to-right	Kawi	15.0	87	Ancient/historic	Ch 17.9
Khar	305	Kharoshthi	right-to-left script	Kharoshthi	4.1	68	Ancient/historic	Ch 14.2
Khmr	355	Khmer	left-to-right	Khmer	3.0	146		Ch 16.4
Khoj	322	Khojki	left-to-right	Khojki	7.0	65	Ancient/historic	Ch 15.7
Kitl	505	Khitan large script	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Kits	288	Khitan small script	vertical right-to-left	Khitan Small Script	13.0	472	Ancient/historic	Ch 18.12
Knda	345	Kannada	left-to-right	Kannada	1.0	91		Ch 12.8
Kore	287	Korean (alias for Hangul + Han)	left-to-right	ZZ— See § Hani, § Hang
Kpel	436	Kpelle	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode, proposal is explored^[i]
Krai	396	Kirat Rai	left-to-right	Kirat Rai	16.0	58
Kthi	317	Kaithi	left-to-right	Kaithi	5.2	68	Ancient/historic	Ch 15.2
Lana	351	Tai Tham (Lanna)	left-to-right	Tai Tham	5.2	127		Ch 16.7
Laoo	356	Lao	left-to-right	Lao	1.0	83		Ch 16.2
Latf	217	Latin (Fraktur variant)	varies	ZZ— Typographic variant of Latin (see § Latn)
Latg	216	Latin (Gaelic variant)	left-to-right	ZZ— Typographic variant of Latin (see § Latn)
Latn	215	Latin	left-to-right	Latin	1.0	1,487	See also: Latin script in Unicode	Ch 7.1
Leke	364	Leke	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Lepc	335	Lepcha (Róng)	left-to-right	Lepcha	5.1	74		Ch 13.12
Limb	336	Limbu	left-to-right	Limbu	4.0	68		Ch 13.6
Lina	400	Linear A	left-to-right	Linear A	7.0	341	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.1
Linb	401	Linear B	left-to-right	Linear B	4.0	211	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.2
Lisu	399	Lisu (Fraser)	left-to-right	Lisu	5.2	49		Ch 18.9
Loma	437	Loma	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode, proposal is explored^[i]
Lyci	202	Lycian	left-to-right	Lycian	5.1	29	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.5
Lydi	116	Lydian	right-to-left script	Lydian	5.1	27	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.5
Mahj	314	Mahajani	left-to-right	Mahajani	7.0	39	Ancient/historic	Ch 15.6
Maka	366	Makasar	left-to-right	Makasar	11.0	25	Ancient/historic	Ch 17.8
Mand	140	Mandaic, Mandaean	right-to-left script	Mandaic	6.0	29		Ch 9.5
Mani	139	Manichaean	right-to-left script	Manichaean	7.0	51	Ancient/historic	Ch 10.5
Marc	332	Marchen	left-to-right	Marchen	9.0	68	Ancient/historic	Ch 14.5
Maya	090	Mayan hieroglyphs	mixed	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Medf	265	Medefaidrin (Oberi Okaime, Oberi Ɔkaimɛ)	left-to-right	Medefaidrin	11.0	91		Ch 19.10
Mend	438	Mende Kikakui	right-to-left script	Mende Kikakui	7.0	213		Ch 19.8
Merc	101	Meroitic Cursive	right-to-left script	Meroitic Cursive	6.1	90	Ancient/historic	Ch 11.5
Mero	100	Meroitic Hieroglyphs	right-to-left script	Meroitic Hieroglyphs	6.1	32	Ancient/historic	Ch 11.5
Mlym	347	Malayalam	left-to-right	Malayalam	1.0	118		Ch 12.9
Modi	324	Modi, Moḍī	left-to-right	Modi	7.0	79	Ancient/historic	Ch 15.12
Mong	145	Mongolian	vertical left-to-right, left-to-right	Mongolian	3.0	168	Mong includes Clear and Manchu scripts	Ch 13.5
Moon	218	Moon (Moon code, Moon script, Moon type)	mixed	ZZ— Not in Unicode, proposal is explored^[i]
Mroo	264	Mro, Mru	left-to-right	Mro	7.0	43		Ch 13.8
