Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan, also known as the Kyrgyz Republic, is a republic located in Central Asia that is completely surrounded by land. The People's Republic of China is located to the east of Kyrgyzstan, while Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are located to the north, west, and south of the country, respectively. Tajikistan is located to the south.

There are large minorities of Uzbeks and Russians in Kyrgyzstan, but ethnic Kyrgyz make up the vast majority of the country's population of 6.6 million people. The Kyrgyz language is connected to a number of other Turkic languages in a very close way.

The history of Kyrgyzstan encompasses a wide range of civilizations and empires. Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of many great civilizations despite the fact that its relatively mountainous topography keeps it physically isolated from the rest of the world. Kyrgyzstan was a part of the Silk Road as well as other economic routes. Kyrgyzstan has been dominated at various times in its history by bigger groups, such as the Turkic nomads, who may trace their origin back to a number of different Turkish states. The region has been inhabited by a series of tribes and clans in rapid succession. Throughout the latter part of the 13th century, it was first constituted as the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate. After being subjugated by the Mongols, Kyrgyzstan eventually regained its freedom but was afterwards overrun by the Dzungar Khanate. Once the Dzhungars were defeated, the Kyrgyz and Kipchak people became an essential element of the Kokand Khanate. In the year 1876, the territory that is now Kyrgyzstan was included into the Russian Empire. Thirteen years later, in 1936, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was established as a constituent republic of the Soviet Union. As a direct result of the democratic changes implemented by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president in 1990. Kyrgyzstan proclaimed its independence from Russia on the 31st of August, 1991, and shortly afterwards created a democratic government. With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Kyrgyzstan was able to establish its independence and become an independent republic.

After gaining its independence, Kyrgyzstan was formally established as a unitary presidential republic. Following the Tulip Revolution, the country changed its political structure to that of a unitary parliamentary republic; however, it gradually established an executive president and was governed as a semi-presidential republic until 2021, when it changed back to a presidential system. During the whole of its history, the nation has been subjected to a never-ending cycle of ethnic wars, revolts, economic difficulties, transitory regimes, and political strife.

Kyrgyzstan is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organization of Turkic States, and the Türksoy community. It is a developing nation that has a Human Development Index ranking of 118th, and it is the second poorest country in the Central Asian region. The resources of gold, coal, and uranium in the nation are the primary drivers of the economy during this transitional period.