Pan (Moon)

Pan
	Color photo of Pan by Cassini in March 2017
Discovery
Discovered by	M. R. Showalter
Discovery date	July 16, 1990
Designations
Designation	Saturn XVIII
Pronunciation	/ˈpæn/
Named after	Πάν Pān
Alternative names	S/1981 S 13
Adjectives	Pandean /pænˈdiːən/
Orbital characteristics
Semi-major axis	133584.0±0.1 km
Eccentricity	0.0000144±0.0000054
Orbital period	0.575050718 d (13.801217 h)
Inclination	0.0001°±0.0004°
Satellite of	Saturn
Group	Shepherd moon of the Encke Gap
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	34.6 × 28.2 × 21.0 km; (± 0.4 × 0.4 × 1.0 km)
Mean diameter	27.4±0.6 km
Volume	10748 km3
Mass	(4.30±0.22)×1015 kg
Mean density	0.400±0.031 g/cm3
surface gravity	0.0111–0.0169 m/s2
escape velocity	0.006 km/s at longest axis; to 0.007 km/s at poles
Rotation period	synchronous
Axial tilt	zero
Albedo	0.5
Physics	≈ 78 K

Short description: Moon of Saturn

Pan is the innermost named moon of Saturn.^[4] It is a small, walnut-shaped moon approximately 35 kilometres across and 23 km wide that orbits within the Encke Gap in Saturn's A Ring. Pan is a ring shepherd and is responsible for keeping the Encke Gap free of ring particles. It is sometimes described as having the appearance of a ravioli.^[5]

It was discovered by Mark R. Showalter in 1990 from analysis of old Voyager 2 probe photos and received the provisional designation S/1981 S 13 because the discovery images dated back to 1981.^[6]

Prediction and discovery

The existence of a moon in the Encke Gap was first predicted by Jeffrey N. Cuzzi and Jeffrey D. Scargle in 1985, based on wavy edges of the gap which indicated a gravitational disturbance.^[7] In 1986 Showalter et al. inferred its orbit and mass by modeling its gravitational wake. They arrived at a very precise prediction of 133,603 ± 10 km for the semi-major axis and a mass of 5–10×10⁻¹² Saturn masses, and inferred that there was only a single moon within the Encke gap.^[8] The actual semi-major axis differs by 19 km and the actual mass is 8.6×10⁻¹² of Saturn's.

The moon was later found within 1° of the predicted position. The search was undertaken by considering all Voyager 2 images and using a computer calculation to predict whether the moon would be visible under sufficiently favorable conditions in each one. Every qualifying Voyager 2 image with resolution better than ~50 km/pixel shows Pan clearly. In all, it appears in eleven Voyager 2 images.^[9]^[10]

Name

The moon was named on 16 September 1991,^[11] after the mythological Pan, who was (among other things) the god of shepherds. This is a reference to Pan's role as a shepherd moon. It is also designated Saturn XVIII.^[12]

Orbit

The eccentricity of Pan's orbit causes its distance from Saturn to vary by ~4 km. Its inclination, which would cause it to move up and down, is not distinguishable from zero with present data. The Encke Gap, within which Pan orbits, is about 325 km wide.

Geography

Pan, photographed by Cassini on March 7, 2017. The thin equatorial ridge is clearly visible.

Cassini scientists have described Pan as "walnut-shaped"^[13] owing to the equatorial ridge, similar to that on Atlas, that is visible in images. The ridge is due to ring material that Pan has swept up from the Encke gap. It has been referred to by journalists as a space empanada, a form of stuffed bread or pastry, as well as a ravioli.^[14]^[15] A new study suggests that the bizarre shape of Pan could also be due to collisions between tiny moonlets, thus causing them to merge and form Pan (known as the pyramidal regime formation scenario).^[16]

Pandean ringlet

The Encke Gap contains a ringlet that is coincident with Pan's orbit, indicating that Pan maintains the particles in horseshoe orbits.^[17] A second ringlet is periodically disrupted by Pan, similarly to how the F Ring is disturbed by Prometheus.^[18]

Gallery

Closeup of the Encke Gap, showing the central ringlet that is coincident with Pan's orbit.
Cassini image showing Pan orbiting in the Encke Gap.
Equatorial view of Pan from Cassini, with the rings of Saturn surrounding the moon.
Pan in the center of the image, occupying the Encke Gap in Saturn's rings. Its walnut-like shape is clearly visible.
Stretched (4x) images, processed in various ways.