Mtei	337	Meitei Mayek (Meithei, Meetei)	left-to-right	Meetei Mayek	5.2	79		Ch 13.7
Mult	323	Multani	left-to-right	Multani	8.0	38	Ancient/historic	Ch 15.10
Mymr	350	Myanmar (Burmese)	left-to-right	Myanmar	3.0	243		Ch 16.3
Nagm	295	Nag Mundari	left-to-right	Nag Mundari	15.0	42
Nand	311	Nandinagari	left-to-right	Nandinagari	12.0	65	Ancient/historic	Ch 15.13
Narb	106	Old North Arabian (Ancient North Arabian)	right-to-left script	Old North Arabian	7.0	32	Ancient/historic	Ch 10.1
Nbat	159	Nabataean	right-to-left script	Nabataean	7.0	40	Ancient/historic	Ch 10.10
Newa	333	Newa, Newar, Newari, Nepāla lipi	left-to-right	Newa	9.0	97		Ch 13.3
Nkdb	085	Naxi Dongba (na²¹ɕi³³ to³³ba²¹, Nakhi Tomba)	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Nkgb	420	Naxi Geba (na²¹ɕi³³ gʌ²¹ba²¹, 'Na-'Khi ²Ggŏ-¹baw, Nakhi Geba)	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode, proposal is explored^[i]
Nkoo	165	N’Ko	right-to-left script	NKo	5.0	62		Ch 19.4
Nshu	499	Nüshu	vertical right-to-left	Nushu	10.0	397		Ch 18.8
Ogam	212	Ogham	bottom-to-top, left-to-right	Ogham	3.0	29	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.14
Olck	261	Ol Chiki (Ol Cemet’, Ol, Santali)	left-to-right	Ol Chiki	5.1	48		Ch 13.10
Onao	296	Ol Onal	left-to-right	Ol Onal	16.0	44
Orkh	175	Old Turkic, Orkhon Runic	right-to-left script	Old Turkic	5.2	73	Ancient/historic	Ch 14.8
Orya	327	Oriya (Odia)	left-to-right	Oriya	1.0	91		Ch 12.5
Osge	219	Osage	left-to-right	Osage	9.0	72		Ch 20.3
Osma	260	Osmanya	left-to-right	Osmanya	4.0	40		Ch 19.2
Ougr	143	Old Uyghur	mixed	Old Uyghur	14.0	26	Ancient/historic	Ch 14.11
Palm	126	Palmyrene	right-to-left script	Palmyrene	7.0	32	Ancient/historic	Ch 10.11
Pauc	263	Pau Cin Hau	left-to-right	Pau Cin Hau	7.0	57		Ch 16.13
Pcun	015	Proto-Cuneiform	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Pelm	016	Proto-Elamite	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Perm	227	Old Permic	left-to-right	Old Permic	7.0	43	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.13
Phag	331	Phags-pa	vertical left-to-right	Phags-pa	5.0	56	Ancient/historic	Ch 14.4
Phli	131	Inscriptional Pahlavi	right-to-left script	Inscriptional Pahlavi	5.2	27	Ancient/historic	Ch 10.6
Phlp	132	Psalter Pahlavi	right-to-left script	Psalter Pahlavi	7.0	29	Ancient/historic	Ch 10.6
Phlv	133	Book Pahlavi	mixed	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Phnx	115	Phoenician	right-to-left script	Phoenician	5.0	29	Ancient/historic^[g]	Ch 10.3
Piqd	293	Klingon (KLI pIqaD)	left-to-right	ZZ— Rejected for inclusion in Unicode^[iii]^[iv]
Plrd	282	Miao (Pollard)	left-to-right	Miao	6.1	149		Ch 18.10
Prti	130	Inscriptional Parthian	right-to-left script	Inscriptional Parthian	5.2	30	Ancient/historic	Ch 10.6
Psin	103	Proto-Sinaitic	mixed	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Qaaa-Qabx	900-949	Reserved for private use (range)		ZZ— Not in Unicode
Ranj	303	Ranjana	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Rjng	363	Rejang (Redjang, Kaganga)	left-to-right	Rejang	5.1	37		Ch 17.5
Rohg	167	Hanifi Rohingya	right-to-left script	Hanifi Rohingya	11.0	50		Ch 16.14
