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United States Census Bureau

From Wikipedia - Reading time: 22 min
"USCB" redirects here. For the American college, see University of South Carolina Beaufort.

United States Census Bureau
Agency overview
FormedJuly 1, 1902; 122 years ago (1902-07-01)
HeadquartersSuitland, Maryland, U.S.
Agency executives
Parent agencyU.S. Department of Commerce
Websitecensus.gov

The United States Census Bureau (USCB), officially the Bureau of the Census, is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The U.S. Census Bureau is part of the U.S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. Currently, Robert Santos is the Director of the U.S. Census Bureau and Ron S. Jarmin is the Deputy Director.[1]

The Census Bureau's primary mission is conducting the U.S. census every ten years, which allocates the seats of the U.S. House of Representatives to the states based on their population.[2] The bureau's various censuses and surveys help allocate over $675 billion in federal funds every year and it assists states, local communities, and businesses make informed decisions.[3][4][5] The information provided by the census informs decisions on where to build and maintain schools, hospitals, transportation infrastructure, and police and fire departments.[5]

In addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts over 130 surveys and programs a year,[6] including the American Community Survey, the U.S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey.[2] The U.S. Economic Census occurs every five years and reports on American Business and the American economy in order to plan business decisions.[7] Furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau.

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Census headquarters in Suitland, Maryland

Article One of the United States Constitution (section II) directs the population be enumerated at least once every ten years and the resulting counts used to set the number of members from each state in the House of Representatives and, by extension, in the Electoral College. The Census Bureau now conducts a full population count every ten years in years ending with a zero and uses the term "decennial" to describe the operation. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections.[8]

In addition, census data directly affects how more than $400 billion per year in federal and state funding is allocated to communities for neighborhood improvements, public health, education, transportation and more.[9] The Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations: the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureau's legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code.

The Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as "demographic surveys" and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial (10-year) population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts economic surveys of manufacturing, retail, service, and other establishments and of domestic governments.

Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts.[10] The Census Act of 1840 established a central office[11] which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals. In 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their subordinate role in the department.[12]

An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every two years and agriculture censuses every 10 years.[13] In 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 census.[13] In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the U.S. Code.[14]

By law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U.S. president by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year.

Data collection

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U.S. Census Bureau Regions and Divisions

Census regions and divisions

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The United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions.[15] The Census Bureau regions are "widely used...for data collection and analysis".[16] The Census Bureau definition is pervasive.[17][18][19] The territories are not included, but the District of Columbia is.

Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau:[20][21]

History

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The current system was introduced for the 1910 census, but other ways of grouping states were used historically by the Census Bureau. The first of these was introduced after the 1850 census by statistician and later census superintendent J. D. B. De Bow. He published a compendium where the states and territories were grouped into five "great division", namely the Middle, New England, the Northwestern, the Southern, and the Southwestern great divisions. Unsatisfied with this system, De Bow devised another one four years later, with states and territories grouped into an Eastern, Interior, and Western "great section", each divided into a northern and southern half called "divisions".

In the following decades, several other systems were used, until the current one was introduced in 1910. This system has seen only minor changes: New Mexico and Arizona were both added to the Mountain division upon statehood in 1912, the North region was divided into a Northeast and a North Central region in 1940, Alaska and Hawaii were both added to the Pacific division upon statehood in 1959, and the North Central region was renamed the Midwest in 1984.[22]

Uses of census data

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Many federal, state, local and tribal governments use census data to:[23]

  • Decide the location of new housing and public facilities,
  • Examine the demographic characteristics of communities, states, and the US,
  • Plan transportation systems and roadways,
  • Determine quotas and creation of police and fire precincts, and
  • Create localized areas for elections, schools, utilities, etc.
  • Gathers population information every 10 years

Census data is used to determine how seats of Congress are distributed to states.[23] Census data is not used to determine or define race genetically, biologically or anthropologically.[24] The census data is also used by the Bureau to obtain a real-time estimate in U.S. and World Population Clock.[25] Only peoples whose live in the 50 states and within the District of Columbia are included in the estimation.[26]

Data stewardship

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The United States Census Bureau is committed to confidentiality and guarantees non-disclosure of any addresses or personal information related to individuals or establishments. Title 13 of the U.S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information. All census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. This non-disclosure states "I will not disclose any information contained in the schedules, lists, or statements obtained for or prepared by the Census Bureau to any person or persons either during or after employment."[27] The punishment for breaking the non-disclosure is a fine up to $250,000 or 5 years in prison.

The bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone, including the United States or foreign governments, or law enforcement agencies such as the IRS or the FBI or Interpol. "Providing quality data, for public good—while respecting individual privacy and, at the same time, protecting confidentiality—is the Census Bureau's core responsibility"; "Keeping the public's trust is critical to the Census's ability to carry out the mission as the leading source of quality data about the Nation's people and economy."[28] Only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public.[29] Seventy-two years was picked because usually by 72 years since the census is taken, most participants would be deceased.[29]

Despite these guarantees of confidentiality, the Census Bureau has some history of disclosures to other government agencies. In 1918, the Census Bureau released individual information regarding several hundred young men to the Justice Department and Selective Service system for the purpose of prosecutions for draft evasion.[30][31] During World War II, the United States Census Bureau assisted the government's Japanese American internment efforts by providing confidential neighborhood information on Japanese-Americans. The bureau's role was denied for decades but was finally proven in 2007.[32][33]

United States census data are valuable for the country's political parties; Democrats and Republicans are highly interested in knowing the accurate number of persons in their respective districts.[34] These insights are often linked to financial and economic strategies that are central to federal, state and city investments for locations of particular populations.[35] Such apportionments are designed to distribute political power across neutral spatial allocations; however, "because so much is at stake, the census also runs the risk of being politicized."[36]

Such political tensions highlight the complexity of identity and classification; some argue that unclear results from the population data "is due to distortions brought about by political pressures."[37] One frequently used example includes ambiguous ethnic counts, which often involves underenumeration and/or undercounting of minority populations.[37] Ideas about race, ethnicity and identity have also evolved in the United States, and such changes warrant examination of how these shifts have impacted the accuracy of census data over time.[38]

The United States Census Bureau began pursuing technological innovations to improve the precision of its census data collection in the 1980s. Robert W. Marx, the Chief of the Geography Division of the USCB teamed up with the U.S. Geological Survey and oversaw the creation of the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) database system.[39] Census officials were able to evaluate the more sophisticated and detailed results that the TIGER system produced; furthermore, TIGER data is also available to the public. And while the TIGER system does not directly amass demographic data, as a geographic information system (GIS), it can be used to merge demographics to conduct more accurate geospatial and mapping analysis.[40]

In July 2019, the Census Bureau stopped releasing new data via American FactFinder, which was decommissioned in March 2020 after 20 years of being the agency's primary tool for data dissemination.[41] The new platform is data.census.gov.[42]

Ongoing surveys

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A social media video from the Census Bureau explaining how to use data.census.gov, an online platform that enables the public to search and use data from their Bureau's surveys.

Throughout the decade between censuses, the bureau conducts surveys to produce a general view and comprehensive study of the United States' social and economic conditions. Staff from the Current Surveys Program conduct over 130 ongoing and special surveys about people and their characteristics.[43] A network of professional field representatives gathers information from a sample of households, responding to questions about employment, consumer expenditures, health, housing, and other topics.

Surveys conducted between decades:

Other surveys conducted

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The Census Bureau also collects information on behalf of survey sponsors. These sponsors include the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), and the National Science Foundation (NSF), among others.

Organizational structure

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See also: Director of the United States Census Bureau
U.S. Census Bureau Regional Office boundaries

Since 1903, the official census-taking agency of the United States government has been the Bureau of the Census. The Census Bureau is headed by a director, assisted by a deputy director and an executive staff composed of the associate directors.

