White power music

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article or section possibly contains synthesis of material which does not verifiably mention or relate to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Part of a series on
Neo-fascism
Core ideas Fascism Actual idealism Nationalism Ethnic nationalism White nationalism White supremacy Authoritarianism One-party state Hierarchy Natural law Social interventionism Eugenics Europe a Nation Heroism Social Darwinism Economic interventionism Protectionism Pan-European nationalism Fascist corporatism Autarky Nativism Anti-liberalism Racial supremacy Reactionism Strategy of tension Populism Political Soldier Third Position Xenophobia Ultranationalism Opposition to immigration Anti-parliamentarianism Anti-communism Anti-Marxism Anti-capitalism
Varieties Christian Identity Ecofascism Esoteric Nazism Identitarianism Neo-Legionarism Neo-Nazism National Bolshevism National-anarchism
Origins Clerical fascism Fascism Italian British Nazism National Syndicalism Japanese statism Strasserism Falangism
Literature A Warning to the Hindus (1939) Imperium (1948) If This Be Treason (1948) The Lightning and the Sun (1958) Impeachment of Man (1959) Qu'est-ce que le fascisme? (1961) My life (1968) The Disintegration of the System (1969) Siege (1992) Foundations of Geopolitics (1997) The Last Will of a Russian Fascist (2001)
Movements, Organizations, and Parties Britain First British National Party CasaPound Citizens' Councils European Social Movement Everything For the Country Party Forza Nuova Grey Wolves International Third Position Italian Social Movement Kohti Vapautta! Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia Korean National Youth Association L'Œuvre Française Manson Family National Alliance July 18 National Front (Italy) National Front (UK) Nationalist Movement Party National Party – Greeks National Radical Camp National Revival of Poland National Vanguard New European Order Noua Dreaptă Official National Front Ordine Nuovo One-People Principle Patriot of Ukraine Patriot Front Posse Comitatus Propaganda Due Proud Boys Red Ice Republic (Slovakia) Russian National Unity Serbian Action Social Action Social-National Assembly (Ukraine) Syrian Social Nationalist Party Svoboda The Order Tricolour Flame Triple A Union Movement United Patriots Front
People Abbiati Abernethy Adinolfi Alibrandi Anselmi Atsız Bardèche Beam Beom-seok Binet Bolton Bouchet Bonaccorsi Borghese Binet Cicuttini Concutelli Costa Griffin Degrelle Delle Chiaie Denis Dugin Duprat Engdahl Eriksson Fini Fioravanti Fiore De Francisci Freda Gelli Giannettini Heimbach Hermans Invictus Ioannidis Johnson King-Ansell Kodama Kuttner La Russa Lokteff Mambro Mantakas Morsello Mutti Pasquinelli Pearce Pérez Rauti Ricci Romagnoli Romualdi Sanborn Sasakawa Saya Signorelli Teller Tilgher Tyndall Venner Wand Vinciguerra Zorzi
History Fall of Fascism 1967 Greek coup d'état Years of Lead Armed, far-right organizations in Italy Battle of Valle Giulia Piazza Fontana bombing Borghese coup Acca Larentia massacre Suzano Massacre Aracruz school shootings Assassination of Sergio Ramelli Unite the Right rally (Unite the Right 2) 2021 United States Capitol attack 2024 United Kingdom riots
Related topics Far-right politics Right-wing populism British fascism Italian fascism Kahanism Ku Klux Klan Nazi punk National Socialist black metal White power music White power skinhead Third Position Alt right Morenazi Radical right Ruscism Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism
Politics portal
v t e