References

↑ Pandean (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Pandean (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
↑ Jacobson, R. A. (2008). "Revised orbits of Saturn's small inner satellites". Astronomical Journal 135 (1): 261–263. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/261. Bibcode: 2008AJ....135..261J.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 Thomas, P. C.; Helfenstein, P. (July 2020). "The small inner satellites of Saturn: Shapes, structures and some implications". Icarus 344: 20. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.06.016. 113355. Bibcode: 2020Icar..34413355T.
↑ "Saturn - Moons". NASA. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/moons.
↑ "Saturn's Tiny Moon Pan Looks Like a Ravioli". CNET. https://www.cnet.com/news/nasa-saturn-pan-cassini-ravioli-moon/.
↑ IAUC 5052: Saturn July 16, 1990 (discovery)
↑ Cuzzi, J. N.; and Scargle, J. D.; Wavy Edges Suggest Moonlet in Encke's Gap, Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 292 (May 1, 1985), pp. 276–290
↑ Showalter, M. R. (1986). "Satellite "wakes" and the orbit of the Encke Gap moonlet". Icarus 66 (2): 297–323. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(86)90160-0. Bibcode: 1986Icar...66..297S. https://zenodo.org/record/1253894.
↑ Showalter, M. R. (1990). "Visual Detection of 1981 S 13, the Encke Gap Moonlet". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 22: 1031. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/BAAS./0022//0001040.000.html.
↑ Showalter, M. R. (1991). "Visual detection of 1981 S 13, Saturn's eighteenth satellite, and its role in the Encke gap". Nature 351 (6329): 709–713. doi:10.1038/351709a0. Bibcode: 1991Natur.351..709S.
↑ IAUC 5347: Satellites of Saturn and Neptune 1991 September 16 (naming the moon)
↑ "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology. July 21, 2006. http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html.
↑ "PIA08320: Cruising with Pan", Planetary Photojournal.
↑ Chang, Kenneth (10 March 2017). "Pan, Moon of Saturn, Looks Like a Cosmic Ravioli (or Maybe a Walnut)". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/science/nasa-cassini-saturn-moon-pan.html?_r=0.
↑ Perkins, Sid (2017-03-09). "Stunning close-up of Saturn's moon, Pan, reveals a space empanada". http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/03/space-empanada-frozen-ridge-around-saturn-s-moon-pan-collected-planet-s-rings.
↑ "Here's Why Saturn's Inner Moons Are Shaped Like Ravioli and Potatoes". 22 May 2018. https://www.space.com/amp/40653-saturns-weird-moon-shapes-explained.html.
↑ Hedman, M.M.; Burns, J.A.; Hamilton, D.P.; Showalter, M.R. (2013). "Of horseshoes and heliotropes: Dynamics of dust in the Encke Gap". Icarus 223 (1): 252–276. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.11.036. Bibcode: 2013Icar..223..252H.
↑ Porco, C.C.; Baker, E.; Barbara, John; Beurle, K.; Brahic, A.; Burns, J.A.; Charnoz, S.; Cooper, N. et al. (2005). "Cassini Imaging Science: Initial Results on Saturn's Rings and Small Satellites". Science 307 (5713): 1226–1236. doi:10.1126/science.1108056. PMID 15731439. Bibcode: 2005Sci...307.1226P.

External links

Pan Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
The Planetary Society: Pan

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[1] This color photo of Pan was created by combining separate photos taken in infrared, green, and ultraviolet spectral filters of the Cassini spacecraft's narrow-angle Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) camera on 7 March 2017. This view of the moon's northern hemisphere shows its walnut-like appearance, with a highly inclined equatorial ridge almost eclipsing the moon's southern hemisphere from view.

[2] Pandean (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005, http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Pandean (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[Jacobson2008-3] Jacobson, R. A. (2008). "Revised orbits of Saturn's small inner satellites". Astronomical Journal 135 (1): 261–263. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/1/261. Bibcode: 2008AJ....135..261J.

[Thomas2020-4] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 Thomas, P. C.; Helfenstein, P. (July 2020). "The small inner satellites of Saturn: Shapes, structures and some implications". Icarus 344: 20. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.06.016. 113355. Bibcode: 2020Icar..34413355T.

[Moons_of_Saturn-5] "Saturn - Moons". NASA. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/saturn/moons.

[Ravioli-6] "Saturn's Tiny Moon Pan Looks Like a Ravioli". CNET. https://www.cnet.com/news/nasa-saturn-pan-cassini-ravioli-moon/.

[iauc5052-7] IAUC 5052: Saturn July 16, 1990 (discovery)

[8] Cuzzi, J. N.; and Scargle, J. D.; Wavy Edges Suggest Moonlet in Encke's Gap, Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 292 (May 1, 1985), pp. 276–290

[Showalter1986-9] Showalter, M. R. (1986). "Satellite "wakes" and the orbit of the Encke Gap moonlet". Icarus 66 (2): 297–323. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(86)90160-0. Bibcode: 1986Icar...66..297S. https://zenodo.org/record/1253894.

[Showalter1990-10] Showalter, M. R. (1990). "Visual Detection of 1981 S 13, the Encke Gap Moonlet". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 22: 1031. http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/BAAS./0022//0001040.000.html.

[Showalter1991-11] Showalter, M. R. (1991). "Visual detection of 1981 S 13, Saturn's eighteenth satellite, and its role in the Encke gap". Nature 351 (6329): 709–713. doi:10.1038/351709a0. Bibcode: 1991Natur.351..709S.

