Depressive disorder

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Depressive disorders are disorders that are characterized by the presence of irrationally sad, empty, and irritable moods that cause a significant decrease in human function. They are not combined into a singular diagnosis because they differ in duration, timing, or presumed cause. According to international guidelines, a depressive disorder should not be diagnosed in anyone with a history of manic episodes because then their condition would fall under a bipolar disorder.

Etiology

Depression stems from complex interactions between genetic, biological and environmental factors. Genetic predisposition plays a crucial role, with individuals who have a family history of depression being at higher risk. Biologically, it is associated with neurotransmitter imbalances (serotonin, dopamine) in the brain, affecting mood and emotional regulation. Hormonal changes, such as thyroid dysfunction or perinatal hormone fluctuations, can also trigger depressive symptoms.