Bast

In Ancient Egypt, Bast (also spelled Bastet, Baset, Ubasti, and Pasht) was an ancient feline goddess who was worshiped since the early dynastic period (ca. 3000-2700 B.C.E.). Mythologically speaking, she was understood as the protector of the Lower Kingdom, and represented the benign heat of the sun. As a result, she also came to be seen as the daughter/consort of Ra (the Sun God worshiped in that region). During the Hellenistic period, she came to be associated with the Greek goddess, Artemis.

Bast in hieroglyphs

In classical Egyptian religion, Bast was the subject of considerable institutional and popular veneration. Institutionally, she was the central figure of a nationally recognized temple cult at Per Bast (Greek: "Bubastis") and was also featured in some confessional verses of the Egyptian Book of the Dead. On the popular level, she was revered for her relationship to female fertility and childbirth, such that amulets depicting the goddess (which were thought to grant biological fruitfulness) are relatively common archaeological finds in Egyptian excavations.

Bast in an Egyptian Context

As an Egyptian deity, Bast belonged to a complex religious, mythological and cosmological belief system developed in the Nile river basin from earliest prehistory to 525 B.C.E.^[1] Indeed, it was during this relatively late period in Egyptian cultural development, a time when they first felt their beliefs threatened by foreigners, that many of their myths, legends and religious beliefs were first recorded.^[2] The cults within this framework, whose beliefs comprise the myths we have before us, were generally fairly localized phenomena, with different deities having the place of honor in different communities.^[3] Despite this apparently unlimited diversity, however, the gods (unlike those in many other pantheons) were relatively ill-defined. As Frankfort notes, “the Egyptian gods are imperfect as individuals. If we compare two of them … we find, not two personages, but two sets of functions and emblems. … The hymns and prayers addressed to these gods differ only in the epithets and attributes used. There is no hint that the hymns were addressed to individuals differing in character.”^[4] One reason for this was the undeniable fact that the Egyptian gods were seen as utterly immanental—they represented (and were continuous with) particular, discrete elements of the natural world.^[5] Thus, those who did develop characters and mythologies were generally quite portable, as they could retain their discrete forms without interfering with the various cults already in practice elsewhere. Also, this flexibility was what permitted the development of multipartite cults (i.e. the cult of Amun-Re, which unified the domains of Amun and Re), as the spheres of influence of these various deities were often complimentary.^[6]

The worldview engendered by ancient Egyptian religion was uniquely appropriate to (and defined by) the geographical and calendrical realities of its believer’s lives. Unlike the beliefs of the Hebrews, Mesopotamians and others within their cultural sphere, the Egyptians viewed both history and cosmology as being well ordered, cyclical and dependable. As a result, all changes were interpreted as either inconsequential deviations from the cosmic plan or cyclical transformations required by it.^[7] The major result of this perspective, in terms of the religious imagination, was to reduce the relevance of the present, as the entirety of history (when conceived of cyclically) was ultimately defined during the creation of the cosmos. The only other aporia in such an understanding is death, which seems to present a radical break with continuity. To maintain the integrity of this worldview, an intricate system of practices and beliefs (including the extensive mythic geographies of the afterlife, texts providing moral guidance (for this life and the next) and rituals designed to facilitate the transportation into the afterlife) was developed, whose primary purpose was to emphasize the unending continuation of existence.^[8] Given these two cultural foci, it is understandable that the tales recorded within this mythological corpus tended to be either creation accounts or depictions of the world of the dead, with a particular focus on the relationship between the gods and their human constituents.

In the Egyptian context, Bast was a regional goddess who rose to prominence in the New Kingdom period (1570–1070 B.C.E.), when her cult came to be celebrated throughout the newly-unified country.^[9] These beliefs proved so enduring that they came to be described at length by Herodotus in his fifth century B.C.E. travelogue (as discussed below).

Mythological Accounts

In early Egyptian mythology, Bast was characterized as the divine protector of Lower Egypt, and was consequently depicted as a ferocious lioness—an image likely derived from the potent image of a lioness's defense of her cubs.^[10] Arising from this image (and from the metonymic identity between land and ruler in the Egyptian world view), the goddess also came to be seen as the mother of the pharaoh, and one of the sources of his divine power.^[11] Finally, she was also seen as a solar deity, a daughter/consort of Ra, who manifested his heat as the Eye of Ra.^[12] In this role, she represented "the milder heat which at certain periods of the day and year encouraged the growth of vegetation, and the germination of seeds," in contrast to Sekhet (another feline deity), who represented "the burning, fiery and destructive heat of the sun."^[13] Despite this (comparatively) more pleasant role, she was still identified as one of the defenders of her heavenly father, who was often depicted sawing off the head of the chaos-demon Apis.^[14]. See also: ^[15]