The Census Bureau headquarters has been in Suitland, Maryland, since 1942. A new headquarters complex completed there in 2007 supports over 4,000 employees.[54] > The bureau operates regional offices in 6 cities:[55] > New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, Atlanta, Denver, and Los Angeles. The National Processing Center is in Jeffersonville, Indiana. Additional temporary processing facilities facilitate the decennial census, which employs more than a million people. The cost of the 2000 census was $4.5 billion. During the years just prior to the decennial census, parallel census offices, known as "Regional Census Centers" are opened in the field office cities. The decennial operations are carried out from these facilities. The Regional Census Centers oversee the openings and closings of smaller "Area Census Offices" within their collection jurisdictions. In 2020, Regional Census Centers oversaw the operation of 248 Area Census Offices,[56] The estimated cost of the 2010 census is $14.7 billion.

On January 1, 2013, the Census Bureau consolidated its twelve regional offices into six. Increasing costs of data collection, changes in survey management tools such as laptops and the increasing use of multi-modal surveys (i.e. internet, telephone, and in-person) led the Bureau to consolidate.[57] The six regional offices that closed were Boston, Charlotte, Dallas, Detroit, Kansas City and Seattle. The remaining regional offices are New York City, Philadelphia, Chicago, Atlanta, Denver, and Los Angeles.[58]

The Census Bureau also runs the Census Information Center cooperative program that involves 58 "national, regional, and local non-profit organizations". The CIC program aims to represent the interests of underserved communities.[59]

Computer equipment

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Census Bureau employees tabulate data using one of the agency's UNIVAC computers, c. 1960.

The 1890 census was the first to use the electric tabulating machines invented by Herman Hollerith.[60][61] For 1890–1940 details, see Truesdell, Leon E. (1965). The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census, 1890–1940: With outlines of actual tabulation programs. U.S. GPO. In 1946, knowing of the bureau's funding of Hollerith and, later, Powers, John Mauchly approached the bureau about early funding for UNIVAC development.[62] A UNIVAC I computer was accepted by the bureau in 1951.[63]

Handheld computers

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Historically, the census information was gathered by census takers going door-to-door collecting information in a ledger. Beginning in 1970 information was gathered via mailed forms. To reduce paper usage, reduce payroll expense and acquire the most comprehensive list of addresses ever compiled, 500,000 handheld computers (HHCs) (specifically designed, single-purpose devices) were used for the first time in 2009 during the address canvassing portion of the 2010 Decennial Census Project. Projected savings were estimated to be over $1 billion.[64][65][66]

Security precautions

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Main article: Device fingerprint

The HHC was manufactured by Harris Corporation, an established Department of Defense contractor, via a controversial[67][68] contract with the Department of Commerce. Secured access via a fingerprint swipe guaranteed only the verified user could access the unit. A GPS capacity was integral to the daily address management and the transfer of gathered information. Of major importance was the security and integrity of the populace's private information.

Success and failure

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Enumerators (information gatherers) that had operational problems with the device understandably made negative reports. During the 2009 Senate confirmation hearings for Robert Groves, President Obama's Census Director appointee, there was much mention of problems but very little criticism of the units.[67] In rural areas, the sparsity of cell phone towers caused problems with data transmission to and from the HHC. Since the units were updated nightly with important changes and updates, operator implementation of proper procedure was imperative.

Research studies

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Census Bureau stays current by conducting research studies to improve the work that they do. Census researchers explore topics about survey innovations, participation, and data accuracy, such as undercount,[69] overcount,[70] the use of technologies,[71] multilingual research,[72] and ways to reduce costs. In addition, the Bureau pretests surveys and digital products before they are fielded and then evaluates them after they have been conducted.[73]

