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United States congressional delegations from Colorado
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Since Colorado became a U.S. state in 1876,[1] it has sent congressional delegations to the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives, beginning with the 44th United States Congress. Prior to statehood, the Colorado Territory sent non-voting delegates to the House of Representatives from 1861 to 1876.[2] Each state elects two senators to serve for six years, and members of the House to two-year terms. Each state elects two senators to serve for six years in general elections, with their re-election staggered. Prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were elected by the Colorado General Assembly.[3] Each state elects a varying number of, but at least one,[4] member of the House, depending on population, to two-year terms.[5] Colorado has sent eight members to the House in each congressional delegation since the 2020 United States Census.[6]
A total of 80 people have served Colorado in the House and 37 have served Colorado in the Senate. The first of seven women to serve Colorado in Congress was Pat Schroeder, who served in the House from 1973 to 1996.[7] The first and only African-American to have served Colorado in Congress is Joe Neguse.[8]
The current dean, or longest-serving member, of the Colorado delegation is Representative Diana DeGette of the 1st district, who has served in the House since 1997.[9] She is the second-longest serving member of Congress in Colorado history, only behind Edward T. Taylor, who served in the House from 1909 to 1941.[10][11] Henry M. Teller, who served more than 30 years in the Senate,[12] is the longest-serving senator in Colorado history.[13]
Current delegation
[edit]Colorado's current congressional delegation to the 118th Congress consists of two senators, both of whom are Democrats,[14] and eight representatives comprising five Democrats and three Republicans.[15]
The state of Colorado gained an eighth congressional seat beginning in 2023.[16] The current dean of the Colorado delegation is Representative Diana DeGette of the 1st district, who has served in the House since 1997.[9]
The Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI) is a measure of how strongly partisan a state is.[17] It measures the party leaning (Democratic or Republican) and the number of percentage points more partisan than the national average. For instance, R+4 would mean the state voted four percentage points more Republican than the national average.[18] As of 2022, the CPVI ranked Colorado's 1st, 2nd, 6th, and 7th districts as leaning Democratic, and the 3rd, 4th, and 5th districts as leaning Republican. The 8th district is ranked as even.[19] As a state, Colorado is ranked as leaning Democratic, with a score of D+4.[20]
Colorado
|
Class II senator | Class III senator | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpeg) John Hickenlooper Junior senator (Denver) |
.jpg) Michael Bennet Senior senator (Denver) | |||
| Party | Democratic | Democratic | ||
| Incumbent since | January 3, 2021 | January 21, 2009 |
| District | Member (Hometown)[21] |
Party | Incumbent since | CPVI (2022)[22] |
District map |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | .jpg) Diana DeGette (Denver) |
Democratic | January 3, 1997[23] | D+29 | _(new_version).svg) |
| 2nd |  Joe Neguse (Lafayette) |
Democratic | January 3, 2019[24] | D+17 | _(new_version).svg) |
| 3rd |  Lauren Boebert (Silt) |
Republican | January 3, 2021[25] | R+7 | _(new_version).svg) |
| 4th |  Greg Lopez (Elizabeth) |
Republican | June 25, 2024[26] | R+13 | _(new_version).svg) |
| 5th |  Doug Lamborn (Colorado Springs) |
Republican | January 3, 2007[27] | R+9 | _(new_version).svg) |
| 6th |  Jason Crow (Aurora) |
Democratic | January 3, 2019[28] | D+9 | _(new_version).svg) |
| 7th |  Brittany Pettersen (Lakewood) |
Democratic | January 3, 2023[29] | D+4 | _(new_version).svg) |
| 8th |  Yadira Caraveo (Thornton) |
Democratic | January 3, 2023[30] | EVEN | _(new_version).svg) |
United States Senate