Part of a series on
Antisemitism
Part of Jewish history and discrimination
History Timeline Reference
Definitions IHRA definition Jerusalem Declaration Nexus Document Three Ds
Geography Africa & Asia Algeria 1898 riot 1934 riot China Japan Libya 1945 riot 1948 riot 1967 pogrom Pakistan Palestine Saudi Arabia textbook controversy South Africa Syria 1947 riot Tunisia 1941 riot 2023 attack Turkey 1934 pogrom Americas Argentina AMIA bombing Canada 1933 riot 1934 strike Chile Costa Rica USA History 1950s bombings 1977 hostage crisis 1991 riot 1994 attack 2006 attack 2009 attack 2014 attacks 2018 attack 2019 attack (NJ) 2019 attack (CA) 2022 hostage crisis Venezuela 2009 attack Europe Austria Belarus Belgium France 1349 massacre Dreyfus affair 1980 bombing 2015 attack Hypercacher siege 21st-century Germany Greece Hungary Italy Norway Poland Jedwabne Kielce (1918) (1946) Kraków Holocaust 1944–1946 events Judeopolonia Portugal Lisbon massacre Inquisition Expulsion Romania Russia Imperial Soviet Stalinist Doctors' plot Spain 1066 massacre 1391 massacre Inquisition Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Conservative Party Labour Party Oceania Australia 1982 bombings New Zealand
Manifestations Academic Alt-right Arab Christian Christian Identity Creativity Economic during Gaza War ('08-09) during Israel-Hamas war ('23-24) Holocaust denial Islamic Jewish Self-directed Medieval Nation of Islam Nazism Neo-Nazi Strasserism New antisemitism Olympic Racial Religious Secondary COVID-19 Zionist Socialist
Antisemitic tropes Andinia Plan Blood libel Cohen Plan Cultural Bolshevism Cultural Marxism Deicide Finance control Franklin Prophecy Host desecration International conspiracy War conspiracy Jewish lobby Judensau Judeo-Bolshevism Żydokomuna Judeo-Masonism Kosher tax Media control QAnon Rootless cosmopolitan Slánský trial Stab-in-the-back myth Well poisoning White genocide ZOG conspiracy
Persecution Rhineland massacres Black Death persecutions Boycotts Expulsions Jewish quarter Ghettos in Europe Mellah The Holocaust Jewish hat Jewish quota Judensau Martyrdom in Judaism Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Russian Empire Russian Civil War Refuseniks Segregation Yellow badge
Antisemitic publications 21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness Adversus Judaeos The Barnes Review Black Notebooks Culture of Critique Currency Wars The Dearborn Independent Judaism Without Embellishment La France juive Hitlers Zweites Buch Hunter Hamas Charter ('88) The International Jew La Libre Parole The Light Mein Kampf On the Jews and Their Lies Our Race Will Rule Protocols of the Elders of Zion The Secret Relationship Sex and Character Siege The Turner Diaries
Antisemitism on the Internet 4chan (/pol/) 8chan The Daily Stormer Disclose.tv Gab Goebbels Gap GoyimTV Groypers Jew Watch Metapedia The Occidental Observer Red Ice Renegade Tribune The Right Stuff (blog) StoneToss Stormfront Terrorgram Triple parentheses TruNews The Unz Review Veterans Today Wikipedia and antisemitism
People Baked Alaska Andrew Anglin Louis Beam Dan Bilzerian Don Black James von Brunn Richard Girnt Butler Édouard Drumont David Duke Adolf Eichmann Louis Farrakhan Ferdinand and Isabella Henry Ford Theodor Fritsch Nick Fuentes Joseph Goebbels Heinrich Himmler Adolf Hitler Arthur Jones Ruhollah Khomeini bin Laden David Lane Ernest G. Liebold Martin Luther Kevin MacDonald Wilhelm Marr Eustace Mullins William Pierce Alfred Rosenberg Richard Spencer Joseph Stalin Wilhelm Stapel Julius Streicher Kevin Strom Rick Wiles Ernst Zündel Corneliu Codreanu Ion Antonescu Horia Sima A. C. Cuza Octavian Goga Gheorghe Buzatu Nae Ionescu Nichifor Crainic Ioan Slavici László Ferenczy Philippe Pétain Symon Petliura Stepan Bandera Gamal Abdel Nasser Richard Wagner Kanye West Otto Weininger
Opposition Anti-antisemitism in Germany Anti-Defamation League Anti-Defamation Commission Campaign Against Antisemitism Community Security Trust Fundamental Rights Agency Simon Wiesenthal Center SPLC Stephen Roth Institute Swedish Committee Union of Councils for Soviet Jews UN Watch U.S. National Strategy Wiener Holocaust Library Yad Vashem
Related topics Anti-Judaism Philosemitism Weaponization Anti-Zionism
Category
v t e