Roro	620	Rongorongo	mixed	ZZ— Not in Unicode, proposal is explored^[i]
Runr	211	Runic	left-to-right, boustrophedon	Runic	3.0	86	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.7
Samr	123	Samaritan	right-to-left script, top-to-bottom	Samaritan	5.2	61		Ch 9.4
Sara	292	Sarati	mixed	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Sarb	105	Old South Arabian	right-to-left script	Old South Arabian	5.2	32	Ancient/historic	Ch 10.2
Saur	344	Saurashtra	left-to-right	Saurashtra	5.1	82		Ch 13.13
Sgnw	095	SignWriting	vertical left-to-right	SignWriting	8.0	672		Ch 21.7
Shaw	281	Shavian (Shaw)	left-to-right	Shavian	4.0	48		Ch 8.15
Shrd	319	Sharada, Śāradā	left-to-right	Sharada	6.1	96		Ch 15.3
Shui	530	Shuishu	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Sidd	302	Siddham, Siddhaṃ, Siddhamātṛkā	left-to-right	Siddham	7.0	92	Ancient/historic	Ch 15.5
Sidt	180	Sidetic	right-to-left	ZZ— Not in Unicode, proposal is mature^[ii]
Sind	318	Khudawadi, Sindhi	left-to-right	Khudawadi	7.0	69		Ch 15.9
Sinh	348	Sinhala	left-to-right	Sinhala	3.0	111		Ch 13.2
Sogd	141	Sogdian	horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts, top-to-bottom	Sogdian	11.0	42	Ancient/historic	Ch 14.10
Sogo	142	Old Sogdian	right-to-left script	Old Sogdian	11.0	40	Ancient/historic	Ch 14.9
Sora	398	Sora Sompeng	left-to-right	Sora Sompeng	6.1	35		Ch 15.17
Soyo	329	Soyombo	left-to-right	Soyombo	10.0	83	Ancient/historic	Ch 14.7
Sund	362	Sundanese	left-to-right	Sundanese	5.1	72		Ch 17.7
Sunu	274	Sunuwar	left-to-right	Sunuwar	16.0	44
Sylo	316	Syloti Nagri	left-to-right	Syloti Nagri	4.1	45	Ancient/historic	Ch 15.1
Syrc	135	Syriac	right-to-left script	Syriac	3.0	88	Includes typographic variants Estrangelo (see § Syre), Western (§ Syrj), and Eastern (§ Syrn)	Ch 9.3
Syre	138	Syriac (Estrangelo variant)	mixed	ZZ— Typographic variant of Syriac (see § Syrc)
Syrj	137	Syriac (Western variant)	mixed	ZZ— Typographic variant of Syriac (see § Syrc)
Syrn	136	Syriac (Eastern variant)	mixed	ZZ— Typographic variant of Syriac (see § Syrc)
Tagb	373	Tagbanwa	left-to-right	Tagbanwa	3.2	18		Ch 17.1
Takr	321	Takri, Ṭākrī, Ṭāṅkrī	left-to-right	Takri	6.1	68		Ch 15.4
Tale	353	Tai Le	left-to-right	Tai Le	4.0	35		Ch 16.5
Talu	354	New Tai Lue	left-to-right	New Tai Lue	4.1	83		Ch 16.6
Taml	346	Tamil	left-to-right	Tamil	1.0	123		Ch 12.6
Tang	520	Tangut	vertical right-to-left, left-to-right	Tangut	9.0	6,914	Ancient/historic	Ch 18.11
Tavt	359	Tai Viet	left-to-right	Tai Viet	5.2	72		Ch 16.8
Tayo	380	Tai Yo	top-to-bottom, columns right-to-left	ZZ— Not in Unicode, proposal is mature^[ii]
Telu	340	Telugu	left-to-right	Telugu	1.0	100		Ch 12.7
Teng	290	Tengwar	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Tfng	120	Tifinagh (Berber)	left-to-right, right-to-left script, top-to-bottom, bottom-to-top	Tifinagh	4.1	59		Ch 19.3
Tglg	370	Tagalog (Baybayin, Alibata)	left-to-right	Tagalog	3.2	23		Ch 17.1
Thaa	170	Thaana	right-to-left script	Thaana	3.0	50		Ch 13.1
Thai	352	Thai	left-to-right	Thai	1.0	86		Ch 16.1
Tibt	330	Tibetan	left-to-right	Tibetan	2.0	207	Added in 1.0, removed in 1.1 and reintroduced in 2.0	Ch 13.4
Tirh	326	Tirhuta	left-to-right	Tirhuta	7.0	82		Ch 15.11