[edit]Two senators from Colorado, Henry M. Teller and Ken Salazar, have also served as the United States Secretary of the Interior, under the Arthur administration and Obama administration respectively.[31][32] Salazar is currently serving as the United States ambassador to Mexico under the Biden administration.[33] Many senators from Colorado, including John F. Shafroth and Edwin C. Johnson, also served as the governor of Colorado.[34][35] Some have also been at the forefront of national politics during their careers, including Eugene Millikin, who served as the chairman of the Senate Republican Conference,[36] and Gary Hart, who finished second in the 1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries and was considered a frontrunner in the 1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[37]
Senators are elected every six years depending on their class, with each senator serving a six-year term, and elections for senators occurring every two years, rotating through each class such that each election, around one-third of the seats in the Senate are up for election.[38] Colorado's senators are elected in classes II and III.[39] Currently, Colorado is represented in the Senate by Michael Bennet and John Hickenlooper.[40]
Democratic (D) Republican (R) Silver Republican (SvR)
| Class II senator | Congress | Class III senator | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Henry M. Teller (R)[a] | 44th (1875–1877) | Jerome B. Chaffee (R) | ||
| 45th (1877–1879) | ||||
| 46th (1879–1881) | Nathaniel P. Hill (R) | |||
| 47th (1881–1883) | ||||
| George M. Chilcott (R)[b] | ||||
| Horace Tabor (R) | ||||
| Thomas M. Bowen (R) | 48th (1883–1885) | |||
| 49th (1885–1887) | Henry M. Teller (R) | |||
| 50th (1887–1889) | ||||
| Edward O. Wolcott (R) | 51st (1889–1891) | |||
| 52nd (1891–1893) | ||||
| 53rd (1893–1895) | ||||
| 54th (1895–1897) | ||||
| 55th (1897–1899) | Henry M. Teller (SvR)[c] | |||
| 56th (1899–1901) | ||||
| Thomas M. Patterson (D) | 57th (1901–1903) | |||
| 58th (1903–1905) | Henry M. Teller (D)[d] | |||
| 59th (1905–1907) | ||||
| Simon Guggenheim (R) | 60th (1907–1909) | |||
| 61st (1909–1911) | Charles J. Hughes Jr. (D)[e] | |||
| 62nd (1911–1913) | Charles S. Thomas (D) | |||
| John F. Shafroth (D) | 63rd (1913–1915) | |||
| 64th (1915–1917) | ||||
| 65th (1917–1919) | ||||
| Lawrence C. Phipps (R) | 66th (1919–1921) | |||
| 67th (1921–1923) | Samuel D. Nicholson (R)[f] | |||
| 68th (1923–1925) | ||||
| Alva B. Adams (D)[g] | ||||
| Rice W. Means (R) | ||||
| 69th (1925–1927) | ||||
| 70th (1927–1929) | Charles W. Waterman (R)[h] | |||
| 71st (1929–1931) | ||||
| Edward P. Costigan (D) | 72nd (1931–1933) | |||
| Walter Walker (D)[i] | ||||
| Karl C. Schuyler (R) | ||||
| 73rd (1933–1935) | Alva B. Adams (D)[j] | |||
| 74th (1935–1937) | ||||
| Edwin C. Johnson (D) | 75th (1937–1939) | |||
| 76th (1939–1941) | ||||
| 77th (1941–1943) | ||||
| Eugene Millikin (R) | ||||
| 78th (1943–1945) | ||||
| 79th (1945–1947) | ||||
| 80th (1947–1949) | ||||
| 81st (1949–1951) | ||||
| 82nd (1951–1953) | ||||
| 83rd (1953–1955) | ||||
| Gordon Allott (R) | 84th (1955–1957) | |||
| 85th (1957–1959) | John A. Carroll (D) | |||
| 86th (1959–1961) | ||||
| 87th (1961–1963) | ||||
| 88th (1963–1965) | Peter H. Dominick (R) | |||
| 89th (1965–1967) | ||||
| 90th (1967–1969) | ||||
| 91st (1969–1971) | ||||
| 92nd (1971–1973) | ||||
| Floyd Haskell (D) | 93rd (1973–1975) | |||
| 94th (1975–1977) | Gary Hart (D) | |||
| 95th (1977–1979) | ||||
| William L. Armstrong (R) | 96th (1979–1981) | |||
| 97th (1981–1983) | ||||
| 98th (1983–1985) | ||||
| 99th (1985–1987) | ||||
| 100th (1987–1989) | Tim Wirth (D) | |||
| 101st (1989–1991) | ||||
| Hank Brown (R) | 102nd (1991–1993) | |||
| 103rd (1993–1995) | Ben Nighthorse Campbell (D) | |||
| 104th (1995–1997) | Ben Nighthorse Campbell (R)[k] | |||
| Wayne Allard (R) | 105th (1997–1999) | |||
| 106th (1999–2001) | ||||
| 107th (2001–2003) | ||||
| 108th (2003–2005) | ||||
| 109th (2005–2007) | Ken Salazar (D)[l] | |||
| 110th (2007–2009) | ||||
| Mark Udall (D) | 111th (2009–2011) | |||
| Michael Bennet (D) | ||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | ||||
| 113th (2013–2015) | ||||
| Cory Gardner (R) | 114th (2015–2017) | |||
| 115th (2017–2019) | ||||
| 116th (2019–2021) | ||||
| John Hickenlooper (D) | 117th (2021–2023) | |||
| 118th (2023–2025) | ||||
United States House of Representatives