Part of a series on
Discrimination
Forms Institutional Structural Statistical Taste-based
Attributes Age Caste Class Dialect Disability Genetic Hair texture Height Language Looks Mental disorder Race / Ethnicity Skin color Scientific racism Rank Sex Sexual orientation Species Size Viewpoint
Social Arophobia Acephobia Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-drug addicts Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-left handedness Anti-Masonry Aporophobia Audism Biphobia Clannism Elitism Ephebiphobia Social determinants of health Social determinants of health in poverty Social determinants of mental health Fatphobia Gayphobia Gerontophobia Heterosexism HIV/AIDS stigma Homophobia Leprosy stigma Lesbophobia Discrimination against men Misandry Misogyny Nepotism Pedophobia Perpetual foreigner Pregnancy Sectarianism Supremacism White Male Transphobia 21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom Non-binary Transmisogyny Trans men Vegaphobia Xenophobia
Religious Atheism Exclusivism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Christianity Persecution Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy Jehovah's Witnesses LDS or Mormon post–Cold War era Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Ahmadiyya Shi'ism Sufism Sunnism minority Muslim Judaism Persecution Neopaganism Protestantism Rastafari Sikhism Yazidism Zoroastrianism
Ethnic/national Afghan African Albanian Arab Armenian Asian France South Africa United States Assyrian Azerbaijani Black people African Americans China South Africa Bengali Bulgarian Catalan Chechen Chinese Colombian Croat Filipino Fulani Finnish Georgian Greek Haitian Hazara Hungarian Igbo Indian Indigenous people Australia Canada United States Irish Italian Japanese Jewish Antisemitism New Korean Kurdish Lithuanian Malay Māori Mexican Middle Eastern Mongolian Nigerian Pakistani Palestinians Pashtun Polish Quebec Romani Romanian Scottish Serb Slavic Somali Tatar Thai Turkish Ukrainian Uyghur Venezuelan Vietnamese Welsh
Manifestations Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US Anti-trans movement in the UK Anti-Zionism Blood libel Bullying Cancel culture Capital punishment for homosexuality Compulsory sterilization Corrective rape Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Defamation Democide Disability hate crime Dog whistle Domicide Economic Education Employment Eliminationism Enemy of the people Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Excellence Gender-based dress codes Cosmetics policy High heel policy Forced conversion Freak show Gay bashing Gendercide Genital modification and mutilation Genocide examples Glass ceiling Hate crime LGBTQ Hate group Hate speech Homeless dumping Housing Indian rolling Kill Haole Day Lavender scare LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory List of people killed for being transgender Lynching Mortgage Murder music Native American mascots Occupational segregation Opposition to immigration Paper genocide Persecution Pogrom Political repression Purge Racialization Religious persecution Religious terrorism Religious violence Religious war Scapegoating Segregation academy Sexual harassment Sex-selective abortion Slut-shaming Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White genocide conspiracy theory Wife selling Witch hunt
Policies Age of candidacy Blood purity Blood quantum Crime of apartheid Disabilities Catholic Jewish Gender pay gap Gender roles Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Law for Protection of the Nation MSM blood donation restrictions No kid zone Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) One-drop rule Racial quota Racial segregation Jim Crow laws Nuremberg Laws Racial steering Redlining Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) Segregation age racial religious sexual Social exclusion Sodomy law State atheism State religion Ugly law Voter suppression
Countermeasures Affirmative action Anti-discrimination law Anti-racism Constitutional colorblindness Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Diversity, equity, and inclusion Diversity training Empowerment Fat acceptance movement Feminism Fighting Discrimination Hate speech laws by country Human rights Intersex human rights LGBT rights Nonviolence Racial integration Reappropriation Self-determination Social integration Toleration
Related topics Allophilia Amatonormativity Bias Cisnormativity Civil liberties Dehumanization Diversity Multiculturalism Neurodiversity Ethnic penalty Figleaf Gender-blind Heteronormativity Historical eugenics Internalized oppression Intersectionality Masculism Medical model of disability autism Net bias Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Political correctness Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Racism by country Racial color blindness Religious intolerance Reverse discrimination Reverse racism Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social exclusion Social identity threat Social model of disability Social privilege Christian male white Social stigma Speciesism Stereotype threat The talk
v t e

