Vardar

Vardar Вардар
Vardar in Skopje
Native name	Вардар (Macedonian) Vardari (Albanian) Αξιός (Greek)
Location
Countries	North Macedonia and Greece
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Vrutok, near Gostivar
Mouth
• location	Aegean Sea, near Thessaloniki
• coordinates	40°30′27″N 22°43′3″E / 40.50750°N 22.71750°E / 40.50750; 22.71750
Length	388 km (241 mi)

The Vardar (/ˈvɑːrdɑːr/; Macedonian: Вардар^ⓘ, Albanian: Vardar/-i, Turkish: Vardar) or Axios (Greek: Αξιός, romanized: Aksiós, Albanian: Asi (historically)^[1]) is the longest river in North Macedonia and a major river in Greece, where it reaches the Aegean Sea at Thessaloniki.^[2] It is 388 km (241 mi) long, out of which 76 km (47 mi) are in Greece,^[2] and drains an area of around 25,000 km² (9,653 sq mi). The maximum depth of the river is 4 m (13 ft).

The name Vardar for the river may have been derived from Thracian, although Dardanian, Paeonian, Ancient Macedonian and Ancient Greek were also spoken in the lands drained by the river.

The modern Vardar is thought to derive from an earlier *Vardários, which may ultimately derive from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *(s)wordo-wori- "black water".^[3][4] The name Vardários (Βαρδάριος) was sometimes used by the Ancient Greeks in the 3rd century BC. The same name was widely used in the Byzantine era.^[5]

Vardar/Vardarios may be a translation of (or otherwise have a similar meaning as) Axios, which may be Thracian and may have meant "not-shining" from PIE *n.-sk(e)i (cf. Avestan axšaēna "dark-coloured").^[6] The oldest known name of the river, Axios, is mentioned by Homer (Il. 21.141, Il. 2.849)^[7] as the home of the Paeonians allies of Troy. Pjetër Bogdani would use the form Asi, an earlier Albanian-language name for the river.^[1]

This same hypothetical Thracian Axio- meaning "dark, not-shining" is theorized to be found in the name of a city at the mouth of the Danube, called Axiopolis in Greek and Axíopa (perhaps again meaning just "dark water") in Thracian, which may later have been translated into Slavic as Cernavodă, also meaning "black water".^[5]

The river rises at Vrutok, a few kilometers southwest of Gostivar in North Macedonia. It passes through Gostivar, Skopje and into Veles, crosses the Greek border near Gevgelija, Polykastro and Axioupoli ("town on the Axiós"), before emptying into the Aegean Sea in Central Macedonia, west of Thessaloniki in northern Greece. The river forms a large delta along with Loudias and Haliacmon at the Axios-Loudias-Aliakmonas National Park.^[8]

The Vardar basin comprises two-thirds of the territory of North Macedonia. The valley features fertile lands in the Polog region, around Gevgelija and in the Thessaloniki regional unit. The river is surrounded by mountains elsewhere. The superhighways Greek National Road 1 in Greece and M1 and E75 run within the valley along the river's entire length to near Skopje.

The river was very famous during the Ottoman Empire and remains so in modern-day Turkey as the inspiration for many folk songs, of which the most famous is Vardar Ovasi. It has also been depicted on the coat of arms of Skopje, which in turn is incorporated in the city's flag.^[9]

A proposal to construct a canal connecting the Morava river valley with the Vardar, and hence linking the Danube to the Aegean Canal, has been a dream for a long time.^[10] Le Figaro published a project of Athens and Belgrade on 28.08.2017. The Greek-Serbian proposal made in Beijing is Pharaonic: 651 km. A project worth 17 billion.^[11]

The Vardaris or Vardarec is a powerful prevailing northerly ravine wind which blows across the river valley in Greece as well as in North Macedonia. At first it descends along the "canal" of the Vardar valley, usually as a breeze. When it encounters the high mountains that separate Greece from North Macedonia, it descends the other side, gathering a tremendous momentum and bringing cold conditions to the city of Thessaloniki and the Axios delta. Somewhat similar to the mistral wind of France, it occurs when atmospheric pressure over eastern Europe is higher than over the Aegean Sea, as is often the case in winter.

• 
  Map of the northwestern part of North Macedonia including the source of the Vardar
• 
  Axios/Vardar river map
• 
  Veles Gorge
• 
  River Vardar near Gradsko
• 
  River Vardar near Gradsko (2)
• 
  Vardar (Axios) river in Greece
• 
  Longitudinal hidrographic profile of the flow of river Vardar

• Great Morava
• Pčinja River

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vardar.

• Proceedings of the 1st Axios Catchment Consortium Meeting Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine by the European Commission—DG Research
• PIM "Ivan Milutinović", Belgrade, Serbia; Morava - Vardar (Axios) Navigation Route—About 1,200 km shorter route (three days shorter time of navigation) from Belgrade to Port of Thessaloniki than across Danube, Black Sea and Aegean Sea. Electric power production, improvement of water quality and regulation of flooding wave.
• Morava—Vardar (Axios) Navigation Route map
• Hydropower and navigation system "Morava"—Concepts of regulation of rivers Great Morava and South Morava for navigation and hydropower production