Valkov (Bulgarian: Вълков, Russian: Вальков) is a Slavic masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Valkova or Válková. Notable people with the surname include:
- Aleksandr Valkov (born 1986), Russian football player
- Diyan Valkov (born 1993), Bulgarian football player
- Helena Válková (born 1951), Czech politician
- Jitka Válková, Czech beauty pageant contestant
- Katerina Valková (born 1996), Czech volleyball player
- Konstantin Valkov (born 1971), Russian cosmonaut
- Stanimir Dimov-Valkov (born 1978), Bulgarian football player
- Vasily Valkov (1904–1972), Soviet ambassador
- Zuzana Valkova (born 1989), Czech group rhythmic gymnast
- Egor Valkov (born 1996), Kickboxer