[edit]Many representatives from Colorado have played important roles in the House of Representatives, including by chairing congressional committees. For instance, Wayne N. Aspinall chaired the United States House Committee on Natural Resources from 1959 to 1973,[57] and Edward T. Taylor chaired the United States House Committee on Appropriations for more than three terms.[11] Taylor was also influential in the passing of the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934, which is named after him.[58] Others took on important roles later in their careers, such as John F. Shafroth, who later became the governor of Colorado and a senator from Colorado known for his influence over the passing of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.[34] Seven women have served Colorado in the House, the first being Pat Schroeder,[7] and the first and only African-American to have served Colorado in the House is Joe Neguse.[8]
Each district uses a popular vote to elect a member of Colorado's delegation in the House of Representatives.[4] Districts are redrawn every ten years, after data from the US Census is collected.[59] From 1861 to 1876, Colorado sent a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives; when it became a state in 1876, it had one seat in the House. Since then, its representation in the House has grown along with its population. Since 2023, Colorado has had eight congressional districts drawn according to the results of the 2020 United States Census.[2][16]
.jpg)
1861–1876: 1 non-voting delegate
[edit]Starting on August 19, 1861, the Territory of Colorado sent a non-voting delegate to the House.[2]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | Delegate from Territory's at-large district |
|---|---|
| 37th (1861–1863) | Hiram Pitt Bennet (Cons. R) |
| 38th (1863–1865) | |
| 39th (1865–1867) | Allen Alexander Bradford (R) |
| 40th (1867–1869) | George M. Chilcott (R) |
| 41st (1869–1871) | Allen Alexander Bradford (R) |
| 42nd (1871–1873) | Jerome B. Chaffee (R) |
| 43rd (1873–1875) | |
| 44th (1875–1877) | Thomas M. Patterson (D) |
1876–1893: 1 seat
[edit]Following statehood on August 1, 1876, the state of Colorado was apportioned one seat in the House.[2]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | At-large district |
|---|---|
| 44th (1875–1877) | James B. Belford (R) |
| 45th (1877–1879) | |
| Thomas M. Patterson (D) | |
| 46th (1879–1881) | James B. Belford (R) |
| 47th (1881–1883) | |
| 48th (1883–1885) | |
| 49th (1885–1887) | George G. Symes (R) |
| 50th (1887–1889) | |
| 51st (1889–1891) | Hosea Townsend (R) |
| 52nd (1891–1893) |
1893–1903: 2 seats
[edit]Following the 1890 census, Colorado was apportioned two seats.[2]
Populist (Pop) Silver Party (Sv) Republican (R)
| Congress | District | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st district | 2nd district | |
| 53rd (1893–1895) | Lafe Pence (Pop) | John Calhoun Bell (Pop) |
| 54th (1895–1897) | John F. Shafroth (R) | |
| 55th (1897–1899) | John F. Shafroth (Sv) | |
| 56th (1899–1901) | ||
| 57th (1901–1903) | ||
1903–1913: 3 seats
[edit]Following the 1900 census, Colorado was apportioned three seats.[2]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | District | At-large | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st district | 2nd district | ||
| 58th (1903–1905) | John F. Shafroth (D)[m] | Herschel M. Hogg (R) | Franklin E. Brooks (R) |
| Robert W. Bonynge (R) | |||
| 59th (1905–1907) | |||
| 60th (1907–1909) | Warren A. Haggott (R) | George W. Cook (R) | |
| 61st (1909–1911) | Atterson W. Rucker (D) | John Andrew Martin (D) | Edward T. Taylor (D) |
| 62nd (1911–1913) | |||
1913–1973: 4 seats
[edit]Following the 1910 census, Colorado was apportioned four seats.[6]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
1973–1983: 5 seats
[edit]Following the 1970 census, Colorado was apportioned five seats.[6]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | District | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st district | 2nd district | 3rd district | 4th district | 5th district | |
| 93rd (1973–1975) | Pat Schroeder (D) | Donald G. Brotzman (R) | Frank Evans (D) | James Johnson (R) | William L. Armstrong (R) |
| 94th (1975–1977) | Tim Wirth (D) | ||||
| 95th (1977–1979) | |||||
| 96th (1979–1981) | Ray Kogovsek (D) | Ken Kramer (R) | |||
| 97th (1981–1983) | Hank Brown (R) | ||||
1983–2003: 6 seats