Tnsa	275	Tangsa	left-to-right	Tangsa	14.0	89		Ch 13.18
Todr	229	Todhri	right-to-left	Todhri	16.0	52	Ancient/historic
Tols	299	Tolong Siki	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode, proposal is mature^[ii]
Toto	294	Toto	left-to-right	Toto	14.0	31		Ch 13.17
Tutg	341	Tulu-Tigalari	left-to-right	Tulu Tigalari	16.0	80
Ugar	040	Ugaritic	left-to-right	Ugaritic	4.0	31	Ancient/historic	Ch 11.2
Vaii	470	Vai	left-to-right	Vai	5.1	300		Ch 19.5
Visp	280	Visible Speech	left-to-right	ZZ— Not in Unicode
Vith	228	Vithkuqi	left-to-right	Vithkuqi	14.0	70	Ancient/historic	Ch 8.12
Wara	262	Warang Citi (Varang Kshiti)	left-to-right	Warang Citi	7.0	84		Ch 13.9
Wcho	283	Wancho	left-to-right	Wancho	12.0	59		Ch 13.16
Wole	480	Woleai	mixed	ZZ— Not in Unicode, proposal is explored^[i]
Xpeo	030	Old Persian	left-to-right	Old Persian	4.1	50	Ancient/historic	Ch 11.3
Xsux	020	Cuneiform, Sumero-Akkadian	left-to-right	Cuneiform	5.0	1,234	Ancient/historic	Ch 11.1
Yezi	192	Yezidi	right-to-left script	Yezidi	13.0	47	Ancient/historic	Ch 9.6
Yiii	460	Yi	left-to-right	Yi	3.0	1,220		Ch 18.7
Zanb	339	Zanabazar Square (Zanabazarin Dörböljin Useg, Xewtee Dörböljin Bicig, Horizontal Square Script)	left-to-right	Zanabazar Square	10.0	72	Ancient/historic	Ch 14.6
Zinh	994	Code for inherited script		Inherited		657
Zmth	995	Mathematical notation		ZZ— Not a 'script' in Unicode
Zsym	996	Symbols		ZZ— Not a 'script' in Unicode
Zsye	993	Symbols (emoji variant)		ZZ— Not a 'script' in Unicode
Zxxx	997	Code for unwritten documents		ZZ— Not a 'script' in Unicode
Zyyy	998	Code for undetermined script		Common		9,053
Zzzz	999	Code for uncoded script		Unknown		959,049	In Unicode: All other code points
Notes ^ ISO 15924 publications As of 12 September 2023^[update] ^ ISO 15924 Normative text file As of 12 September 2023^[update] ^ ISO 15924 Changes (including Aliases for Unicode; as of 12 September 2023^[update]) ^ Unicode version 16.0 ^ Unicode charts ^ Unicode uses the "Property Value Alias" (Alias) as the script-name. These Alias names are part of Unicode and are published informatively next to ISO 15924. An alias script name may be used in a character name: `Palm`, Palmyrene → U+10860 𐡠 PALMYRENE LETTER ALEPH. ^ In Unicode, the Phoenician script is intended for the representation of text in Paleo-Hebrew, Archaic Phoenician, Phoenician, Early Aramaic, Late Phoenician cursive, Phoenician papyri, Siloam Hebrew, Hebrew seals, Ammonite, Moabite, and Punic.^[v]
References ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "SEI List of Scripts Not Yet Encoded". Unicode Consortium. March 2023. Retrieved 2023-09-25. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Unicode Pipeline § Code Points Provisionally Assigned for Mature Proposals". Unicode Consortium. 2023-09-12. Retrieved 2023-09-25. ^ Michael Everson (1997-09-18). "Proposal to encode Klingon in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646-2".^{[dead link‍]} ^ The Unicode Consortium (2001-08-14). "Approved Minutes of the UTC 87 / L2 184 Joint Meeting". ^ "Middle East-II, Ancient Scripts" (PDF). 15.0.0. The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2023-09-25.