Later scribes sometimes recorded her name as "Bastet," a variation on Bast adding an additional feminine suffix to the one already present. Since Bastet would literally mean "(female) of the ointment jar," Bast gradually became thought of as the goddess of perfumes, earning the title "perfumed protector." This gentler characterization, together with Lower Egypt's loss in the wars between Upper and Lower Egypt, led to a decrease in her perceived ferocity. Thus, by the Middle Kingdom period (2030–1640 B.C.E.) she was generally regarded as a domestic cat rather than a lionness. Occasionally, however, she was depicted holding a lionness mask, which hinted at suppressed ferocity. Because domestic cats tend to be reproductively fecund and protective of their offspring, Bast also came to be associated with regarded as goddess of female fertility and of motherhood. In some popular iconography, she came to be sometimes depicted with numerous kittens.^[16]

As a cat/lion goddess (and divine protector of the Nile Delta), Bast came to be identified (at least in the Lower Kingdom) as the mother of Maahes, a fierce lion god incorporated into the pantheon during the New Kingdom period (1570–1070 B.C.E.). This paralleled the notion that Sekhmet (another lioness goddess) was the new god's mother, a mythological account popular in the Upper Kingdom.^[17]

Historical development of Bast's characterization

As divine mother (and more especially as protectress) of Lower Egypt, Bast was eventually identified as the more substantial goddess Mut, whose cult had risen to power with that of Amun, and eventually being absorbed into her as Mut-Wadjet-Bast.^[18] After this syncresis, Bast came to be seen as a lunar goddess (though this is more stereotypically an attribute of Mut).^[19]

This lunar character (coupled with her ritual function as a promoter of female fertility) led the Greeks to describe her (in the guise of Ailuros (Greek for cat)) as the Egyptian analogue of their own Artemis. Building upon this assumption, Bast came to be seen as the sister of Horus, who they identified as Apollo (Artemis' brother), and consequently the daughter of Isis and Osiris. However, this synthesized cosmology rarely displaced the goddess's more common association with Ra.^[20]

Bast in Egyptian Religion

In addition to her multifarious roles in Egyptian mythology, the feline deity was an ancient goddess, worshiped as early as 3000 B.C.E.^[21] The center of her cult was in Per-Bast (Bubastis in Greek), which was named after her.^[22] From textual sources, eyewitness accounts, and archaeological evidence, it is possible to piece together an understanding of the discrete (but related) elements of this cult.

First, Bast is mentioned in both the Pyramid Texts and the Egyptian Book of the Dead, where she is generally included among the gods propitiated in the funerary litanies. In the Pyramid Texts, the heart of the deceased is described as being "like that of Bastet [Bast], when he [the deceased monarch] ascends and lifts himself to the sky."^[23] This reference is evidently derived from the goddess's mythic association with Ra. This association with the Sun God is further demonstrated in an additional passage, where the deceased pharaoh appeals to the cat goddess as his mother.^[24] In the Egyptian Book of the Dead, the goddess is mentioned in the "Negative Confession," a portion of the posthumous judgment of the soul of the deceased. Specifically, the soul avers: "Hail, Bast, who comest forth from the secret place, I have not dealt deceitfully" and "Hail, thou who dost stride backwards, who comest forth from the city of Bast, I have not set my lips in motion [against any man]."^[25] As can be seen, the goddess is here associated with plain-dealing and honesty, perhaps due to the symbiotic relationship between humans and felines in Egyptian society.

As suggested above, the cult of Bast was further ensconced in Egyptian society by their culturally-mandated veneration of felines. This reverence was likely prompted by two beneficial roles that cats played in their society: first, they were able to fight and kill snakes (especially cobras); and, second, they functioned as exterminators of vermin (a must for Egyptian survival, as the desert people relied entirely upon food storage to weather the months of drought between floodings of the Nile). These adored animals were sometimes adorned with golden jewelry, and allowed to eat from the same plates as their owners. These practices were prevalent enough that they were observed by visitors to the sun-drenched land; for example, Herodotus notes that "If a cat dies in a private house by a natural death, all the inmates of the house shave their eyebrows… The cats on their decease are taken to the city of Bubastis, where they are embalmed, after which they are buried in certain sacred repositories."^[26] As the primary goddess of domesticated felines, many of these honors were also affiliated with (and directed at) Bast. Thus, it was in the temple at Per-Bast that dead (and mummified) cats were brought for burial. Additionally, pilgrims to the cult city would often purchase one of these feline mummies in order to offer it to the goddess. This led to a bustling commerce in animal mummification, with breeding farms set up in the temple grounds to provide the necessary source materials. As a result of both of these practices, over 300,000 mummified cats were discovered when the temple of Bast at Per-Bast was excavated.^[27]

