West Coast Conference

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West Coast Conference
FormerlyWest Coast Athletic Conference (1956–1989)
California Basketball Association (1952–1956)
AssociationNCAA
Founded1952; 72 years ago (1952)
CommissionerStu Jackson (since 2023)
Sports fielded
  • 16
    • men's: 7
    • women's: 9
DivisionDivision I
Subdivisionnon-football
No. of teams9 (10 in 2025, 9 in 2026)
HeadquartersSan Mateo, California
RegionWestern United States
Official websitewccsports.com
Locations
Location of teams in

The West Coast Conference (WCC) — known as the California Basketball Association from 1952 to 1956 and then as the West Coast Athletic Conference until 1989 — is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with NCAA Division I consisting of nine member schools across the states of California, Oregon, and Washington.

All of the current full members are private, faith-based institutions. Seven members are Catholic Church affiliates, with four of these schools being Jesuit institutions. Pepperdine is an affiliate of the Churches of Christ. The conference's newest member, the University of the Pacific (which rejoined in 2013 after a 42-year absence), is affiliated with the United Methodist Church, although it has been financially independent of the church since 1969.[1]

History

[edit]

The league was chartered by five northern California institutions, four from the San Francisco Bay Area (San Francisco, Saint Mary's, Santa Clara, San Jose State) and one, Pacific, from Stockton. It began as the California Basketball Association, playing its first game on January 2, 1953. After two seasons under that name, the conference expanded to include Los Angeles-area schools Loyola (now Loyola Marymount) and Pepperdine in 1955 and became the "West Coast Athletic Conference" in 1956. After more than three decades as the WCAC, the name was shortened in the summer of 1989, dropping the word "Athletic."[2][3][4]

During the massive upheaval of conference affiliations in the 1990s, the WCC remained very stable. Before the 2010 realignment that eventually led to Brigham Young joining the conference, the last change of membership was in 1980, when Seattle University left the conference. At the time, only the Ivy League and Pacific-10 Conference (now the Pac-12 Conference) had remained unchanged for a longer period.

The WCC participates at the NCAA Division I level and is considered to be a mid-major athletic conference. The conference sponsors 15 sports but does not include football as one of them. San Diego (Pioneer Football League) is the only school fielding a football team. The rest have all dropped the sport, some as early as the 1940s, before the conference existed (Gonzaga and Portland), and one as late as 2003 (Saint Mary's).

Historically, the WCC's strongest sports have been soccer (nine national champions, including back-to-back women's soccer titles in 2001 and 2002) and tennis (five individual champions and one team champion). The conference has also made its presence felt nationally in men's basketball. San Francisco won two consecutive national titles in the 1950s with all-time great Bill Russell. Although the WCAC's stature declined in the 1960s, San Francisco was reckoned as a "major" basketball power until the early 1980s. Also of note was Loyola Marymount's inspired run to the Elite Eight in 1990 following the death of Hank Gathers during that season's WCC championship tournament.

West Coast Conference logo from 2011 to 2019

More recently, Gonzaga's rise to national prominence after being invited to the NCAA Tournament every year since their Cinderella run to the "Elite Eight" in 1999 has helped make the WCC a household name. As San Francisco was from the 1940s to the early 1980s, Gonzaga has gained recognition as a major basketball power, despite the WCC being a mid-major conference. Gonzaga has been to 23 consecutive NCAA tournaments—the longest streak for any school in the Western United States, the third-longest active streak, and the sixth-longest streak in history. They have also been to all but one WCC tournament final since 1995, and have played for the conference title every year since 1998. In 2016–17, the Bulldogs advanced all the way to the national championship game—the deepest run by a conference team since San Francisco went to three consecutive Final Fours from 1955 to 1957. The Bulldogs reached the title game again in 2021, this time entering the game unbeaten, but again losing, this time to Baylor.

Saint Mary's has also made marks for the conference as the Gaels appeared in the NCAA Tournament in 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2019, and 2021 (making the "Sweet Sixteen" in 2010).