Normalization properties

Decompositions, decomposition type, canonical combining class, composition exclusions, and more.

Age

Age is the version of the Standard in which the code point was first designated. The version number is shortened to the numbering major.minor, although there more detailed version numbers are used: versions 4.0.0 and 4.0.1 both are named 4.0 as Age. Given the releases, Age can be from the range: 1.1, 2.0, 2.1, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 4.0, 4.1, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 12.1, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 15.1, and 16.0.^[21] The long values for Age begin in a V and use an underscore instead of a dot: V1_1, for example.^[2] Codepoints without a specifically assigned age value have the value "NA", with the long form "Unassigned".

Deprecated

Once a character has been defined, it will not be removed or reassigned.^[22] However, a character may be deprecated, meaning its "use is strongly discouraged".^[23] As of Unicode version 16.0, the following fifteen characters are deprecated:^[24]

Deprecated characters in Unicode
Codepoint	Character name	Recommended alternative		Remarks
U+0149	LATIN SMALL LETTER N PRECEDED BY APOSTROPHE	U+02BC U+006E	ʼn
U+0673	ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA BELOW	U+0627 U+065F	اٟ
U+0F77	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR	U+0FB2 U+0F81^[a]	ྲཱྀ
U+0F79	TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL	U+0FB3 U+0F81^[a]	ླཱྀ
U+17A3	KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAQ	U+17A2	អ
U+17A4	KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAA	U+17A2 U+17B6	អា
U+206A	INHIBIT SYMMETRIC SWAPPING	None^[b]
U+206B	ACTIVATE SYMMETRIC SWAPPING	None^[b]
U+206C	INHIBIT ARABIC FORM SHAPING	None^[b]
U+206D	ACTIVATE ARABIC FORM SHAPING	None^[b]
U+206E	NATIONAL DIGIT SHAPES	None^[b]
U+206F	NOMINAL DIGIT SHAPES	None^[b]
U+2329	LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET	U+3008^[c]	〈	U+27E8 ⟨ MATHEMATICAL LEFT ANGLE BRACKET is recommended for mathematical and other technical use
U+232A	RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET	U+3009^[c]	〉	U+27E9 ⟩ MATHEMATICAL RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET is recommended for mathematical and other technical use
U+E0001	LANGUAGE TAG	None^[d]
^ ^a ^b U+0F81 ཱྀ TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN REVERSED II is itself discouraged (but not deprecated), and is canonically equivalent to the sequence U+0F71 U+0F80. ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rather than using this control character to indicate the appropriate appearance for text, appropriate character codes with the correct state should be used.^[25] ^ ^a ^b This alternative character is in the CJK Symbols and Punctuation block, and is not suitable for mathematical or technical use ^ Alternative means of language tagging should be used instead.^[26]

Boundaries

The Unicode Standard specifies the following boundary-related properties:

Grapheme cluster
Word
Line
Sentence

Alias name

Unicode can assign alias names to code points. These names are unique over all names (including regular ones), so they can be used as identifier. There are five possible reasons to add an alias:

