Wakulla River

Wakulla River
Wakulla River between the Upper and Lower Bridges.
St. Marks River watershed
Location
Country	United States
State	Florida
County	Wakulla
District	NWFWMD
Physical characteristics
Source	Wakulla Springs
• location	Wakulla Springs State Park
• coordinates	30°14′01″N 84°18′19″W / 30.23361°N 84.30528°W / 30.23361; -84.30528
Mouth	St. Marks River
• location	St. Marks, Florida
• coordinates	30°8′58″N 84°12′40″W / 30.14944°N 84.21111°W / 30.14944; -84.21111
Length	11 mi (18 km)

The Wakulla River is an 11-mile-long (18 km)^[1] river in Wakulla County, Florida. It carries the outflow from Wakulla Springs, site of the Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park, to the St. Marks River 3 miles (5 km) north of the Gulf of Mexico. Its drainage basin extends northwest into Leon County, including Munson Slough, and may extend as far north as the Georgia border.^[2]

The river, due to its clear, clean water, was once used to film underwater scenes during north Florida's cinema boom. Movies filmed in Wakulla Springs and river include several Tarzan movies, starring Johnny Weissmuller, and Creature from the Black Lagoon.^[3]

The name Wakulla is from Guacara. Guacara is a Spanish phonetic spelling of an original Indian name, and Wakulla is a Muskhogean pronunciation of Guacara. The Spanish Gua is the equivalent of the Creek wa, and as the Creek alphabet does not exhibit an "R" sound, the second element cara would have been pronounced kala by the Creeks. The Creek voiceless "L" is always substituted for the Spanish "R". Thus the word Guacara was pronounced Wakala by the Seminoles who are Muskhogean in their origin and language. In the 17th century the Spanish also used the name "Guacara River" for what is now called the Suwannee River. Boyd et al. suggest that the common name of the two rivers is related to the fact that both are the products of solution topography, and that both are fed by springs.^[4]

Since Wakulla was probably a Timucuan word, it is unlikely that its meaning will ever be known. It may contain the word kala which signified a "spring of water" in some Indian dialects, but not in the Timucuan language. Timucuan cala meant "to cut or shave", "to freeze to death", or "fruit".^[5]

The Wakulla River Canoe Trail runs for approximately 4 miles (6.4 km), between the Upper and Lower Bridges. Access to the river north of the Upper Bridge is blocked by a chain-link fence erected by Ed Ball in the 1930s; challenged in court, its legality was upheld when the river above it was found by a court to be non-navigable.^[2]

Crossing	Carries	Image	Location	Coordinates
Headwaters				30°14′01″N 84°18′19″W / 30.23361°N 84.30528°W / 30.23361; -84.30528
Upper Bridge	CR 365 Shadeville Highway		Wakulla Station	30°12′49″N 84°15′41″W / 30.21361°N 84.26139°W / 30.21361; -84.26139
Lower Bridge	US 98 Coastal Highway		St. Marks	30°10′32″N 84°14′43″W / 30.17556°N 84.24528°W / 30.17556; -84.24528
Mouth				30°08′58″N 84°12′40″W / 30.14944°N 84.21111°W / 30.14944; -84.21111

• Boyd, Mark F., Hale G. Smith and John W. Griffin. (1999). Here they once stood: the tragic end of the Apalachee missions. University Press of Florida ISBN 0-8130-1725-4
• Granberry, Julian. (1993). A Grammar and Dictionary of the Timucua Language. Third Edition. The University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0704-4
• Marth, Del and Marty Marth, eds. 1990. The Rivers of Florida. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. ISBN 0-910923-70-1. P. 96.
• Milanich, Jerald T. (2006). Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2966-X
• Wenhold, Lucy L. Translator and Ed. (1936). "A 17th Century Letter of Gabriel Diaz Vara Calderón, Bishop of Cuba, Describing the Indians and Indian Missions of Florida." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 95, No. 16. Reprinted in David Hurst Thomas. Ed. (1991). Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks 23 The Missions of Spanish Florida. Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8240-2098-7

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