Eventually, with the 2010 realignment opening up new avenues for expansion, the WCC decided to revisit expansion plans. The conference decided that it would only seek out private schools, but would not limit its search to faith-based institutions. Even so, the two additions, Brigham Young University and University of the Pacific are both faith-based institutions, although Pacific has not been financially sponsored by the United Methodist Church since 1969.

On August 31, 2010, BYU announced plans to join the WCC for the 2011–12 season in all sports the conference offers. BYU joined the conference on July 1, 2011.[5][6] BYU's arrival gave the WCC another school with a rich basketball tradition. The Cougars made the NCAA Tournament six straight times before failing to do so in 2013, and had made 26 NCAA Tournament appearances before joining the conference.

On March 27, 2012, the University of the Pacific (UOP), a charter member of the conference in 1952, accepted an invitation to rejoin the WCC, effective July 1, 2013. The move removed Pacific from the Big West Conference back to the WCC, which Pacific left in 1971 in order to pursue its interests in football that it later abandoned in 1995.[7]

The WCC became the first Division I conference to adopt a conference-wide diversity hiring commitment, announcing the "Russell Rule", based on the NFL's Rooney Rule and named after Basketball Hall of Famer and social activist Bill Russell, a graduate of charter and current conference member San Francisco, on August 2, 2020. In its announcement, the WCC stated:[8]

The “Russell Rule” requires each member institution to include a member of a traditionally underrepresented community in the pool of final candidates for every athletic director, senior administrator, head coach and full-time assistant coach position in the athletic department.

In September 2021, BYU announced that it would leave the WCC in 2023 for the Big 12 Conference.[9] The WCC announced on July 19, 2022 that it would add men's water polo starting in 2023–24. Full members Loyola Marymount, Pacific, Pepperdine, and Santa Clara were joined by affiliates Air Force, California Baptist, and San Jose State.[10]

2020s conference realignment

[edit]

On December 22, 2023, the WCC announced that Oregon State University and Washington State University, the two schools left behind by the collapse of the Pac-12 Conference, would become affiliate members in all sports apart from football and baseball through 2025–26.[11] This was followed in May 2024 with the announcement that Grand Canyon University and Seattle University would join in July 2025, with Seattle rejoining after a 45-year absence.[12] On October 1, 2024, Gonzaga announced they were leaving the conference to join the Pac-12 as a full member. On November 1, 2024, Grand Canyon announced they were declining the WCC's invitation to join the conference in 2025, instead accepting an invitation to join the Mountain West Conference in 2026. [13]

Member schools

[edit]
WCC Member locations
– Full member
– Departing full member
– Future members
– Affiliate member
Not pictured: Affiliate member Creighton

Current full members

[edit]

The WCC is made up entirely of private, Christian institutions with all but two being Catholic. Pacific is affiliated with the United Methodist Church while Pepperdine is affiliated with the Churches of Christ.
  Member departing for the Pac-12 Conference in 2026.

Institution Location Founded Joined Type Enrollment Endowment
(millions)
Nickname Colors
Gonzaga University Spokane, Washington 1887 1979 Private
CatholicJesuit
7,421 $399.6 Bulldogs      
Loyola Marymount University Los Angeles, California 1865 1955 Private
CatholicJesuit
8,972 $611.3 Lions    
University of the Pacific Stockton, California 1851 1952;
2013[a]
Private
United Methodist Church
6,652 $568.2 Tigers    
Pepperdine University Malibu, California[b] 1937 1955 Private
Churches of Christ
6,000 $1,205 Waves      
University of Portland Portland, Oregon 1901 1976 Private
CatholicHoly Cross
3,200 $297.2 Pilots    
Saint Mary's College of California Moraga, California 1863 1952 Private
CatholicDe La Salle Brothers
4,768 $215 Gaels      
University of San Diego San Diego, California 1949 1979 Private
CatholicDiocesan
7,548 $652.5 Toreros      
University of San Francisco San Francisco, California 1855 1952 Private
CatholicJesuit
10,017 $478.5 Dons    
Santa Clara University Santa Clara, California 1851 1952 Private
CatholicJesuit
8,300 $1,471 Broncos    

