Zaragoza (Cortes of Aragon constituency)

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Zaragoza
Cortes of Aragon
Electoral constituency
Location of Zaragoza within Aragon
ProvinceZaragoza
Autonomous communityAragon
Population967,452 (2021)[1]
Electorate739,340 (2023)
Major settlementsZaragoza
Current constituency
Created1983
Seats32 (1983–1987)
33 (1987–1999)
34 (1999–2003)
35 (2003–present)
Member(s)
  •   PP (15)
  •   PSOE (12)
  •   Vox (4)
  •   CHA (2)
  •   Podemos (1)
  •   IU (1)

Zaragoza is one of the three constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Cortes of Aragon, the regional legislature of the Autonomous Community of Aragon. The constituency currently elects 35 deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Zaragoza. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.

Electoral system

[edit]

The constituency was created as per the Statute of Autonomy of Aragon of 1982 and was first contested in the 1983 regional election. The Statute provided for the three provinces in AragonHuesca, Teruel and Zaragoza—to be established as multi-member districts in the Cortes of Aragon, with this regulation being maintained under the 1987 regional electoral law. Each constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of 13 seats, with the remaining 28 being distributed in proportion to their populations (provided that the seat-to-population ratio in the most populated province did not exceed 2.75 times that of the least populated one). The exception was the 1983 election, when each constituency was allocated a fixed number of seats: 18 for Huesca, 16 for Teruel and 32 for Zaragoza.[2][3][4]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen, registered in Aragon and in full enjoyment of their political rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Aragonese people abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[5] Seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency.[2][3][4] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[6]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least two percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[4][7][8]

Deputies

[edit]
Deputies 1983–present
Key to parties
  PCE
  IU
  CHA
  PSOE
  CDS
  PAR
  Cs
  PP
  CP
  AP
  Vox
Cortes Election Distribution
1st 1983
1 16 1 7 7
2nd 1987
1 13 3 11 5
3rd 1991
2 15 9 7
4th 1995
3 2 8 7 13
5th 1999
1 4 11 4 14
6th 2003
1 6 14 3 11
7th 2007
1 3 15 4 12
8th 2011
2 3 11 2 17
9th 2015
1 2 8 8 2 3 11
10th 2019
1 2 3 11 1 7 8 2
11th 2023
1 2 1 12 15 4

Elections

[edit]

2023 regional election

[edit]
Summary of the 28 May 2023 Cortes of Aragon election results in Zaragoza
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 175,274 36.24 +15.90 15 +7
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 147,267 30.45 +0.38 12 +1
Vox (Vox) 56,209 11.62 +5.17 4 +2
Aragonese Union (CHA) 26,580 5.50 –1.42 2 ±0
We CanGreen Alliance (Podemos–AV) 21,104 4.36 –4.05 1 –2
United Left of Aragon (IU) 16,409 3.39 –0.19 1 ±0
Aragon ExistsExists Coalition (Existe) 14,270 2.95 New 0 ±0
Citizens–You Aragon (CS–Tú Aragón) 6,483 1.34 –16.44 0 –7
Aragonese Party (PAR) 5,446 1.13 –2.47 0 –1
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)1 3,343 0.69 –0.02 0 ±0
Blank Seats to Leave Empty Seats (EB) 2,120 0.44 +0.21 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 878 0.18 +0.06 0 ±0
Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) 821 0.17 +0.03 0 ±0
Blank ballots 7,399 1.53 +0.64
Total 483,603 35 ±0
Valid votes 483,603 98.88 –0.56
Invalid votes 5,482 1.12 +0.56
Votes cast / turnout 489,085 66.15 +0.51
Abstentions 250,255 33.85 –0.51
Registered voters 739,340
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

2019 regional election

[edit]
Summary of the 26 May 2019 Cortes of Aragon election results in Zaragoza
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 144,888 30.07 +9.93 11 +3
People's Party (PP) 98,014 20.34 –7.47 8 –3
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 85,681 17.78 +7.77 7 +4
We CanEquo (Podemos–Equo)1 40,508 8.41 –13.50 3 –5
Aragonese Union (CHA) 33,323 6.92 +1.80 2 ±0
Vox (Vox) 31,103 6.45 New 2 +2
Aragonese Party (PAR) 17,333 3.60 –1.63 1 –1
United Left of Aragon (IU) 17,246 3.58 –0.79 1 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 3,404 0.71 –0.12 0 ±0
Ñ Platform (PAÑ) 3,008 0.62 New 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 1,126 0.23 –0.69 0 ±0
Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) 694 0.14 +0.04 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 564 0.12 New 0 ±0
Aragonese Land (TA) 364 0.08 New 0 ±0
Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) 338 0.07 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 4,265 0.89 –0.95
Total 481,859 35 ±0
Valid votes 481,859 99.44 +0.58
Invalid votes 2,724 0.56 –0.58
Votes cast / turnout 484,583 65.64 –0.15
Abstentions 253,666 34.36 +0.15
Registered voters 738,249
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:
  • 1 We CanEquo results are compared to the combined totals of We Can and Equo in the 2015 election.