[12] IAUC 5347: Satellites of Saturn and Neptune 1991 September 16 (naming the moon)

[Gazetteer-13] "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology. July 21, 2006. http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html.

[14] "PIA08320: Cruising with Pan", Planetary Photojournal.

[15] Chang, Kenneth (10 March 2017). "Pan, Moon of Saturn, Looks Like a Cosmic Ravioli (or Maybe a Walnut)". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/science/nasa-cassini-saturn-moon-pan.html?_r=0.

[Space_empanada-16] Perkins, Sid (2017-03-09). "Stunning close-up of Saturn's moon, Pan, reveals a space empanada". http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/03/space-empanada-frozen-ridge-around-saturn-s-moon-pan-collected-planet-s-rings.

[17] "Here's Why Saturn's Inner Moons Are Shaped Like Ravioli and Potatoes". 22 May 2018. https://www.space.com/amp/40653-saturns-weird-moon-shapes-explained.html.

[18] Hedman, M.M.; Burns, J.A.; Hamilton, D.P.; Showalter, M.R. (2013). "Of horseshoes and heliotropes: Dynamics of dust in the Encke Gap". Icarus 223 (1): 252–276. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.11.036. Bibcode: 2013Icar..223..252H.

[19] Porco, C.C.; Baker, E.; Barbara, John; Beurle, K.; Brahic, A.; Burns, J.A.; Charnoz, S.; Cooper, N. et al. (2005). "Cassini Imaging Science: Initial Results on Saturn's Rings and Small Satellites". Science 307 (5713): 1226–1236. doi:10.1126/science.1108056. PMID 15731439. Bibcode: 2005Sci...307.1226P.

v t e Moons of Saturn
Listed in approximately increasing distance from Saturn.
Ring shepherds	S/2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus Pandora
Co-orbitals	Epimetheus Janus
G Ring	Aegaeon
Alkyonides	Methone Anthe Pallene
Inner large (with trojans)	Mimas Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces
Outer large	Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus
Inuit group	Kiviuq Ijiraq Paaliaq S/2004 S 29 S/2004 S 31 Siarnaq Tarqeq
Norse group	Phoebe Skathi S/2004 S 37 S/2007 S 2 Skoll S/2004 S 13(?) Greip Hyrrokkin Jarnsaxa Mundilfari S/2006 S 1 S/2004 S 17(?) Bergelmir Narvi S/2004 S 20 Suttungr Hati S/2004 S 12(?) S/2004 S 27 Farbauti Thrymr S/2004 S 30 Aegir S/2007 S 3(?) Bestla S/2004 S 7(?) S/2004 S 22(?) S/2004 S 23(?) S/2004 S 25(?) S/2004 S 32(?) S/2006 S 3 S/2004 S 38(?) Fenrir S/2004 S 28(?) Surtur Kari S/2004 S 35(?) Ymir S/2004 S 21(?) Loge S/2004 S 36(?) S/2004 S 39(?) S/2004 S 33(?) S/2004 S 34(?) Fornjot S/2004 S 26(?)
Gallic group	Albiorix Bebhionn Erriapus Tarvos
Prograde outer satellites	S/2004 S 24
Rings of Saturn Cassini–Huygens Themis Chiron S/2004 S 6 S/2004 S 4 S/2004 S 3 In fiction

v t e Saturn
Outline of Saturn
Geography	Dragon Storm Great White Spot Hexagon Magnetosphere Rings
Moons	S/2009 S 1 Ring moonlets Pan Daphnis Atlas Prometheus S/2004 S 6 S/2004 S 4 S/2004 S 3 Pandora Epimetheus Janus Aegaeon Mimas Methone Anthe Pallene Enceladus Tethys Telesto Calypso Dione Helene Polydeuces Rhea Titan Hyperion Iapetus Kiviuq Ijiraq Phoebe Paaliaq Skathi S/2004 S 37 Albiorix S/2007 S 2 S/2004 S 29 Bebhionn Erriapus Skoll S/2004 S 31 Siarnaq Tarqeq S/2004 S 13 Greip Hyrrokkin Jarnsaxa Tarvos Mundilfari S/2006 S 1 S/2004 S 17 Bergelmir Narvi S/2004 S 20 Suttungr Hati S/2004 S 12 S/2004 S 27 Farbauti Thrymr S/2004 S 30 Aegir S/2007 S 3 Bestla S/2004 S 7 S/2004 S 22 S/2004 S 23 S/2004 S 25 S/2004 S 32 S/2006 S 3 S/2004 S 38 Fenrir S/2004 S 28 Surtur Kari S/2004 S 35 Ymir S/2004 S 21 S/2004 S 24 Loge S/2004 S 36 S/2004 S 39 S/2004 S 33 S/2004 S 34 Fornjot S/2004 S 26
Astronomy	Delta Octantis Saturn-crossing minor planets
Exploration	Cassini–Huygens (Huygens) timeline retirement Pioneer 11 Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2
Related	Fiction Moons The Day the Earth Smiled In Saturn's Rings (2018 documentary)