Future members

[edit]
Institution Location Founded Joining Type Enrollment Endowment
(millions)
Nickname Colors Current
conference
Seattle University Seattle, Washington 1891 2025[c] Private
CatholicJesuit
7,755 $241.2 Redhawks     WAC
Notes
  1. ^ Pacific left the WCC after the 1970–71 school year to join the Pacific Coast Athletic Association (now known as the Big West Conference); and rejoined the WCC, effective with the 2013–14 school year.
  2. ^ The Pepperdine campus has a Malibu mailing address but lies entirely within unincorporated Los Angeles County.
  3. ^ Seattle was previously a member of the WCC from 1971 to 1980.

Associate members

[edit]
Institution Location Founded Joined Type Enrollment Endowment
(millions)
Team Primary
conference
WCC
sport(s)
United States Air Force Academy
(Air Force)
USAF Academy, Colorado 1954 2023–24 Federal 4,304 $98.9 Falcons Mountain West Men's water polo
California Baptist University Riverside, California 1950 2023–24 Private
Baptist
11,580 $119.1 Lancers WAC Men's water polo
Creighton University Omaha, Nebraska 1878 2010–11 Private
Jesuit
8,910 $713 Bluejays Big East Women's rowing
Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 1868 2024–25 Public 37,121 $819.6 Beavers Pac-12 Multiple[a]
California State University, Sacramento Sacramento, California 1947 2024–25 Public 31,181 $92.9 Hornets Big Sky Women's rowing
San Jose State University San Jose, California 1857 2023–24 Public 33,025 $197.1 Spartans Mountain West Men's water polo
Washington State University Pullman, Washington 1890 2024–25 Public 20,976[b] $1,290 Cougars Pac-12 Multiple[c]
  1. ^ Oregon State competes as an associate member in men’s and women’s basketball, men's and women’s soccer, volleyball, softball, men’s and women’s golf, women’s cross country and women’s rowing.
  2. ^ Includes only enrollment at the main Pullman campus. Washington State has four other physical campuses.
  3. ^ Washington State competes as an associate member in men’s and women’s basketball, women’s soccer, volleyball, men’s and women’s golf, women's tennis, men's and women’s cross country and women’s rowing.

Former full members

[edit]

Of the former members of the WCC, only BYU (Latter Day Saints), and Seattle (Catholic) are Christian institutions. The other five are all public universities.

Institution Nickname Location Founded Type Enrollment Joined Left Current
conference
Brigham Young University
(BYU)
Cougars Provo, Utah 1875 Private
LDS
34,737 2011 2023 Big 12
California State University, Fresno
(Fresno State)
Bulldogs Fresno, California 1911 Public 22,565 1955 1957 Mountain West
University of California, Santa Barbara
(UCSB)
Gauchos Santa Barbara, California[a] 1891 Public 21,927 1964 1969 Big West
University of Nevada, Reno
(Nevada)
Wolf Pack Reno, Nevada 1874 Public 18,227 1969 1979 Mountain West
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
(UNLV)
Rebels Las Vegas, Nevada[b] 1957 Public 28,203 1969 1975 Mountain West
San Jose State University
(SJSU)
Spartans San Jose, California 1857 Public 30,448 1952 1969 Mountain West
Seattle University[c] Redhawks Seattle, Washington 1891 Private
Jesuit
7,500 1971 1980 WAC
  1. ^ The UCSB campus has a Santa Barbara mailing address, but is outside the city limits in the unincorporated community of Isla Vista.
  2. ^ The UNLV campus lies outside the Las Vegas city limits in the unincorporated community of Paradise. The U.S. Postal Service considers all unincorporated areas within the Las Vegas Valley to have a Las Vegas address.
  3. ^ Seattle will rejoin the WCC in 2025.