2015 regional election

[edit]
Summary of the 24 May 2015 Cortes of Aragon election results in Zaragoza
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 132,866 27.81 –13.03 11 –6
We Can (Podemos) 103,873 21.74 New 8 +8
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 96,229 20.14 –8.03 8 –3
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 47,849 10.01 New 3 +3
Aragonese Party (PAR) 24,997 5.23 –1.94 2 ±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 24,470 5.12 –4.15 2 –1
United Left of Aragon (IU) 20,903 4.37 –2.09 1 –1
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 5,073 1.06 –1.72 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 4,419 0.92 New 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 3,946 0.83 +0.50 0 ±0
Commitment with Aragon (CCA) 1,290 0.27 +0.01 0 ±0
Equo (Equo) 818 0.17 New 0 ±0
Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) 815 0.17 +0.09 0 ±0
Aragonese Bloc (BAR) 520 0.11 New 0 ±0
Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) 496 0.10 –0.06 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 495 0.10 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 8,781 1.84 –1.41
Total 477,840 35 ±0
Valid votes 477,840 98.61 +0.31
Invalid votes 5,500 1.14 –0.31
Votes cast / turnout 483,340 65.79 –1.05
Abstentions 251,382 34.21 +1.05
Registered voters 734,722
Sources[12][13]

2011 regional election

[edit]
Summary of the 22 May 2011 Cortes of Aragon election results in Zaragoza
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 195,724 40.84 +9.31 17 +5
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 135,013 28.17 –13.04 11 –4
Aragonese Union (CHA) 44,443 9.27 +0.54 3 ±0
Aragonese Party (PAR) 34,342 7.17 –3.46 2 –2
United Left of Aragon (IU) 30,983 6.46 +1.53 2 +1
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 13,345 2.78 New 0 ±0
Greens–Ecolo (V–Ecolo)1 3,014 0.63 –0.06 0 ±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,591 0.33 New 0 ±0
Commitment with Aragon (CCA) 1,245 0.26 New 0 ±0
Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) 746 0.16 New 0 ±0
Aragonese Land (TA) 698 0.15 New 0 ±0
Aragon United Citizens Party (pCUA) 573 0.12 –0.28 0 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 525 0.11 –0.06 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 440 0.09 –0.03 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 398 0.08 New 0 ±0
Liberal Democratic Centre (CDL) 386 0.08 New 0 ±0
The Independent Voice of Aragon (L'VIA) 249 0.05 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 15,559 3.25 +0.91
Total 479,274 35 ±0
Valid votes 479,274 98.55 –0.80
Invalid votes 7,043 1.45 +0.80
Votes cast / turnout 486,317 66.84 +2.26
Abstentions 241,317 33.16 –2.26
Registered voters 727,634
Sources[14][15]
Footnotes:
  • 1 Greens–Ecolo results are compared to The Greens–Federation of Independents of Aragon totals in the 2007 election.

2007 regional election

[edit]
Summary of the 27 May 2007 Cortes of Aragon election results in Zaragoza
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 191,962 41.21 +3.85 15 +1
People's Party (PP) 146,882 31.53 +1.03 12 +1
Aragonese Party (PAR) 49,508 10.63 +0.94 4 +1
Aragonese Union (CHA) 40,642 8.73 –6.99 3 –3
United Left of Aragon (IU) 19,450 4.18 +1.01 1 ±0
The Greens–Federation of Independents of Aragon (LV–FIA)1 3,221 0.69 +0.08 0 ±0
Aragon United Citizens Party (pCUA) 1,872 0.40 New 0 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 784 0.17 –0.03 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 577 0.12 +0.06 0 ±0
Blank ballots 10,884 2.34 +0.14
Total 465,782 35 ±0
Valid votes 465,782 99.35 –0.08
Invalid votes 3,065 0.65 +0.08
Votes cast / turnout 468,847 64.58 –4.77
Abstentions 257,144 35.42 +4.77
Registered voters 725,991
Sources[16][17]
Footnotes:
  • 1 The Greens–Federation of Independents of Aragon results are compared to The Greens–SOS Nature totals in the 2003 election.