This veneration of Bast was also expressed through participation in religious festivals. One in particular, which was centered in Per-Bast (Bubastis) but acknowledged throughout the country, was very popular in the later dynastic period and the era of Hellenic contact. These observances were described in detail by Herodotus:^[28]

The Egyptians do not hold a single solemn assembly, but several in the course of the year. Of these the chief, which is better attended than any other, is held at the city of Bubastis in honour of Diana [Bast]. … The following are the proceedings on occasion of the assembly at Bubastis:- Men and women come sailing all together, vast numbers in each boat, many of the women with castanets, which they strike, while some of the men pipe during the whole time of the voyage; the remainder of the voyagers, male and female, sing the while, and make a clapping with their hands. When they arrive opposite any of the towns upon the banks of the stream, they approach the shore, and, while some of the women continue to play and sing, others call aloud to the females of the place and load them with abuse, while a certain number dance, and some standing up uncover themselves. After proceeding in this way all along the river-course, they reach Bubastis, where they celebrate the feast with abundant sacrifices. More grape-wine is consumed at this festival than in all the rest of the year besides. The number of those who attend, counting only the men and women and omitting the children, amounts, according to the native reports, to seven hundred thousand.^[29]

Finally, Bast was also a common figure in popular worship. During the celebration of the New Year festival, women would be presented with images of the goddess, as these amulets were understood to promote fertility and to forestall the powers of chaos (in an echo of the goddess's more savage historical characterization).^[30]

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Assmann, Jan. In search for God in ancient Egypt, Translated by David Lorton. Ithica: Cornell University Press, 2001. ISBN 0801487293
• Breasted, James Henry. Development of religion and thought in ancient Egypt. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986.
• Budge, E. A. Wallis (translator). The Egyptian Book of the Dead. Accessed at sacred-texts.com, 1895. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
• Budge, E. A. Wallis (translator). The Egyptian Heaven and Hell. Accessed at sacred-texts.com, 1905. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
• Budge, E. A. Wallis. Egyptian Religion Kessinger, 1900.
• Budge, E. A. Wallis. The gods of the Egyptians; or, Studies in Egyptian mythology, A Study in Two Volumes. New York: Dover Publications, 1969.
• Budge, E. A. Wallis (translator). Legends of the Gods: The Egyptian texts. Accessed at sacred-texts.com, 1912. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
• Budge, E. A. Wallis (translator). The Rosetta Stone. Accessed at sacred-texts.com.1893, 1905. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
• Collier, Mark and Manley, Bill. How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: Revised Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
• Dunand, Françoise and Zivie-Coche, Christiane. Gods and men in Egypt: 3000 B.C.E. to 395 C.E. Translated from the French by David Lorton. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004. ISBN 080144165X.
• Erman, Adolf. A handbook of Egyptian religion, Translated by A. S. Griffith. London: Archibald Constable, 1907.
• Frankfort, Henri. Ancient Egyptian Religion. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1961. ISBN 0061300772.
• Griffith, F. Ll. and Thompson, Herbert (translators). The Leyden Papyrus. Accessed at sacred-texts.com, 1904. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
• Langton, N. and B. The cat in ancient Egypt. London: Kegan Paul, 2000. ISBN 0710307101.
• Meeks, Dimitri and Meeks-Favard, Christine. Daily life of the Egyptian gods, Translated from the French by G.M. Goshgarian. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. ISBN 0801431158
• Mercer, Samuel A. B. (translator). The Pyramid Texts. Accessed online at sacred-texts.com, 1952. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
• Pinch, Geraldine. Handbook of Egyptian mythology. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002. ISBN 1576072428
• Scott, Nora E. "The Cat of Bastet." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin (New Series). Vol. 17, No. 1 (Summer, 1958): 1-7.
• Shafer, Byron E. (editor). Temples of ancient Egypt. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997. ISBN 0801433991
• Wilkinson, Richard H. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson, 2003. ISBN 0500051208

External links

All links retrieved December 31, 2021.

• Bastet Encyclopedia Mythica.
• The Domain of Bast Per-Bast.org.