[edit]Following the 1980 census, Colorado was apportioned six seats.[6]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | District | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | |
| 98th (1983–1985) | Pat Schroeder (D) | Tim Wirth (D) | Ray Kogovsek (D) | Hank Brown (R) | Ken Kramer (R) | Daniel Schaefer (R) |
| 99th (1985–1987) | Mike Strang (R) | |||||
| 100th (1987–1989) | David Skaggs (D) | Ben Nighthorse Campbell (D) |
Joel Hefley (R) | |||
| 101st (1989–1991) | ||||||
| 102nd (1991–1993) | Wayne Allard (R) | |||||
| 103rd (1993–1995) | Scott McInnis (R) | |||||
| 104th (1995–1997) | ||||||
| 105th (1997–1999) | Diana DeGette (D) | Bob Schaffer (R) | ||||
| 106th (1999–2001) | Mark Udall (D) | Tom Tancredo (R) | ||||
| 107th (2001–2003) | ||||||
2003–2023: 7 seats
[edit]Following the 2000 census, Colorado was apportioned seven seats.[6]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | District | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | |
| 108th (2003–2005) | Diana DeGette (D) |
Mark Udall (D) | Scott McInnis (R) | Marilyn Musgrave (R) |
Joel Hefley (R) | Tom Tancredo (R) |
Bob Beauprez (R) |
| 109th (2005–2007) | John Salazar (D) | ||||||
| 110th (2007–2009) | Doug Lamborn (R) |
Ed Perlmutter (D) | |||||
| 111th (2009–2011) | Jared Polis (D) | Betsy Markey (D) | Mike Coffman (R) | ||||
| 112th (2011–2013) | Scott Tipton (R) | Cory Gardner (R) | |||||
| 113th (2013–2015) | |||||||
| 114th (2015–2017) | Ken Buck (R) | ||||||
| 115th (2017–2019) | |||||||
| 116th (2019–2021) | Joe Neguse (D) | Jason Crow (D) | |||||
| 117th (2021–2023) | Lauren Boebert (R) | ||||||
2023–present: 8 seats
[edit]Since the 2020 census, Colorado has been apportioned eight seats.[6]
Democratic (D) Republican (R)
| Congress | District | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | |
| 118th (2023–2025) | Diana DeGette (D) | Joe Neguse (D) | Lauren Boebert (R)[r] | Ken Buck (R)[s] | Doug Lamborn (R) | Jason Crow (D) | Brittany Pettersen (D) | Yadira Caraveo (D) |
| Greg Lopez (R) | ||||||||
| 119th (2025–2027) | Jeff Hurd (R) | Lauren Boebert (R)[r] | Jeff Crank (R) | Gabe Evans (R) | ||||
See also
[edit]
- List of United States congressional districts
- Colorado's congressional districts
- Political party strength in Colorado
Notes
[edit]- ^ Senator Teller resigned in 1882 to become the Secretary of the Interior in the Chester A. Arthur administration. He later returned to the Senate in 1885.[42][31]
- ^ Senator Chilcott was appointed to serve in the open seat created by Teller's resignation.[43] He served until Horace Tabor was elected in the 1883 United States Senate special election in Colorado to complete the rest of the term.[44]
- ^ Senator Teller became a member of the Silver Republican Party in protest to the silver policies of the Republican Party.[45]
- ^ Having already switched to the Silver Republican Party, Senator Teller decided to seek reelection as a member of the Democratic Party, instead of the Republican Party, as silver became less of an issue in politics.[46]
- ^ Senator Hughes died in office.[47]
- ^ Senator Nicholson died in office.[48]
- ^ Senator Adams was first appointed to the role of Senator on May 17, 1923, to serve in Nicholson's seat[49] until Rice W. Means was elected in a special election.[50] He later returned to the Senate in 1933.[49]
- ^ Senator Waterman died in office.[51]
- ^ Senator Walker was appointed by Governor William Herbert Adams on September 27, 1932, to serve in Waterman's seat[52] until Karl C. Schuyler was elected in a special election.[53]
- ^ Senator Adams died in office.[54]
- ^ Senator Campbell switched from the Democratic party to the Republican party in 1995.[55]
- ^ Senator Salazar resigned in 2009 to become the Secretary of the Interior under the Obama administration.[56]
- ^ Representative Shafroth resigned, believing that he had won the 1904 United States House of Representatives election in Colorado because of election fraud, giving up his seat for his opponent, Robert W. Bonynge.[62]
- ^ Representative Taylor died in office.[11]
- ^ Representative Vaile died in office.[63]
- ^ Representative Lewis died in office.[64]
- ^ Representative Martin died in office.[65]
- ^ a b Representative Lauren Boebert decided to move to the 4th District after the resignation of Ken Buck.