White power music is music that promotes white nationalism. It encompasses various music styles, including rock, country, and folk.^[1][2] Ethnomusicologist Benjamin R. Teitelbaum argues that white power music "can be defined by lyrics that demonize variously conceived non-whites and advocate racial pride and solidarity. Most often, however, insiders conceptualized white power music as the combination of those themes with pounding rhythms and a charging punk or metal-based accompaniment."^[3] Genres include Nazi punk, Rock Against Communism, National Socialist black metal,^[2] and fashwave.^[4][5]

Barbara Perry writes that contemporary white supremacist groups include "subcultural factions that are largely organized around the promotion and distribution of racist music."^[6] According to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission "racist music is principally derived from the far-right skinhead movement and, through the Internet, this music has become perhaps the most important tool of the international neo-Nazi movement to gain revenue and new recruits."^[7][8] An article in Popular Music and Society says "musicians believe not only that music could be a successful vehicle for their specific ideology but that it also could advance the movement by framing it in a positive manner."^[1]

Dominic J. Pulera writes that the music is more pervasive in some countries in Europe than it is in the United States, despite some European countries banning or curtailing its distribution.^[2] European governments regularly deport "extremist aliens", ban white power bands and raid organizations that produce and distribute the music.^[2] In the United States, racist music is protected freedom of speech in the United States by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.^[9]

Several subgenres of white power music have been created, including a subgenre of country music, sometimes called segregationist music — which was developed in response to the American civil rights movement.^[1][10] The songs expressed resistance to the federal government and civil rights advocates who were challenging well-established white supremacist practices which were endemic in the American South.^[1] During the 1940s and 1950s, changes also occurred in the music recording industry that allowed regional recording companies to form across the United States, addressing small specialized markets.^[11] B.C. Malone writes: "the struggles waged by black Americans to attain economic dignity and racial justice provided one of the ugliest chapters in country music history, an outpouring of racist records on small labels, mostly from Crowley, Louisiana, which lauded the Ku Klux Klan and attacked African-Americans in the most vicious of stereotypical terms."^[1][12]

The artists often adopted pseudonyms, and some of their music was "highly confrontational, making explicit use of racial epithets, stereotypes and threats of violence against civil rights activists.^[1] Much of the music "featured blatantly racist stereotypes that dehumanized African Americans", equating them with animals or "using cartoonish imagery associated with "Jigaboos"".^[1] Lyrics warned of white violence on African Americans if they insisted on being treated as equals.^[1] Other songs were more subtle, couching racist messages behind social critiques and political action calls.^[1] The lyrics, in the tradition of right-wing populism, questioned the legitimacy of the federal government and rallied whites to protect "Southern rights" and traditions.^[1] The song "Black Power" includes the lyrics:

The ones who shout "Black Power"
Would bury you and me.
Yeah, the ones who shout "Black Power"
Should let our country be...
White men stand together and register to vote.
Don't let them take away our land.
We've still got lots of hope.^[1]

In 1966, businessman Jay "J.D." Miller created a niche record label for his company, the defiantly segregationist Reb Rebel Records. It was arguably the most notable of the racist country music record labels.^[1][11][13] Reb Rebel released 21 singles and For Segregationists Only, an album of its ten bestselling songs, four of which were Johnny Rebel's.^[14][15] The label's first single, "Dear Mr. President" (referring to then-president Lyndon B. Johnson), by Happy Fats (Leroy Leblanc), sold more than 200,000 copies.^[13][14] The song parodied Johnson's Great Society programs, which aimed to eliminate poverty and racial injustice.^[14]

Other songs were primarily about civil rights or the Vietnam War, "but they never really attacked black people."^[14] The studio's second release, "Flight NAACP 105" by "the Son of Mississippi" (Joe Norris), was the label's bestseller; the track was a "spontaneous skit in the vein of Amos 'n' Andy."^[14] It was the first in a series of "highly racist take-offs" of Amos n' Andy.^[1] Few of Miller's racist records were played on the radio in Louisiana.^[1][16]

