Windows Subsystem for Linux

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Windows Subsystem for Linux

Bash running on Windows 10
Other names	WSL
Developer(s)	Microsoft
Initial release	2 August 2016; 8 years ago (2016-08-02)
Stable release	2.3.26 / 10 November 2024; 12 days ago (2024-11-10)[1]
Repository	github.com/microsoft/WSL2-Linux-Kernel
Operating system	Windows 10, Windows 10 LTSB/LTSC, Windows Server 2016, Windows Server 2019, Windows 11, Windows Server 2022, Windows Server 2025
Predecessor	Windows Services for UNIX
Type	Compatibility layer, virtualization
License	Subsystem: Proprietary commercial software; Linux kernel: GNU GPLv2 (only) with some code under compatible GPL variants or under permissive licenses like BSD, MIT
Website	learn.microsoft.com/windows/wsl

Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) is a feature of Microsoft Windows that allows for using a Linux environment without the need for a separate virtual machine or dual booting. WSL is installed by default in Windows 11.^[2] In Windows 10, it can be installed either by joining the Windows Insider program or manually via Microsoft Store or Winget.^[3]

The original version, WSL 1, differs significantly from the second major version, WSL 2. WSL 1 (released August 2, 2016), acted as a compatibility layer for running Linux binary executables (in ELF format) by implementing Linux system calls in the Windows kernel.^[4] WSL 2 (announced May 2019^[5]), introduced a real Linux kernel – a managed virtual machine (via Hyper-V technology) that implements the full Linux kernel. As a result, WSL 2 is compatible with more Linux binaries as not all system calls were implemented in WSL 1.^[6]

Microsoft offers WSL for a variety of reasons. Microsoft envisions WSL as "a tool for developers – especially web developers and those who work on or with open source projects".^[7] Microsoft also claims that "WSL requires fewer resources (CPU, memory, and storage) than a full virtual machine" (a common alternative for using Linux in Windows), while also allowing the use of both Windows and Linux tools on the same set of files.^[7]

Microsoft's first foray into achieving Unix-like compatibility on Windows began with the Microsoft POSIX Subsystem, superseded by Windows Services for UNIX via MKS/Interix, which was eventually deprecated with the release of Windows 8.1. The technology behind Windows Subsystem for Linux originated in the unreleased Project Astoria, which enabled some Android applications to run on Windows 10 Mobile.^[8] It was first made available in Windows 10 Insider Preview build 14316.^[9]

Whereas Microsoft's previous projects and the third-party Cygwin had focused on creating their own unique Unix-like environments based on the POSIX standard, WSL aims for native Linux compatibility. Instead of wrapping non-native functionality into Win32 system calls as Cygwin did, WSL's initial design (WSL 1) leveraged the NT kernel executive to serve Linux programs as special, isolated minimal processes (known as "pico processes") attached to kernel mode "pico providers" as dedicated system call and exception handlers distinct from that of a vanilla NT process, opting to reutilize existing NT implementations wherever possible.^[10]

WSL beta was introduced in Windows 10 version 1607 (Anniversary Update) on August 2, 2016. Only Ubuntu (with Bash as the default shell) was supported. WSL beta was also called "Bash on Ubuntu on Windows" or "Bash on Windows". WSL was no longer beta in Windows 10 version 1709 (Fall Creators Update), released on October 17, 2017. Multiple Linux distributions could be installed and were available for install in the Windows Store.^[11]

In 2017 Richard Stallman expressed fears that integrating GNU functionality into Windows will only hinder the development of free software, calling efforts like WSL "a step backward in the campaign for freedom."^[12]

Though WSL (via this initial design) was much faster and arguably much more popular than the previous UNIX-on-Windows projects, Windows kernel engineers found difficulty in trying to increase WSL's performance and syscall compatibility by trying to reshape the existing NT kernel to recognize and operate correctly on Linux's API. At a Microsoft Ignite conference in 2018, Microsoft engineers gave a high-level overview of a new "lightweight" Hyper-V VM technology for containerization where a virtualized kernel could make direct use of NT primitives on the host.^[13] In 2019, Microsoft announced a completely redesigned WSL architecture (WSL 2) using this lightweight VM technology hosting actual (customized) Linux kernel images, claiming full syscall compatibility.^[6] Microsoft announced WSL 2 on May 6, 2019,^[5] and it was shipped with Windows 10 version 2004.^[14] It was also backported to Windows 10 version 1903 and 1909.^[15]

GPU support for WSL 2 to run GPU-accelerated machine learning was introduced in Windows build 20150.^[16] GUI support for WSL 2 to run Linux applications with graphical user interfaces (GUIs) was introduced in Windows build 21364.^[17] Both of them are shipped in Windows 11.