1. Abbreviation: Commonly occurring abbreviations or acronyms for control codes, format characters, spaces, and variation selectors.; For example, U+00A0 NO-BREAK SPACE has alias NBSP. Sometimes presented in a box:
NBSP
.
2. Control: ISO 6429 names for C0 and C1 control functions and similar commonly occurring names, are added as an alias to the character.; For example, U+0008 <control-0008> has alias BACKSPACE.
3. Correction: This is a correction for a "serious problem" in the primary character name, usually an error.; For example, U+2118 ℘ SCRIPT CAPITAL P is actually a lowercase p, and so is given alias name WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC FUNCTION: "actually this has the form of a lowercase calligraphic p, despite its name, and through the alias the correct spelling is added." In descriptions, with preceding symbol ※.
4. Alternate: A widely used alternate name for a character.; Example: U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE has alternate BYTE ORDER MARK.
5. Figment: Several documented labels for C1 control code points which were never actually approved in any standard (figment = feigned, in fiction).; For example, U+0099 <control-0099> has figment alias SINGLE GRAPHIC CHARACTER INTRODUCER. This name is an architectural concept from early drafts of ISO/IEC 10646-1, but it was never approved and standardized.

External links

Unicode Character Database, annex #44, explaining the different properties
UnicodeData.txt – a list of all Unicode characters, with their properties

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "The Unicode Standard Version 16". The Unicode Consortium. September 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Unicode Standard Annex #44: Unicode Character Database". Unicode. 2024-08-27.
^ "Unicode Standard Annex #44: Unicode Character Database, 4.2.3 Code Point Ranges". Unicode. 2024-08-27.
^ UnicodeData.txt
^ "UCD: Name Aliases". Unicode Character Database. Unicode Consortium. 2024-04-24.
^ "Character design standards – space characters". Character design standards. Microsoft. 1998–1999. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
^ The Unicode Standard 5.0, printed edition, p. 205; also available at "Chapter 6 — Writing Systems and Punctuation" (PDF). The Unicode Standard 5.0, electronic edition. Unicode Consortium. 2006-07-14. p. 11 (205). Retrieved 2022-12-22.
^ "General Punctuation" (PDF). The Unicode Standard 5.1. Unicode Inc. 1991–2008. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
^ Sargent, Murray III (2006-08-29). "Unicode Nearly Plain Text Encoding of Mathematics (Version 2)". Unicode Technical Note #28. Unicode Inc. pp. 19–20. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
^ Gillam, Richard (2002). Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-70052-2.
^ ^a ^b Hickson, Ian. "12.5 Named character references". HTML Standard. WHATWG.
^ Wolfram. "\[NegativeThickSpace]". Wolfram Language Documentation.
^ Wolfram. "\[NegativeMediumSpace]". Wolfram Language Documentation.
^ Wolfram. "\[NegativeThinSpace]". Wolfram Language Documentation.
^ Wolfram. "\[NegativeVeryThinSpace]". Wolfram Language Documentation.
^ Faltstrom, P., ed. (August 2010). "Zero Width Non-Joiner". The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA). IETF. sec. A.1. doi:10.17487/RFC5892. RFC 5892. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
^ Faltstrom, P., ed. (August 2010). "Zero Width Joiner". The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA). IETF. sec. A.2. doi:10.17487/RFC5892. RFC 5892. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
^ "Unicode Standard Annex #44, Unicode Character Database".
^ ^a ^b "Unicode Standard Annex #9: Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm". The Unicode Standard. 2024-09-02.
^ "Unicode Standard Annex #24: Unicode Script Property". The Unicode Standard. 2024-07-31.
^ "UCD: Derived Age". Unicode Character Database. Unicode Consortium. 2024-04-30.
^ "Unicode Character Encoding Stability Policies". Unicode. Unicode Consortium. 2024-01-09. Retrieved 2024-01-13. Once a character is encoded, it will not be moved or removed.
^ "The Unicode Standard, D13 Deprecated character". 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
^ "PropList-16.0.0.txt". Unicode. Unicode Consortium. 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
^ "Chapter 23.3: Deprecated Format Characters". 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
^ "23.9: Tag Characters, Deprecated Use for Language Tagging". 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-13.