Johnny Rebel, the pseudonym that Cajun country musician Clifford Joseph Trahane used on racist recordings issued in the 1960s, became the "forefather of white power music."^[14][15][17] Johnny Rebel's six singles (12 songs altogether), frequently use the racial epithet nigger, and often voiced sympathy for racial segregation and the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), such as his first B-side "Kajun Ku Klux Klan", which was a "cautionary tale centered on the story of 'Levi Coon' who dared to demand that he be served in a café."^[1][14][18] The songs were "vehemently anti-black, its pro-segregationist lyrics set to the twangs of the era's swampbilly craze."^[14]

Because of bootlegged records and Internet interest, Johnny Rebel's career continued; in the late 1990s he was rediscovered, and he re-released his music on CD and promoted it with his own website.^[14] The site, however, did not spark new interest outside his fanbase until September 11 attacks of 2001.^[14] Johnny Rebel recorded and released "Infidel Anthem", about "the whipping America should lay on Osama bin Laden," leading to an appearance on The Howard Stern Show, where his new compilation CD and the new song were promoted.^[14] At the time, Stern's show had a peak audience of around 20 million.^[19][20][21]

Michael Wade argues that Johnny Rebel "influenced British racist musicians, notably the band Skrewdriver, which inspired other right-wing musicians".^[22]

Nazi punk music is stylistically similar to most forms of punk rock, although it differs by having lyrics that express hatred of Jews, homosexuals, communists, anarchists, anti-racists and people who are not considered white, as opposed to the often left-wing lyrics of punk rock. In 1978 in Britain, the white nationalist National Front (NF) had a punk-oriented youth organization called the Punk Front.^[23] Although the Punk Front only lasted one year, it included a number of white power punk bands such as The Dentists, The Ventz, Tragic Minds and White Boss.^[23][24] The Nazi punk subculture appeared in the United States by the early 1980s during the rise of the hardcore punk scene.^[25][26]

The Rock Against Communism movement originated in the British punk scene in late 1978 with activists associated with the NF. The most notable RAC band was Skrewdriver, which started out as a non-political punk band but evolved into a white power skinhead band after the original lineup broke up and a new lineup was formed.^[27] They were the "most dominant white racial extremist band" and were idealized in the "emerging movement that arose in response to perceptions of political liberalism, diversity, and the loss of a power in the white community."^[1] Skrewdriver advocated on behalf of extreme right-wing and racist politics, and its frontman Ian Stuart Donaldson identified himself as a neo-Nazi.^[1] The group performed mainly for other white power skinheads and "asserted the need for extremist political violence."^[1] Bands that followed their lead also "fused racist ideology, heavy metal and hard rock styles", embracing "aggressive racism and ethnic nationalism".^[1]

National Socialist black metal (NSBM) is black metal that promotes National Socialist (Nazi) beliefs through their lyrics and imagery. These beliefs often include: white supremacy, racial separatism, antisemitism, heterosexism, and Nazi interpretations of paganism or Satanism (Nazi mysticism). According to Mattias Gardell, NSBM musicians see "national socialism as a logical extension of the political and spiritual dissidence inherent in black metal."^[28] Bands whose members hold Nazi beliefs but do not express these through their lyrics are generally not considered NSBM by black metal musicians, but are labelled as such in media reports.^[29] Some black metal bands have made references to Nazi Germany purely for shock value, much like some punk rock and heavy metal bands. According to Christian Dornbusch and Hans-Peter Killguss, völkisch pagan metal and neo-Nazism are the current trends in the black metal scene, and are affecting the broader metal scene.^[30] Mattias Gardell, however, sees NSBM artists as a minority within black metal.^[28]

The controversial nature of white power music has led to many online platforms, such as Bandcamp, refusing to list white power artists' work.

