United States Department of the Treasury

United States Department of the Treasury

Seal of the Department
Flag of the Department
Treasury Building
Agency overview
Formed	September 2, 1789; 235 years ago (1789-09-02)
Preceding agency	Board of Treasury
Type	Executive department
Jurisdiction	U.S. federal government
Headquarters	Treasury Building 1500 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, D.C., U.S 38°53′51.2″N 77°2′3.4″W / 38.897556°N 77.034278°W / 38.897556; -77.034278
Employees	87,336 (2019)
Annual budget	$20.2 billion (2024)[1]
Agency executives	Janet Yellen, Secretary Wally Adeyemo, Deputy Secretary Marilynn Malerba, Treasurer
Child agencies	Internal Revenue Service United States Mint Bureau of Engraving and Printing Several others
Website	treasury.gov

The Department of the Treasury (USDT)^[2] is the national treasury and finance department of the federal government of the United States, where it serves as an executive department.^[3] The department oversees the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the U.S. Mint. These two agencies are responsible for printing all paper currency and minting coins, while the treasury executes currency circulation in the domestic fiscal system. It collects all federal taxes through the Internal Revenue Service; manages U.S. government debt instruments; licenses and supervises banks and thrift institutions; and advises the legislative and executive branches on matters of fiscal policy. The department is administered by the secretary of the treasury, who is a member of the Cabinet. The treasurer of the United States has limited statutory duties, but advises the Secretary on various matters such as coinage and currency production.^[4] Signatures of both officials appear on all Federal Reserve notes.^[5]

The department was established by an Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue.^[6] The first secretary of the treasury was Alexander Hamilton, who was sworn into office on September 11, 1789.^[7] Hamilton was appointed by President George Washington on the recommendation of Robert Morris, Washington's first choice for the position, who had declined the appointment.^[8] Hamilton established the nation's early financial system and for several years was a major presence in Washington's administration.^[9] The department is customarily referred to as "Treasury", solely, without any preceding article – a transitional remnant from British to American English. Hamilton's portrait appears on the obverse of the ten-dollar bill, while the Treasury Building in Washington, D.C. is depicted on the reverse.^[10]

The history of the Department of the Treasury began in the turmoil of the American Revolution, when the Continental Congress at Philadelphia deliberated the crucial issue of financing a war of independence against Great Britain. The Congress had no power to levy and collect taxes, nor was there a tangible basis for securing funds from foreign investors or governments. The delegates resolved to issue paper money in the form of bills of credit, promising redemption in coin on faith in the revolutionary cause. On June 22, 1775, only a few days after the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Continental Congress issued $2 million in bills; on July 25, 28 citizens of Philadelphia were employed by Congress to sign and number the currency.

On July 29, 1775, the Second Continental Congress assigned the responsibility for the administration of the revolutionary government's finances to joint Continental treasurers George Clymer and Michael Hillegas. Congress stipulated that each of the colonies contribute to the Continental government's funds. To ensure proper and efficient handling of the growing national debt in the face of weak economic and political ties between the colonies, the Congress, on February 17, 1776, designated a committee of five to superintend the treasury, settle accounts, and report periodically to the Congress. On April 1, a Treasury Office of Accounts, consisting of an auditor general and clerks, was established to facilitate the settlement of claims and to keep the public accounts for the government of the United Colonies. With the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, the newborn republic as a sovereign nation was able to secure loans from abroad.^[11]

Despite the infusion of foreign and domestic loans, the united colonies were unable to establish a well-organized agency for financial administration. Michael Hillegas was first called Treasurer of the United States on May 14, 1777. The Treasury Office was reorganized three times between 1778 and 1781. The $241.5 million in paper Continental bills devalued rapidly. By May 1781, the dollar collapsed at a rate of from 500 to 1000 to 1 against hard currency. Protests against the worthless money swept the colonies, giving rise to the expression "not worth a Continental". The office has, since the late 18th century, been customarily referred to as the singular "Treasury", without any preceding article, as a remnant of the country's transition from British to American English.^[12][13] For example, the department notes its guiding purpose as "Treasury's mission" instead of "the Treasury's mission."^[14]

