William Pinkney

William Pinkney
United States Senator from Maryland
In office December 21, 1819 – February 25, 1822
Preceded by	Alexander Hanson
Succeeded by	Samuel Smith
United States Envoy to Russia
In office January 13, 1817 – February 14, 1818
President	James Madison James Monroe
Preceded by	John Quincy Adams
Succeeded by	George W. Campbell
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland's 5th district
In office March 4, 1815 – April 18, 1816
Preceded by	Alexander McKim
Succeeded by	Peter Little
7th United States Attorney General
In office December 11, 1811 – February 9, 1814
President	James Madison
Preceded by	Caesar Rodney
Succeeded by	Richard Rush
United States Minister to the United Kingdom
In office April 27, 1808 – May 7, 1811
President	Thomas Jefferson James Madison
Preceded by	James Monroe
Succeeded by	Jonathan Russell (Acting)
3rd Attorney General of Maryland
In office 1805–1806
Governor	Robert Bowie
Preceded by	Luther Martin
Succeeded by	John Thomson Mason
Mayor of Annapolis
In office 1794–1795
Preceded by	James Williams
Succeeded by	Allen Quynn
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland's 3rd district
In office March 4, 1791 – November 9, 1791
Preceded by	Benjamin Contee
Succeeded by	John Mercer
Personal details
Born	(1764-03-17)March 17, 1764 Annapolis, Province of Maryland, British America
Died	February 25, 1822(1822-02-25) (aged 57) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political party	Democratic-Republican
Spouse	Ann Rodgers
Signature

William Pinkney (March 17, 1764 – February 25, 1822) was an American statesman and diplomat, and was appointed the seventh U.S. Attorney General by President James Madison.

William Pinkney was born in 1764 in Annapolis in the Province of Maryland. His parents' home was on the banks of the Severn River, from where the family could see the Chesapeake Bay.^[1] He had English ancestry.^[2]

Pinkney attended the private King William school. His teacher was a Mr. Brefhard. Although Pinkney left school at the age of thirteen, he had impressed his teacher with his intelligence, and Brefhard agreed to give the youth private lessons at home.^[3]

Pinkney studied medicine (which he did not practice) and "read the law" with an established firm, as was the practice at the time for aspiring lawyers. He was admitted to the bar in 1786. After practicing law for two years in Harford County, Maryland, Pinkney was elected as a delegate to Maryland's state constitutional convention.

Pinkney was an excellent orator who possessed an impressive command of language. He was said to have been articulate and pleasing in manner.^[4]

After beginning his law practice, he married Anne Rodgers. They had ten children together. Edward Coote Pinkney, born seventh, was ranked as an accomplished poet posthumously. He died of tuberculosis before his 26th birthday.

In April 1788, Pinkney was elected a delegate to the convention of the State of Maryland, which ratified the United States Constitution. This marked the beginning of his political career.^[5]

Pinkney served in numerous electoral offices, at the local, state and national level. He was elected to and served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1788 to 1792 and then again in 1795. He was elected mayor of Annapolis, serving from 1795 to 1800.

He was elected in 1790 as a U.S. Congressman from Maryland's 3rd congressional district, serving in 1791. After the war of 1812, Pinkney was elected in 1814 from the fifth district, and served from 1815 until 1816.

He also had numerous political appointments. In 1801 he was appointed Attorney General for the District of Pennsylvania, by President Thomas Jefferson.^[6] Jefferson next appointed him as Attorney General of Maryland, where he served from 1805 to 1806.

Pinkney was nominated as a diplomat, serving with James Monroe as co-U.S. Ministers to the Court of St James's in Great Britain, 1806 to 1807. President Jefferson asked them to negotiate an end to harassment of American shipping, but Britain showed no signs of improving relations. The men negotiated the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty, but it lacked provisions to end British impressment of American sailors, and was subsequently rejected by President Jefferson and never implemented.^[7]

Pinkney was Minister Plenipotentiary from 1808 until 1811. He returned to Maryland, serving in the Maryland State Senate in 1811. In 1811 he joined President James Madison's cabinet as his Attorney General.

He was commissioned as a major in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 and was wounded at the Battle of Bladensburg, Maryland in August 1814. After the War, he served as congressman from the fifth district of Maryland from 1815 to 1816. He was next appointed by President James Monroe as the U.S. Minister Plenipotentiary to Russia from 1816 until 1818, along with a special mission to the Kingdom of Naples.

Pinkney successfully argued many important cases before the Supreme Court, including the landmark case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), in which the right of the U.S. Congress to charter the Bank of the United States was upheld.^[8]

In 1818 Pinkney was elected by the state legislature (as was the practice then) as a U.S. Senator from Maryland, serving from 1819 until his death in 1822. He is buried at the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.^[9]

Writer, critic, and fellow Baltimore lawyer John Neal dedicated eight pages in his 1823 novel Randolph to criticizing William Pinkney. Though written before Pinkney's death, it was published shortly afterward with a footnote explaining that the author acknowledged Pinkney's death but decided to publish the book as originally written anyway.^[10] Though Neal referred to him as "the greatest lawyer in America,"^[11] he also characterized his speeches as "a compound of stupendous strength; feeble ornament; affected earnestness, and boisterous, turbulent declamation,"^[12] concluding that "God never meant William Pinkney for an orator."^[13] Neal's insults went as far as to call Pinkney "a notorious sloven" who could be seen "wiping his nose and lips on the sleeve of his coat."^[14]

On the basis of these printed insults, Pinkney's son Edward Coote Pinkney challenged Neal to a duel, which Neal refused.^[15] The episode likely contributed to Neal's decision to leave Baltimore later that year.^[16]

• List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

• Hayes, Kevin J. (2008). The Road to Monticello: The Life and Mind of Thomas Jefferson. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530758-0.
• Ireland, Robert M. (1986). The legal career of William Pinkney, 1764-1822. Garland, 333 pages.  Book
• Lease, Benjamin (1972). That Wild Fellow John Neal and the American Literary Revolution. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46969-7.
• Neal, John (1823). Randolph, A Novel. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: For Whom It May Concern.
• Pinkney, Reverend William (nephew) (1853). The life of William Pinkney. D. Appleton and Company, New York.  e'Book
• Sears, Donald A. (1978). John Neal. Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 080-5-7723-08.
• Wheaton, Henry (1826). Some account of the life, writings, and speeches of William Pinkney. J. W. Palmer & co.  e'Book
• "PINKNEY, William, (1764 - 1822)". Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
• "William Pinkney, United States statesman". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
• "Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 2nd Congress, 1st Session". American Memory. Retrieved January 22, 2022.

• Media related to William Pinkney at Wikimedia Commons

• United States Congress. "William Pinkney (id: P000362)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• William Pinkney, Seventh Attorney General 1811-1814; U.S. Dept. of Justice
• Works by William Pinkney at Open Library