Former associate members

[edit]
Institution Team Location Founded Type Enrollment Joined Left Primary
conference
WCC
sport(s)
California State University, Bakersfield
(CSUB)[a]
Roadrunners Bakersfield, California 1965 Public 8,317 2012–13 2012–13 Big West women's golf
California State University, Los Angeles
(CSULA)
Golden Eagles Los Angeles, California 1947 Public 23,258 1975–76 1975–76 CCAA
(NCAA Division II)
baseball
University of Nevada, Reno
(Nevada)
Wolf Pack Reno, Nevada 1874 Public 18,227 1984–85 1990–91 Mountain West baseball
1985–86 1986–87 women's basketball,
women's tennis,
women's volleyball
United States International University
(USIU)
Gulls San Diego, California 2001 Private 3,871 1985–86 1986–87 n/a[b] women's basketball,
women's tennis,
women's volleyball
Notes
  1. ^ The school started the process of rebranding its athletic program as Bakersfield in 2023–24.
  2. ^ USIU dropped its athletics program following the end of the 1990–91 school year.

Membership timeline

[edit]
Washington State UniversityPac-12 ConferencePac-12 ConferencePac-12 ConferenceNCAA Division I independent schoolsPac-12 ConferenceOregon State UniversityPac-12 ConferencePac-12 ConferencePac-12 ConferenceNCAA Division I independent schoolsPac-12 ConferenceBig 12 ConferenceBrigham Young UniversityMountain West ConferenceWestern Athletic ConferenceSkyline Conference (1938–1962)Alliant International UniversityNCAA Division I independent schoolsNCAA Division II independent schoolsNAIA independent schoolsUniversity of San DiegoNCAA Division II independent schoolsPac-12 ConferenceGonzaga UniversityBig Sky ConferenceNCAA Division II independent schoolsNAIA independent schoolsUniversity of PortlandNCAA Division II independent schoolsWestern Athletic ConferenceNCAA Division II independent schoolsGreat Northwest Athletic ConferenceNCAA Division II independent schoolsNorthwest ConferenceNAIA independent schoolsSeattle UniversityNCAA Division II independent schoolsMountain West ConferenceWestern Athletic ConferenceBig West ConferenceBig Sky ConferenceUniversity of Nevada, RenoNorthern California Athletic ConferenceNCAA Division I independent schoolsMountain West ConferenceWestern Athletic ConferenceBig West ConferenceBig West ConferenceNCAA Division I FBS independent schoolsUniversity of Nevada, Las VegasNCAA College DivisionBig West ConferenceBig West ConferenceUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraCalifornia Collegiate Athletic AssociationPepperdine UniversityCalifornia Collegiate Athletic AssociationLoyola Marymount UniversityLoyola Marymount UniversityNCAA Division I independent schoolsMountain West ConferenceWestern Athletic ConferenceBig West ConferenceBig West ConferenceCalifornia Collegiate Athletic AssociationCalifornia State University, FresnoCalifornia Collegiate Athletic AssociationSaint Mary's College of CaliforniaSanta Clara UniversityUniversity of San FranciscoBig West ConferenceBig West ConferenceUniversity of the Pacific (United States)Mountain West ConferenceWestern Athletic ConferenceBig West ConferenceBig West ConferenceSan Jose State University

Full members  Associate member (basketball) Associate member (other sports) Other Conference  Other Conference 

  • Due to space limitations, the following affiliations are not linked within the timeline:
    • Fresno State had dual membership with the California Collegiate Athletic Association during their tenure in the WCAC before committing full-time with the CCAA from 1957 to 1969:
    • Pepperdine was an independent school for the 1954–55 season.
    • UC Santa Barbara joined what was then the Big West Conference in 1969. It left in 1974 to become independent and returned in 1976.
    • USIU was a full independent after departing the WCC conference before dropping all collegiate athletics in 1991.
    • Oregon State and Washington State have a two-year agreement with the WCC for associate memberships in various sports. It has not been announced which conference the associate sports will join in 2026.