[fn1-6] "Table 4-4: General Category". The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. September 2024.

[fn2-7] "Table 2-3: Types of code points". The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. September 2024.

[fn6-8] "DerivedGeneralCategory.txt". The Unicode Consortium. 2024-04-30.

[fn5-9] "5.7.1 General Category Values". UTR #44: Unicode Character Database. Unicode Consortium. 2024-08-27.

[fn3-10] Unicode Character Encoding Stability Policies: Property Value Stability Stability policy: Some gc groups will never change. gc=Nd corresponds with Numeric Type=De (decimal).

[11] "Annex C: Compatibility Properties (§ word)". Unicode Regular Expressions. Version 23. Unicode Consortium. 2022-02-08. Unicode Technical Standard #18.

[fn4-12] "Table 4-9: Construction of Code Point Labels". The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. September 2024. A Code Point Label may be used to identify a nameless code point. E.g. <control-hhhh>, <control-0088>. The Name remains blank, which can prevent inadvertently replacing, in documentation, a Control Name with a true Control code. Unicode also uses <not a character> for <noncharacter>.

[wsdef-13] White_Space is a binary Unicode property.^[18]

[ws-14] "PropList-16.0.0.txt". Unicode. 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2024-09-13.

[25] Although &ZeroWidthSpace; is one HTML5 named entity for U+200B, the additional names NegativeMediumSpace, NegativeThickSpace, NegativeThinSpace and NegativeVeryThinSpace (which are names used in the Wolfram Language for negative-advance spaces, which it maps to the Private Use Area)^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] are also defined by HTML5 as aliases for U+200B (e.g. &NegativeMediumSpace;).^[11]

[Number_of_code_points-30] Code point count includes unassigned code points: noncharacter, reserved etc.

[Script_in_block_definition-31] The script has one or multiple characters in the block, as defined by the Script Property. This is independent of the block name

[Common_and_Inherited-32] "Common" and "Unknown" (Zyyy) and "Inherited" (Zinh or Qaai) refer to Scripts in ISO 15924

[Unicode_blocks_datafile-33] Unicode Blocks data file. As of Unicode version 16.0

[Unicode_script_property-34] UAX 24: Unicode Script Property (4 alpha code)

[Unicode_scripts_datafile-35] UAX 24: Script data file

[Basic_Latin-36] Called "C0 Controls and Basic Latin" in ISO/IEC 10646

[Latin1_Supplement-37] Called "C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement" in ISO/IEC 10646

[cnote_a_grp_ISO_Unicode] 
ISO 15924 publications As of 12 September 2023^[update]

[cnote_b_grp_ISO_list] 
ISO 15924 Normative text file As of 12 September 2023^[update]

[cnote_c_grp_ISO_changes] 
ISO 15924 Changes (including Aliases for Unicode; as of 12 September 2023^[update])

[cnote_d_grp_Asof_Unicode_version] 
Unicode version 16.0

[cnote_e_grp_Unicode_charts] 
Unicode charts

[cnote_f_grp_Aliases_for_Unicode] 
Unicode uses the "Property Value Alias" (Alias) as the script-name. These Alias names are part of Unicode and are published informatively next to ISO 15924. An alias script name may be used in a character name: Palm, Palmyrene → U+10860 𐡠 PALMYRENE LETTER ALEPH.

[cnote_g_grp_Scripts] 
In Unicode, the Phoenician script is intended for the representation of text in Paleo-Hebrew, Archaic Phoenician, Phoenician, Early Aramaic, Late Phoenician cursive, Phoenician papyri, Siloam Hebrew, Hebrew seals, Ammonite, Moabite, and Punic.^[v]

[uniproposed-39] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "SEI List of Scripts Not Yet Encoded". Unicode Consortium. March 2023. Retrieved 2023-09-25.

[pipeline_mature-40] "Unicode Pipeline § Code Points Provisionally Assigned for Mature Proposals". Unicode Consortium. 2023-09-12. Retrieved 2023-09-25.