Robert Morris was designated Superintendent of Finance in 1781 and restored stability to the nation's finances. Morris, a wealthy colonial merchant, was nicknamed "the financier" because of his reputation for procuring funds or goods on a moment's notice. His staff included a comptroller, a treasurer, a register, and auditors, who managed the country's finances through 1784, when Morris resigned because of ill health. The treasury board, consisting of three commissioners, continued to oversee the finances of the confederation of former colonies until September 1789.

The First United States Congress convened in New York City on March 4, 1789, marking the beginning of government under the U.S. Constitution. On September 2, 1789, Congress created a permanent institution for the management of government finances:

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be a Department of Treasury, in which shall be the following officers, namely: a Secretary of the Treasury, to be deemed head of the department; a Comptroller, an Auditor, a Treasurer, a Register, and an Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, which assistant shall be appointed by the said Secretary.^[6][15]

Alexander Hamilton took the oath of office as the first secretary of the treasury on September 11, 1789. Hamilton had served as George Washington's aide-de-camp during the American Revolutionary War and was influential in the ratification of the Constitution. Hamilton's financial and managerial acumen made him a logical choice for addressing the problem of the new nation's heavy war debt. His first official act as secretary was to submit a report to Congress in which he laid the foundation for the nation's financial health.

To the surprise of many legislators, he insisted upon federal assumption and dollar-for-dollar repayment of the country's $75 million debt in order to revitalize the public credit: "[T]he debt of the United States was the price of liberty. The faith of America has been repeatedly pledged for it, and with solemnities that give peculiar force to the obligation."^[16] Hamilton foresaw the development of industry and trade in the United States, suggesting that government revenues be based upon customs duties.^[16] His sound financial policies also inspired investment in the Bank of the United States, which acted as the government's fiscal agent.^{[citation needed]}

The Department of Treasury believes their seal was created by Francis Hopkinson, the treasurer of loans. He submitted bills to Congress in 1780 that authorized the design of department seals, including a seal for the Board of Treasury. While it is not certain that Hopkinson designed the seal, it closely resembles others he created.^[17]

In 1861, Sophia Holmes became the first Black woman to be employed by the Treasury Department and by the Federal government of the United States when Senator Henry Wilson, James G. Blaine and others advocated for her hiring as a janitor under Secretary of the Treasury Francis Spinner. She was paid fifteen dollars per month. In 1862, she prevented a major theft from the department of more than $200,000 when she came across a box filled with U.S. currency, including a number of thousand-dollar bills, and reported it to Secretary Spinner. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln subsequently honored her with a commendation for her actions, and the federal government rewarded her with an appointment for life as a messenger with its Department of Issues.^{[18][19][20][21]}

The U.S. Congress transferred several agencies that had previously been under the aegis of the Treasury Department to other departments as a consequence of the September 11 attacks. Effective January 24, 2003, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF), which had been a bureau of the department since 1972, was extensively reorganized under the provisions of the Homeland Security Act of 2002. The law enforcement functions of ATF, including the regulation of legitimate traffic in firearms and explosives, were transferred to the Department of Justice as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (BATFE).^[22] The regulatory and tax collection functions of ATF related to legitimate traffic in alcohol and tobacco remained with the treasury at its new Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB).^[23]

Effective March 1, 2003, the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, the United States Customs Service, and the United States Secret Service were transferred to the newly created Department of Homeland Security ("DHS").^[24]

In 2020, the Treasury suffered a data breach following a cyberattack likely conducted by a nation state adversary, possibly Russia.^[25][26] This was in fact the first detected case of the much wider 2020 United States federal government data breach, which involved at least eight federal departments.^[27]

The basic functions of the Department of the Treasury include:^[28]

• Producing all currency and coinage of the U.S.;
• Collecting taxes, duties and money paid to and due to the U.S.;
• Paying all bills of the U.S.;
• Managing the federal finances;
• Managing government accounts (including the Treasury General Account) and the United States public debt;
• Supervising national banks and thrift institutions;
• Advising on domestic and international financial, monetary, economic, trade and tax policy (fiscal policy being the sum of these);
• Enforcing federal finance and tax laws;
• Investigating and prosecuting tax evaders;
• Publishing statistical reports.