In April 2021, Microsoft released a Windows 10 test build that also includes the ability to run Linux graphical user interface (GUI) apps using WSL 2 and CBL-Mariner.^[18][17] The Windows Subsystem for Linux GUI (WSLg) was officially released at the Microsoft Build 2021 conference. It is included in Windows 10 Insider build 21364 or later.^[19]

Microsoft introduced a Microsoft Store version of WSL on October 11, 2021, for Windows 11.^[20] It reached version 1.0.0 on November 16, 2022 with added support for Windows 10.

The first release of WSL provides a Linux-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft, containing no Linux kernel code, which can then run the user space of a Linux distribution on top of it, such as Ubuntu,^{[21][22][23][24]} openSUSE,^[25] SUSE Linux Enterprise Server,^[26][27][11] Debian^[28] and Kali Linux.^[29] Such a user space might contain a GNU Bash shell and command language, with native GNU command-line tools (sed, awk, etc.), programming-language interpreters (Ruby, Python, etc.), and even graphical applications (using an X11 server at the host side).^[7]

The architecture was redesigned in WSL 2,^[5] with a Linux kernel running in a lightweight virtual machine environment.

The wsl.exe command accesses and manages Linux distributions in WSL via command-line interface (CLI) – for example via Command Prompt or PowerShell. With no arguments it enters the default distribution shell. It can list available distributions, set a default distribution, and uninstall distributions.^[30] It can also run a Linux command^[31] – replacing lxrun.exe which is deprecated as of Windows 10 1803 and later.^[32]

Windows Subsystem for Linux GUI (WSLg) is built with the purpose of enabling support for running Linux GUI applications (X11 and Wayland) on Windows in a fully integrated desktop experience.^[33] WSLg was officially released at the Microsoft Build 2021 conference and is included in Windows 10 Insider build 21364 or later.^[19] However, with the introduction of Windows 11, WSLg is finally shipping with a production build of Windows, bringing support for both graphics and audio in WSL apps.^[34] FreeRDP is used to encode all communications going from the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) Server (in Weston) to the RDP Client (msrdc on Windows^[35]) according to the RDP protocol specifications.^[36]

Prerequisites for running WSLg include:

• Windows 11 or Windows 10 Insider Preview builds 21362–21390.^[33][37]
• A system with virtual GPU (vGPU) enabled for WSL is recommended, as it will allow benefits from hardware accelerated OpenGL rendering.^[33]

LXSS Manager Service is the service in charge of interacting with the subsystem (through the drivers lxss.sys and lxcore.sys), and the way that Bash.exe (not to be confused with the Shells provided by the Linux distributions) launches the processes, as well as handling the Linux system calls and the binary locks during their execution.^[38] All processes invoked by a particular user go into a so called "Linux Instance" (usually the first invoked process is init). Once all the applications are closed, the instance is closed.

WSL 1's design featured no hardware emulation / virtualization (unlike other projects such as coLinux) and makes direct use of the host file system (through VolFS and DrvFS)^[39] and some parts of the hardware, such as the network, which guarantees interoperability. Web servers for example, can be accessed through the same interfaces and IP addresses configured on the host, and shares the same restrictions on the use of ports that require administrative permissions, or ports already occupied by other applications.^[40] There are certain locations (such as system folders) and configurations whose access/modification is restricted, even when running as root, with sudo from the shell. An instance with elevated privileges must be launched in order to get "sudo" to give administrator privileges, and allow such access.^[7]