[41] Michael Everson (1997-09-18). "Proposal to encode Klingon in Plane 1 of ISO/IEC 10646-2".^{[dead link‍]}

[42] The Unicode Consortium (2001-08-14). "Approved Minutes of the UTC 87 / L2 184 Joint Meeting".

[43] "Middle East-II, Ancient Scripts" (PDF). 15.0.0. The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 2023-09-25.

[Depr01-48] U+0F81 ཱྀ TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN REVERSED II is itself discouraged (but not deprecated), and is canonically equivalent to the sequence U+0F71 U+0F80.

[Depr02-50] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rather than using this control character to indicate the appropriate appearance for text, appropriate character codes with the correct state should be used.^[25]

[Depr03-51] This alternative character is in the CJK Symbols and Punctuation block, and is not suitable for mathematical or technical use

[Depr04-53] Alternative means of language tagging should be used instead.^[26]

[Chapter4-1] "The Unicode Standard Version 16". The Unicode Consortium. September 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-13.

[UAX44-2] "Unicode Standard Annex #44: Unicode Character Database". Unicode. 2024-08-27.

[3] "Unicode Standard Annex #44: Unicode Character Database, 4.2.3 Code Point Ranges". Unicode. 2024-08-27.

[4] UnicodeData.txt

[5] "UCD: Name Aliases". Unicode Character Database. Unicode Consortium. 2024-04-24.

[15] "Character design standards – space characters". Character design standards. Microsoft. 1998–1999. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved 2009-05-18.

[16] The Unicode Standard 5.0, printed edition, p. 205; also available at "Chapter 6 — Writing Systems and Punctuation" (PDF). The Unicode Standard 5.0, electronic edition. Unicode Consortium. 2006-07-14. p. 11 (205). Retrieved 2022-12-22.

[17] "General Punctuation" (PDF). The Unicode Standard 5.1. Unicode Inc. 1991–2008. Retrieved 2009-05-13.

[18] Sargent, Murray III (2006-08-29). "Unicode Nearly Plain Text Encoding of Mathematics (Version 2)". Unicode Technical Note #28. Unicode Inc. pp. 19–20. Retrieved 2009-05-19.

[Gillam-19] Gillam, Richard (2002). Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-70052-2.

[html5entity-20] Hickson, Ian. "12.5 Named character references". HTML Standard. WHATWG.

[21] Wolfram. "\[NegativeThickSpace]". Wolfram Language Documentation.

[22] Wolfram. "\[NegativeMediumSpace]". Wolfram Language Documentation.

[23] Wolfram. "\[NegativeThinSpace]". Wolfram Language Documentation.

[24] Wolfram. "\[NegativeVeryThinSpace]". Wolfram Language Documentation.

[26] Faltstrom, P., ed. (August 2010). "Zero Width Non-Joiner". The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA). IETF. sec. A.1. doi:10.17487/RFC5892. RFC 5892. Retrieved September 4, 2019.

[27] Faltstrom, P., ed. (August 2010). "Zero Width Joiner". The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA). IETF. sec. A.2. doi:10.17487/RFC5892. RFC 5892. Retrieved September 4, 2019.

[28] "Unicode Standard Annex #44, Unicode Character Database".

[UAX9-29] "Unicode Standard Annex #9: Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm". The Unicode Standard. 2024-09-02.

[38] "Unicode Standard Annex #24: Unicode Script Property". The Unicode Standard. 2024-07-31.

[DerivedAge-44] "UCD: Derived Age". Unicode Character Database. Unicode Consortium. 2024-04-30.

[45] "Unicode Character Encoding Stability Policies". Unicode. Unicode Consortium. 2024-01-09. Retrieved 2024-01-13. Once a character is encoded, it will not be moved or removed.

[46] "The Unicode Standard, D13 Deprecated character". 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-13.

[47] "PropList-16.0.0.txt". Unicode. Unicode Consortium. 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2024-09-13.

[49] "Chapter 23.3: Deprecated Format Characters". 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-13.

[52] "23.9: Tag Characters, Deprecated Use for Language Tagging". 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-13.

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