Sports

[edit]

The West Coast Conference sponsors championship competition in seven men's and nine women's NCAA sanctioned sports, with the newest addition being men's water polo in 2023–24.[14]

Teams in West Coast Conference competition
Sport Men's Women's
Baseball
9
-
Basketball
11
11
Beach Volleyball
-
7
Cross Country
8
11
Golf
10
6
Rowing
-
8
Soccer
9
11
Softball
-
6
Tennis
8
9
Volleyball
-
11
Water Polo
7
-

Men's sports

[edit]
Men's sponsored sports by school
School Baseball Basketball Cross
country
Golf Soccer Tennis Water
polo
Total
sports
Gonzaga Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 6
Loyola Marymount Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 6
Pacific Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 6
Pepperdine Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 6
Portland Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 5
Saint Mary's Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 6
San Diego Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 6
San Francisco Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 5
Santa Clara Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 7
Associate members
Air Force Yes 1
California Baptist Yes 1
Oregon State Yes Yes Yes 3
San Jose State Yes 1
Washington State Yes Yes Yes 3
Totals 9 11 8 10 9 8 7 62
Future full members
Seattle Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 6
Men's varsity sports not sponsored by the West Coast Conference which are played by WCC schools
School Football Rowing[a] Swimming
& diving
Track & field
(indoor)
Track & field
(outdoor)
Volleyball
Gonzaga No WIRA No Independent Independent No
Pacific No No MPSF No No No
Pepperdine No No No No Independent MPSF
Portland No No No Independent Independent No
Saint Mary's No No No Independent Independent No
San Diego Pioneer League WIRA No No No No
San Francisco No No No Independent Independent No
Santa Clara No WIRA No Independent Independent No
Seattle No No Big West WAC[b] WAC[b] No
  1. ^ The NCAA sanctions rowing only for women. Men's college rowing is governed by the Intercollegiate Rowing Association.
  2. ^ a b Neither Grand Canyon nor Seattle has announced a future affiliation in this sport.

Women's sports

[edit]
Women's sponsored sports by school
School Basketball Beach
volleyball
Cross
country
Golf Rowing Soccer Softball Tennis Volleyball Total
WCC sports
Gonzaga Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 7
Loyola Marymount Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 7
Pacific Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 7
Pepperdine Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes 7
Portland Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes 7
Saint Mary's Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 8
San Diego Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 7
San Francisco Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes 7
Santa Clara Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 9
Associate members
Creighton Yes 1
Oregon State Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 7
Sacramento State Yes 1
Washington State Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 7
Totals 11 7 11 6 9 11 6 9 11 81
Future full members
Seattle Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 8
Future associate members
Women's varsity sports not sponsored by the West Coast Conference that are played by WCC schools
School Swimming
& diving
Track & field
(indoor)
Track & field
(outdoor)
Water polo
Gonzaga No Independent Independent No
Loyola Marymount No No No Golden Coast
Pacific MPSF No Independent Golden Coast
Pepperdine MPSF MPSF Independent No
Portland No MPSF Independent No
Saint Mary's No MPSF Independent No
San Diego MPSF[a] No Independent No
San Francisco No MPSF Independent No
Santa Clara No Independent Independent Golden Coast
Seattle Big West WAC[b] WAC[b] No
  1. ^ Joining the Big West in 2025.
  2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference GCUSU was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Facilities

[edit]

Future members in gray. Departing member in pink.