With respect to the estimation of revenues for the executive branch, Treasury serves a purpose parallel to that of the Office of Management and Budget for the estimation of spending for the executive branch, the Joint Committee on Taxation for the estimation of revenues for Congress, and the Congressional Budget Office for the estimation of spending for Congress.

From 1830 until 1901, responsibility for overseeing weights and measures was carried out by the Office of Standard Weights and Measures under the auspices of the Treasury Department.^[29] After 1901, that responsibility was assigned to the agency that subsequently became known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

The Department of the Treasury is organized into two major components: the departmental offices and the operating bureaus. The departmental offices are primarily responsible for the formulation of policy and management of the department as a whole, while the operating bureaus carry out the specific operations assigned to the department.

• Secretary of the Treasury^[30]
  • Deputy Secretary of the Treasury
    • Treasurer of the United States
      • Bureau of Engraving and Printing
        • Bureau of Engraving and Printing Police
      • United States Mint
        • United States Mint Police
    • Under Secretary for Domestic Finance^[31]
      • Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions
        • Office of Financial Institutions
      • Assistant Secretary for Financial Markets
        • Office of Financial Markets
      • Fiscal Assistant Secretary
        • Office of Fiscal Service
        • Bureau of the Fiscal Service
    • Under Secretary for International Affairs^[32]
      • Assistant Secretary for International Markets and Development
      • Assistant Secretary for International Finance
      • Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Investment Security^[33]
      • Office of Environment and Energy^[34]
    • Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence)^[35]
      • Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing
        • Office of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes
      • Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and Analysis
        • Office of Intelligence and Analysis
      • Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
      • Office of Foreign Assets Control
      • Treasury Executive Office for Asset Forfeiture
    • Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Management / Chief Financial Officer / Performance Improvement Officer
      • Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
      • Office of Privacy, Transparency, and Records
      • Chief Information Officer
    • Assistant Secretary for Economic Policy
    • Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs
    • Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs
    • Assistant Secretary for Tax Policy
    • Climate Counselor^[36]
    • Commissioner of Internal Revenue
      • Internal Revenue Service
    • Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
    • Office of Financial Research
    • Office of the General Counsel
    • Office of the Inspector General
    • Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA)
    • Chief Recovery Officer

The Treasury Department has authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2024 of $16.5 billion. The budget authorization is broken down as follows:^[37]

In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of the fifteen federal agencies that receive the most Freedom of Information Act FOIA requests, published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available), the treasury failed to earn a satisfactory overall grade.^[38]

• Federal Reserve System
• MicroLoan Program
• Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations
• Title 17 of the Code of Federal Regulations
• Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations
• Title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations
• Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework
• Treasury Information System Architecture Framework
• United States Coast Guard History and Heritage Sites

Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of the Treasury.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Treasury".

• Official website
• Department of the Treasury on USAspending.gov
• Department of the Treasury in the Federal Register
• Map of Major Foreign Holders Of Treasury Securities 2009
• Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of Finances – These annual reports also contain the reports of the many departments of the Treasury, including the Bureau of the Mint, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Bureau of Customs, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Secret Service, and the Internal Revenue Service.
• United States Department of the Treasury at the Wayback Machine (archived December 26, 1996)
• Act to establish the Treasury Department. 1st Congress, 1st Session, Ch. 12, 1 Stat. 65