Notable figures

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau". U.S. Department of Commerce. March 11, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  2. ^ a b USCB DOC-D1026 QVC Manual 01/03/09
  3. ^ "Why We Conduct the Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. October 28, 2019. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  4. ^ "US Census Bureau StEPS II Case Study". BNL Consulting. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  5. ^ a b Farrell, Henry (May 15, 2017). "Analysis | The U.S. census is in trouble. This is why it's crucial to what the nation knows about itself". Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  6. ^ "List of All Surveys & Programs". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  7. ^ Bureau, US Census. "Our Censuses". Census.gov. Retrieved April 28, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ "Population Estimates". U.S. Bureau of the Census. May 31, 2006. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006.
  9. ^ "2010 Census Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). U.S. Census. May 10, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  10. ^ "History: 1790". U.S. Census Bureau. November 14, 2008. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
  11. ^ "History: 1840". US Census Bureau. November 14, 2008. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009.
  12. ^ "History: 1900 Overview". US Census Bureau. Archived February 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ^ a b History 1920. Archived March 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. US Census Bureau.
  14. ^ History 1954. Archived July 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. US Census Bureau.
  15. ^ United States Census Bureau, Geography Division. "Census Regions and Divisions of the United States" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
  16. ^ "The National Energy Modeling System: An Overview 2003" (Report #:DOE/EIA-0581, October 2009). United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration.
  17. ^ "The most widely used regional definitions follow those of the U.S. Bureau of the Census." Seymour Sudman and Norman M. Bradburn, Asking Questions: A Practical Guide to Questionnaire Design Archived May 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (1982). Jossey-Bass: p. 205.
  18. ^ "Perhaps the most widely used regional classification system is one developed by the U.S. Census Bureau." Dale M. Lewison, Retailing Archived May 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Prentice Hall (1997): p. 384. ISBN 978-0-13-461427-4
  19. ^ "(M)ost demographic and food consumption data are presented in this four-region format." Pamela Goyan Kittler, Kathryn P. Sucher, Food and Culture Archived December 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Cengage Learning (2008): p. 475. ISBN 978-0495115410
  20. ^ a b "Census Bureau Regions and Divisions with State FIPS Codes" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
  21. ^ "2020 Census National Redistricting Data Summary File" (PDF). US Census Bureau. February 2021. pp. 88–89. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  22. ^ Statistical Groupings of States and Counties Archived January 29, 2022, at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
  23. ^ a b Bureau, US Census. "What We Do". Census.gov. Retrieved April 28, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  24. ^ "About the Topic of Race". Census.gov.
  25. ^ "Census Bureau Projects U.S. and World Populations on New Year's Day". U.S. Department of Commerce. January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024.
  26. ^ "Population Clock". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  27. ^ Bureau, US Census. "Oath of Non-Disclosure". Census.gov. Retrieved May 5, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  28. ^ Census Employee Handbook (PDF), April 2009, archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2012
  29. ^ a b "72-Year Rule". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  30. ^ Okamura, Raymond Y. (Fall–Winter 1981), "The Myth of Census Confidentiality", Amerasia Journal, 8 (2), UCLA Asian American Studies Center Press: 111–120, doi:10.17953/amer.8.2.jk115283m54v4313, ISSN 0044-7471, archived from the original on July 1, 2012
  31. ^ David Kopel (May 4, 1990), Census Confidentiality? The Check's in the Mail, Cato Institute, archived from the original on August 5, 2020, retrieved February 9, 2020
  32. ^ JR Minkel (March 30, 2007), "Confirmed: The U.S. Census Bureau Gave Up Names of Japanese-Americans in WW II", Scientific American, archived from the original on August 29, 2013, retrieved March 20, 2010
  33. ^ Haya El Nasser (March 30, 2007), "Papers show Census role in WWII camps", USA Today, archived from the original on August 26, 2012, retrieved September 17, 2017
  34. ^ Nobles, Melissa (2000). Shades of Citizenship: Race and the Census in Modern Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. ix. ISBN 9780804740135.
  35. ^ Breiman, Leo (1994). "The 1991 Census Adjustment: Undercount or Bad Data?". Statist. Sci. 9 (4): 458–475. doi:10.1214/ss/1177010259.
  36. ^ Anderson, Margo; Fienberg, Stephen (1999). Who Counts?: The Politics of Census-Taking in Contemporary America. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-61044-005-9. JSTOR 10.7758/9781610440059.