- ^ Representative Ken Buck resigned on March 22, 2024, before the end of his term.[66]
References
[edit]- ^ "Today in History – August 1". Library of Congress. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Biographical directory of the United States Congress, 1774–2005: the Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788, and the Congress of the United States, from the First through the One Hundred Eighth Congresses, March 4, 1789, to January 3, 2005, inclusive (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 2005. p. 54. ISBN 0-16-073176-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on April 8, 2024. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ a b Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution of United States (1787)
- ^ "Congressional elections and midterm elections". USA.gov. Archived from the original on April 6, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f "Historical Apportionment Data (1910–2020)". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. April 26, 2021. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved June 29, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Colorado". Center for American Women and Politics. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Archived from the original on June 18, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ a b Bounds, Amy (November 7, 2018). "Joe Neguse wins 2nd Congressional District seat, becomes Colorado's 1st black congressman". The Denver Post. MediaNews Group. Boulder Daily Camera. Archived from the original on January 22, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ a b Maltarich, Stephanie (October 17, 2022). "Colorado CD1: Rep. Diana DeGette, Jennifer Qualteri". Colorado Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Sondermann, Eric (January 3, 2021). "Sondermann | Come home, Diana. Pass the torch". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
- ^ a b c d "E. T. Taylor Dies; Congressman, 83". The New York Times. United Press International. September 4, 1941. p. 20. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Ex-Senator Teller, Free Silverite, Dies". The New York Times. February 24, 1914. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Luning, Ernest (December 18, 2022). "With Bennet's election to a 3rd full term, Colorado senator takes aim at longevity record | Trail Mix". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on February 5, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ "States in the Senate | Colorado". United States Senate. Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ "Directory of Representatives". United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on July 24, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
- ^ a b Wingerter, Justin (April 26, 2021). "Colorado to gain its first new congressional district in 20 years, but where yet to be determined". The Denver Post. MediaNews Group. Archived from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ Paul, Megan; Zhang, Ruya; Liu, Bian; Saadai, Payam; Coakley, Brian A. (January 2022). "State-level political partisanship strongly correlates with health outcomes for US children". European Journal of Pediatrics. 181 (1): 273–280. doi:10.1007/s00431-021-04203-y. PMID 34272984. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved April 13, 2024.
- ^ "The Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)". Cook Political Report. Retrieved August 13, 2024.
- ^ a b "Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI) State List". The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter. 2022. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
- ^ "2022 Cook PVI℠: State Map and List". Cook Political Report. July 12, 2022. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ "Member Profiles". Office of the Clerk. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on May 30, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
- ^ "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter. July 12, 2022. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
- ^ "DeGette, Diana". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ "Neguse, Joseph". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ "Boebert, Lauren". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ "Lopez, Greg". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ "Lamborn, Doug". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ "Crow, Jason". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ "Pettersen, Brittany". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ "Caraveo, Yadira". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on August 8, 2024. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Henry M. Teller (1882–1885)". Miller Center. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ Borger, Gloria; Sterling, Joe (January 16, 2013). "Interior's Ken Salazar stepping down". CNN. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "New US ambassador arrives in Mexico's capital". AP News. The Associated Press. September 12, 2021. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ a b "John Franklin Shafroth". National Governors Association. January 13, 2015. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Edwin Carl Johnson". National Governors Association. January 13, 2015. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Republican Conference Chairpersons". United States Senate. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ a b Matthews, Dylan (September 28, 2014). "Before 1987, politicians' affairs weren't a big deal. After, they almost ended a presidency". Vox. Vox Media. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: About the Senate and the Constitution". United States Senate. Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ a b "U.S. Senate: States in the Senate | Colorado Senators". United States Senate. Archived from the original on April 11, 2024. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
- ^ "Meet Colorado's Congressional delegation". The Colorado Sun. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "U.S. Ambassador to Mexico – Ken Salazar". U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Mexico. January 26, 2022. Archived from the original on July 27, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Teller, Henry Moore". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Chilcott, George Miles". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Tabor, Horace Austin Warner". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ Noel, Tom (August 4, 2016). "In 1896, a precursor to this year's GOP disunity". The Denver Post. MediaNews Group. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
- ^ "Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890)". United States Senate. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2024.
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