WSL 1 is not capable of running all Linux software, such as 32-bit binaries,^[41][42] or those that require specific Linux kernel services not implemented in WSL. Due to a total lack of Linux in WSL 1, kernel modules, such as device drivers, cannot be run. WSL 2, however, makes use of live virtualized Linux kernel instances. It is possible to run some graphical (GUI) applications (such as Mozilla Firefox) by installing an X11 server within the Windows (host) environment (such as VcXsrv or Xming),^[43] although not without caveats, such as the lack of audio support (though this can be remedied by installing PulseAudio in Windows in a similar manner to X11) or hardware acceleration (resulting in poor graphics performance). Support for OpenCL and CUDA is also not being implemented currently, although planned for future releases.^[44][45] Microsoft stated WSL was designed for the development of applications, and not for desktop computers or production servers, recommending the use of virtual machines (Hyper-V), Kubernetes, and Azure for those purposes.^[7]

In benchmarks, WSL 1's performance is often near native Linux Ubuntu, Debian, Intel Clear Linux or other Linux distributions. I/O is in some tests a bottleneck for WSL.^[46][47][48] The redesigned WSL 2 backend is claimed by Microsoft to offer twenty-fold increases in speed on certain operations compared to that of WSL 1.^[6] In June 2020, a benchmark with 173 tests on WSL 2 (20H2) with an AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3970X showed an average of 87% of the performance of native Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. In contrast, WSL 1 had only 70% of the performance of native Ubuntu. WSL 2 improves I/O performance, providing a near-native level.^[49] A comparison of 69 tests with an Intel Core i9-10900K in May 2020 resulted in nearly the same relative performance.^[50] In December 2020, a benchmark with 43 tests on WSL 2 (20H2) with an AMD Ryzen 9 5900X displayed an average of 93% of the performance of native 20.04.1 LTS, compared to WSL 1 which only achieved 73%.^[51]

Version 2 introduces changes in the architecture. Microsoft has opted for virtualization through a highly optimized subset of Hyper-V features, in order to run the kernel and distributions (based upon the kernel), promising performance equivalent to WSL 1. For backward compatibility, developers do not need to change anything in their published distributions. WSL 2 settings can be tweaked by the WSL global configuration, contained in an INI file named .wslconfig in the User Profile folder.^[52][53]

The distribution installation resides inside an ext4-formatted filesystem inside a virtual disk, and the host file system is transparently accessible through the 9P protocol,^[54] similarly to other virtual machine technologies like QEMU.^[55] For the users, Microsoft promised up to 20 times the read/write performance of WSL 1.^[5] From Windows an IFS network redirector is provided for Linux guest file access using the UNC path prefix of \\wsl$.

WSL 2 requires Windows 11,^[56] or Windows 10 version 1903 or higher, with Build 18362 or higher, for x64 systems, and Version 2004 or higher, with Build 19041 or higher, for ARM64 systems.^[3]

WSL 2 on Windows 11 retains 95% of the performance of native Ubuntu 20.04 LTS.^[57]

WSL 1 does not support IPv6 connections, whereas WSL 2 does.^[58][59] IPv6 support in WSL 2 requires Windows 11 or newer.^[60]

• Azure Sphere
• FreeBSD § OS compatibility layers
• SmartOS § Virtualization
• Windows Terminal
• Xenix

• Barnes, Hayden (2021). Pro Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL): Powerful Tools and Practices for Cross-Platform Development and Collaboration. Apress. ISBN 978-1484268728.
• Leeks, Stuart (2020). Windows Subsystem for Linux 2 (WSL 2) Tips, Tricks, and Techniques: Maximise productivity of your Windows 10 development machine with custom workflows and configurations. Packt Publishing. ISBN 978-1800562448.
• Singh, Prateek (2020). Learn Windows Subsystem for Linux: A Practical Guide for Developers and IT Professionals. Apress. ISBN 978-1484260371.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Windows Subsystem for Linux.

• WSL on Microsoft Learn
• WSL on GitHub
• WSL2-Linux-Kernel on GitHub
• Brown, Pete (22 July 2016). "Fun with the Windows Subsystem for Linux". Windows Developer Blog. Microsoft.