School Basketball arena Capacity Baseball stadium Capacity Soccer stadium Capacity
Gonzaga McCarthey Athletic Center 6,000 Washington Trust Field 1,500 Luger Field 2,000
Loyola Marymount Gersten Pavilion 4,156 George C. Page Stadium 1,200 Sullivan Field 2,000
Oregon State Gill Coliseum 9,401 Non-baseball member[a] Paul Lorenz Field 1,500
Pacific Alex G. Spanos Center 6,150 Klein Family Field 2,500 Knoles Field 600
Pepperdine Firestone Fieldhouse 3,104 Eddy D. Field Stadium 1,800 Tari Frahm Rokus Field 1,000
Portland Chiles Center 4,852 Joe Etzel Field 1,000 Merlo Field 4,892
Saint Mary's University Credit Union Pavilion 3,500 Louis Guisto Field 1,000 Saint Mary's Stadium 5,500
San Diego Jenny Craig Pavilion 5,100 Fowler Park 1,700 Torero Stadium 6,000
San Francisco War Memorial Gymnasium 5,300 Dante Benedetti Diamond 2,000 Negoesco Stadium 3,000
Santa Clara Leavey Center 4,500 Stephen Schott Stadium 1,500 Buck Shaw Stadium 10,300
Seattle Climate Pledge Arena[b] 18,100 Bannerwood Park 700 Championship Field 650
Washington State Beasley Coliseum 11,671 Non-baseball member[a] Lower Soccer Field
  1. ^ a b At the time Oregon State and Washington State were announced as incoming associate members for 2024–25 and 2025–26, they had a 30-day window to potentially add baseball to their membership. The window expired on January 26, 2024 with no announcement from the WCC or either school.[15] Washington State later joined the Mountain West Conference for baseball, while Oregon State opted to compete as an independent.[16][17]
  2. ^ Seattle also uses the on-campus Redhawk Center (capacity 999) for home games.

Notable sports figures

[edit]

Some of the famous athletes who played collegiately for WCC schools and coaches and executives that attended WCC schools, include:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "History & Mission". University of the Pacific. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
  2. ^ "Transactions: College". Times Daily. Florence, AL. Associated Press. July 14, 1989. p. 2B.
  3. ^ "WCAC shortens its name to West Coast Conference". Spokane Chronicle. July 14, 1989. p. B5.
  4. ^ West Coast Conference Official Athletics Site – On Campus Archived March 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Wccsports.cstv.com (July 1, 2011).
  5. ^ "BYU Becomes Ninth Member of West Coast Conference" (Press release). West Coast Conference. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  6. ^ Katz, Andy (August 31, 2010). "BYU leaving MWC for 2011–12 season". ESPN. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
  7. ^ VanderBeek, Brian (March 28, 2012). "University of the Pacific joins West Coast Conference". The Modesto Bee. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  8. ^ "Russell Rule Diversity Hiring Commitment" (Press release). West Coast Conference. August 3, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  9. ^ "BYU to Join Big 12 Conference" (Press release). BYU Cougars. September 7, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
  10. ^ "West Coast Conference Adds Men's Water Polo" (Press release). West Coast Conference. July 19, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
  11. ^ "West Coast Conference Adds Oregon State and Washington State as Affiliate Members" (Press release). West Coast Conference. December 22, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  12. ^ "West Coast Conference Adds Grand Canyon University and Seattle University as Members" (Press release). West Coast Conference. May 10, 2024. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
  13. ^ "GCU accepts invite to Mountain West Conference" (Press release). Grand Canyon University Athletics. November 1, 2024. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
  14. ^ "West Coast Conference Adds Men's Water Polo" (Press release). West Coast Conference. July 19, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  15. ^ Brown, Matt (January 25, 2024). "Here's the affiliate sports contract between the WCC, OSU and WSU:". Extra Points. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  16. ^ "Mountain West Adds Washington State in Baseball and Women's Swimming" (Press release). Mountain West Conference. April 16, 2024. Retrieved April 16, 2024.
  17. ^ Freeman, Joe (January 26, 2024). "Oregon State baseball to play independent schedule in 2025, giving Beavers chance to 'create our own identity'". The Oregonian.
  18. ^ Pepperdine Athletes Prepare for Beijing Olympics | Pepperdine University. Pepperdine.edu.
  19. ^ a b c National Men Water Polo Team USA Men's Olympic Team Archived January 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Usawaterpolo.org.
  20. ^ "BYU sweeps California Baptist as Taylor Sander sets program kills record". NCAA. March 23, 2014. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  21. ^ [1] Archived July 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Dr. Ted Leland. "Ted Leland Bio – Pacific". Pacifictigers.com. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  23. ^ "John Fassel athletic career, photos, articles, and videos". Fanbase. Archived from the original on November 8, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  24. ^ Hobson, Geoff. "Cincinnati Bengals: Hue Jackson". Bengals.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
[edit]

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