  37. ^ a b Petersen, William (1987). "Politics and the Measurement of Ethnicity". In Alonso, William; Starr, Paul (eds.). The Politics of Numbers. Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 187–234. ISBN 978-1-61044-002-8.
  38. ^ Ahmad, Farah; Hagler, Jamal (February 6, 2015). "Government collection of race and ethnicity data". Center for American Progress. Archived from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2017.
  39. ^ "Memorials and Tributes: Robert W. Marx". American Association of Geographers Newsletter. Vol. 45, no. 3. p. 14. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
  40. ^ Ostenso, John (1991). "The Statistics Corner: More New Products from the Census Bureau". Business Economics. 26 (4): 62–64. JSTOR 23485837.
  41. ^ "American FactFinder Is Retiring March 31" (Press release). U.S. Census Bureau. March 17, 2020. Archived from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  42. ^ "Accessing Census Data in 2019: The Transition to data.census.gov". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  43. ^ "List of All Surveys". Census.gov. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
  44. ^ "NAMCS/NHAMCS – Ambulatory Health Care Data Homepage". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. August 20, 2018. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  45. ^ "NHDS – National Hospital Discharge Survey Homepage". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. January 10, 2018. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  46. ^ "NNHS – National Nursing Home Survey Homepage". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 12, 2018. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  47. ^ Directorate, US Census Bureau Economic. "US Census Bureau Business and Industry Main Page". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
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  49. ^ "Survey of Program Dynamics". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  50. ^ www.census.gov/programs-surveys/fhwar.html Archived September 14, 2018, at the Wayback Machine (2016, 2011, 2006, 2001, 1996, 1991)
  51. ^ "Residential Finance Survey (RFS)". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 30, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  52. ^ here, US Census Bureau Creating office name. "US Census Bureau Site Name main page". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 27, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  53. ^ "Annual Wholesale Trade Survey (AWTS)". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  54. ^ "New Headquarters". October 22, 2019. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  55. ^ "Regional Offices". Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
  56. ^ United States Census Bureau (December 31, 2018). "2020 Census Operational Plan v4.0" (PDF). Census.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
  57. ^ "A Restructuring of Census Bureau Regional Offices". U.S. Bureau of the Census. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
  58. ^ "Census Bureau Regional Office Boundaries" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of the Census. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
  59. ^ "Census Information Centers". U.S. Bureau of the Census. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
  60. ^ "Herman Hollerith". Archived from the original on July 13, 2009.
  61. ^ History 1890 Archived May 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine US Census Bureau.
  62. ^ Stern, Nancy (1981). From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly Computers. Digital Press. ISBN 978-0-932376-14-5.
  63. ^ Bashe, Charles J.; et al. (1986). IBM's Early Computers. MIT. ISBN 978-0-262-02225-5.
  64. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Field Data Collection Automation (FDCA) Program". Harris. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009.
  65. ^ Weinberg, Daniel (July 28, 2011). "Management challenges of the 2010 U.S. Census" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  66. ^ House Committee on Oversight and Reform, Subcommittee on Information Policy, Census and National Archives, "Chairman Clay Pleased With Census Address Canvassing Progress". June 8, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  67. ^ a b Wade-Hahn Chan (March 28, 2008). "Have feds cheapened contract bonuses?". FCW. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  68. ^ "Census getting back on course, lawmakers told – Oversight". GovExec.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  69. ^ O'Hare, William. "Investigating the 2010 Undercount of Young Children – Summary of Recent Research". 2020 Census Final Analysis Reports. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  70. ^ Sha, Mandy. "Success of Applying Census Residence Rule to Resolve Duplication". Census Working Papers. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  71. ^ Nichols, Elizabeth. "Use of Mobile Phone Location Data in Official Statistics". Census Working Papers. Retrieved September 28, 2023.
  72. ^ Sha, Mandy. "Multilingual Research for Interviewer Doorstep Messages Final Report". Census Working Papers. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  73. ^ "Why does research matters at the Census Bureau?". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
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72-year rule
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