2003 regional election

[edit]
Summary of the 25 May 2003 Cortes of Aragon election results in Zaragoza
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 187,087 37.36 +7.59 14 +3
People's Party (PP) 152,708 30.50 –8.52 11 –3
Aragonese Union (CHA) 78,698 15.72 +2.90 6 +2
Aragonese Party (PAR) 48,511 9.69 –2.00 3 –1
United Left of Aragon (IU) 15,363 3.07 –0.83 1 ±0
The Greens–SOS Nature (LV–SOS)1 3,070 0.61 +0.01 0 ±0
Aragonese Initiative (INAR) 1,434 0.29 New 0 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 1,056 0.21 New 0 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 996 0.20 New 0 ±0
Republican Left (IR) 519 0.10 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 280 0.06 –0.10 0 ±0
Blank ballots 10,996 2.20 +0.15
Total 500,718 35 +1
Valid votes 500,718 99.43 +0.06
Invalid votes 2,873 0.57 –0.06
Votes cast / turnout 503,591 69.35 +6.42
Abstentions 222,529 30.65 –6.42
Registered voters 726,120
Sources[18][19]
Footnotes:

1999 regional election

[edit]
Summary of the 13 June 1999 Cortes of Aragon election results in Zaragoza
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 175,792 39.02 +1.00 14 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 134,113 29.77 +6.65 11 +3
Aragonese Union (CHA) 57,763 12.82 +7.29 4 +2
Aragonese Party (PAR) 52,662 11.69 –8.87 4 –3
United Left of Aragon (IU) 17,558 3.90 –6.56 1 –2
SOS Nature (SOS) 2,709 0.60 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 701 0.16 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 9,224 2.05 +0.46
Total 450,522 34 +1
Valid votes 450,522 99.37 –0.07
Invalid votes 2,841 0.63 +0.07
Votes cast / turnout 453,363 62.93 –7.37
Abstentions 267,030 37.07 +7.37
Registered voters 720,393
Sources[20]

1995 regional election

[edit]
Summary of the 28 May 1995 Cortes of Aragon election results in Zaragoza
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 186,240 38.02 +19.35 13 +6
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 113,254 23.12 –17.96 8 –7
Aragonese Party (PAR) 100,693 20.56 –4.94 7 –2
United Left of Aragon (IU) 51,220 10.46 +2.94 3 +1
Aragonese Union (CHA) 27,106 5.53 +3.33 2 +2
Platform of Independents of Spain (PIE) 1,980 0.40 New 0 ±0
Aragonese Unity (UA) 1,058 0.22 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 445 0.09 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 7,797 1.59 +0.22
Total 489,793 33 ±0
Valid votes 489,793 99.44 +0.10
Invalid votes 2,741 0.56 –0.10
Votes cast / turnout 492,534 70.30 +7.78
Abstentions 208,074 29.70 –7.78
Registered voters 700,608
Sources[21]

1991 regional election

[edit]
Summary of the 26 May 1991 Cortes of Aragon election results in Zaragoza
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 170,139 41.08 +5.54 15 +2
Aragonese Party (PAR) 105,643 25.50 –5.43 9 –2
People's Party (PP)1 77,348 18.67 +4.59 7 +2
Aragon Alternative Convergence–United Left (CAA–IU) 31,140 7.52 +2.30 2 +1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 10,699 2.58 –7.22 0 –3
Aragonese Union (CHA) 9,128 2.20 +1.36 0 ±0
Independent Aragonese Party (PAI) 1,882 0.45 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 1,549 0.37 New 0 ±0
Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) 1,032 0.25 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 5,655 1.37 –0.05
Total 414,215 33 ±0
Valid votes 414,215 99.34 +0.53
Invalid votes 2,755 0.66 –0.53
Votes cast / turnout 416,970 62.27 –7.00
Abstentions 252,668 37.73 +7.00
Registered voters 669,638
Sources[22][23]
Footnotes:

1987 regional election

[edit]
Summary of the 10 June 1987 Cortes of Aragon election results in Zaragoza
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 155,566 35.54 –12.29 13 –3
Regionalist Aragonese Party (PAR) 135,412 30.93 +8.89 11 +4
People's Alliance (AP)1 58,161 13.29 –6.48 5 –2
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 42,887 9.80 +6.78 3 +2
Aragon Alternative Convergence–United Left (CAA–IU)2 22,868 5.22 +0.98 1 ±0
Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC) 6,614 1.51 New 0 ±0
Aragonese Union (UA/CHA) 3,695 0.84 New 0 ±0
People's Democratic Party–Centrists of Aragon (PDP) 3,437 0.79 New 0 ±0
Humanist Platform (PH) 1,782 0.41 New 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR) 1,116 0.25 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 6,209 1.42 +0.81
Total 437,747 33 +1
Valid votes 437,747 98.81 +0.13
Invalid votes 5,255 1.19 –0.13
Votes cast / turnout 443,002 69.27 +3.06
Abstentions 196,537 30.73 –3.06
Registered voters 639,539
Sources[24][25]
Footnotes:

1983 regional election

[edit]
Summary of the 8 May 1983 Cortes of Aragon election results in Zaragoza
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 195,215 47.83 n/a 16 n/a
Regionalist Aragonese Party (PAR) 89,970 22.04 n/a 7 n/a
People's Coalition (APPDPUL) 80,694 19.77 n/a 7 n/a
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 17,305 4.24 n/a 1 n/a
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 12,307 3.02 n/a 1 n/a
United Left of Aragon (MCALCR) 4,100 1.00 n/a 0 n/a
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 3,406 0.83 n/a 0 n/a
Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) 1,381 0.34 n/a 0 n/a
Communist Party of Aragon (PCA) 1,285 0.31 n/a 0 n/a
Blank ballots 2,481 0.61 n/a
Total 408,144 32 n/a
Valid votes 408,144 98.68 n/a
Invalid votes 5,462 1.32 n/a
Votes cast / turnout 413,606 66.21 n/a
Abstentions 211,053 33.79 n/a
Registered voters 624,659
Sources[26]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero. Población por provincias y por sexo". ine.es (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  2. ^ a b Ley Orgánica 8/1982, de 10 de agosto, de Estatuto de Autonomía de Aragón. Boletín Oficial del Estado (Organic Law 8) (in Spanish). 10 August 1982. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  3. ^ a b Ley Orgánica 5/2007, de 20 de abril, de reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de Aragón. Boletín Oficial del Estado (Organic Law 5) (in Spanish). 20 April 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  4. ^ a b c Ley 2/1987, de 16 de febrero, Electoral de la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón. Boletín Oficial del Estado (Law 2) (in Spanish). 12 February 1987. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  5. ^ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  6. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  7. ^ Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales. Boletín Oficial del Estado (Royal Decree-Law 20) (in Spanish). 18 March 1977. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  8. ^ Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General. Boletín Oficial del Estado (Organic Law 5) (in Spanish). 19 June 1985. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  9. ^ "Acuerdo de la Junta Electoral de Aragón, de 9 de junio de 2023, por el que se ordena la publicación del resumen de los resultados de las elecciones a las Cortes de Aragón". Boletín Oficial de Aragón (in Spanish) (115). Gobierno de Aragón: 24835–24864. 19 June 2023. ISSN 9941-3256.
  10. ^ "Cortes of Aragon election results, 26 May 2019" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Aragon. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  11. ^ "Aragon Electoral Archive. Cortes of Aragon election, 2019. Constituency of Zaragoza". servicios.aragon.es (in Spanish). Government of Aragon. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  12. ^ "Cortes of Aragon election results, 24 May 2015" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Aragon. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  13. ^ "Aragon Electoral Archive. Cortes of Aragon election, 2015. Constituency of Zaragoza". servicios.aragon.es (in Spanish). Government of Aragon. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  14. ^ "Cortes of Aragon election results, 22 May 2011" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Aragon. 6 June 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  15. ^ "Aragon Electoral Archive. Cortes of Aragon election, 2011. Constituency of Zaragoza". servicios.aragon.es (in Spanish). Government of Aragon. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  16. ^ "Cortes of Aragon election results, 27 May 2007" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Aragon. 18 June 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  17. ^ "Aragon Electoral Archive. Cortes of Aragon election, 2007. Constituency of Zaragoza". servicios.aragon.es (in Spanish). Government of Aragon. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  18. ^ "Cortes of Aragon election results, 25 May 2003" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Aragon. 20 June 2003. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  19. ^ "Aragon Electoral Archive. Cortes of Aragon election, 2003. Constituency of Zaragoza". servicios.aragon.es (in Spanish). Government of Aragon. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  20. ^ "Cortes of Aragon election results, 13 June 1999" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Aragon. 2 July 1999. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  21. ^ "Cortes of Aragon election results, 28 May 1995" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Aragon. 21 June 1995. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  22. ^ "Cortes of Aragon election results, 26 May 1991" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Aragon. 1 July 1991. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  23. ^ "Number 156. Report-declaration of the Cortes of Aragon election of 26 May 1991" (PDF). tcu.es (in Spanish). Court of Auditors. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  24. ^ "Cortes of Aragon election results, 10 June 1987" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Aragon. 5 August 1987. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  25. ^ "Number 75. Audit report on the regularity of electoral accounting derived from the elections held on June 10, 1987" (PDF). tcu.es (in Spanish). Court of Auditors. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  26. ^ "Cortes of Aragon election results in the province of Zaragoza, 8 May 1983". www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Electoral Commission of Zaragoza. 7 June 1983. Retrieved 8 December 2019.

41°35′N 1°00′W / 41.583°N 1.000°W / 41.583; -1.000


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