• George Burdi
• Coon song
• "Das Judenthum in der Musik" ("Jewishness in Music") – an essay by the German composer Richard Wagner
• Far-right politics
• Far-right subcultures
• Landser (band)
• List of Fascist movements
• List of Ku Klux Klan organizations
• List of National Socialist black metal bands
• List of neo-Nazi bands
• List of neo-Nazi organizations
• List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups#Neo-Nazi
• List of white nationalist organizations
• Louis and the Nazis - a 2003 documentary about American neo-Nazis which was produced and hosted by Louis Theroux
• Prussian Blue (duo)
• Johnny Rebel (singer)
• National Socialist black metal
• Resistance Records
• Westboro Baptist Church music parodies - homophobic (and occasionally antisemitic and anti-Catholic) songs by the Westboro Baptist Church which are also considered hate music.
• Radical right (Europe)
• Radical right (United States)
• Right-wing populism
• Right-wing terrorism
• Terrorism in the United States
• Domestic terrorism in the United States

• Apel, W. (1969). Harvard Dictionary of Music, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.
• Brake, M. (1980). The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures, Sex and Drugs and Rock 'n' Roll?, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Fox, Kathryn Joan (October 1987). "Real Punks and Pretenders: The Social Organization of a Counterculture". Journal of Contemporary Ethnography. 16 (3): 344–370. doi:10.1177/0891241687163006. S2CID 145309467. ProQuest 1292921337.
• Fryer, Paul (January 1986). "Punk and the new wave of British rock: Working class heroes and art school attitudes". Popular Music and Society. 10 (4): 1–15. doi:10.1080/03007768608591255.
• Grout, D.J. (1960). A History of Western Music, New York; W.W. Norton & Co.
• Hebdige, Dick. (1979). Subculture: The Meaning of Style; London, Methuen; Fletcher & Son ltd, 1979..
• Johnny Rebel – Klassic Klan Kompositions. (2003). Retrieved February 1, 2006.
• Joseph, Branden W. (2002). "'My Mind Split Open': Andy Warhol's Exploding Plastic Inevitable". Grey Room. 8 (8): 81–107. doi:10.1162/15263810260201616. JSTOR 1262609. S2CID 57560227.
• Lawler, J. (1996). Songs of life: The meaning of country music. Nashville, Tennessee: Pogo Press.
• Leroy "Happy Fats" LaBlanc. (no date). Cajun French Music Association. Retrieved June 17, 2006.
• Mackay, J. (1993). Populist ideology and country music. In G. H. Lewis (Ed.), All that Glitters: Country Music in America (pp. 285–304). Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press.
• Malone, B. C. (2002a). Country Music, U.S.A. (2 nd ed,). Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
• Malone, B. C. (2002b). Don't Get Above Your Raisin': Country Music and the Southern Working Class. Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
• Messner, Beth A.; Jipson, Art; Becker, Paul J.; Byers, Bryan (October 2007). "The Hardest Hate: A Sociological Analysis of Country Hate Music". Popular Music and Society. 30 (4): 513–531. doi:10.1080/03007760701546380. S2CID 143477219. ProQuest 208063554.
• Pittman, N. (2003). Johnny Rebel Speaks. Retrieved February 1, 2006, from "Present at the Creation." (2001, Fall). Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report. Accessed November 1, 2006.
• Sample, T. (1996). White soul: Country music, the church, and working Americans. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press.
• Tucker, Stephen R. "Louisiana Folk And Regional Popular Music Traditions On Records And The Radio: An Historical Overview With Suggestions For Future Research". Louisiana Folklife Program.
• Kim, T. K. (1970, January 1). A look at White Power Music today. Southern Poverty Law Center. https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2006/look-white-power-music-today
• Flock, E. (2017, August 18). Spotify has removed white power music from its platform. but it’s still available on dozens of other sites. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/spotify-removed-white-power-music-platform-still-available-dozens-sites
• The sounds of hate. ADL. (n.d.). https://www.adl.org/resources/report/sounds-hate

• Shekhovtsov, Anton, and Jackson, Paul (eds) (2012), White Power Music: Scenes of Extreme-Right Cultural Resistance. Ilford: Searchlight and RNM Publications.
• Farmelo, Allen (March 2001). "Another history of bluegrass: The segregation of popular music in the United States, 1820–1900". Popular Music and Society. 25 (1–2): 179–203. doi:10.1080/03007760108591792. S2CID 190723735.
• Hill, Jane H. (2008). The Everyday Language of White Racism. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Musial, Jennifer (2019). "'We're Country': Britney Spears, Southern White Femininity, and the American Dream". Feminist Formations. 31 (3): 72–94. doi:10.1353/ff.2019.0031. S2CID 213339976. Project MUSE 748842 ProQuest 2368696622.