Odin

From Nwe
An 1886 depiction of Odin by Georg von Rosen

Odin (Old Norse: Óðinn) is the chief god in Norse mythology whose role in the Norse pantheon is complex and multivalent: he is known as the god of wisdom, death, and victory in battle but is also revered as a god of magic, poetry, prophecy, and the hunt. However, unlike many father-ruler gods, Odin is not described as a moral exemplar and is often seen winning battles and out-maneuvering opponents using guile, trickery and outright deception. Further, as he is seen as the lord of warriors who have fallen in combat, and is occasionally depicted inciting his human constituents into battle—once again, often using duplicitous means.

Though not as popular as Thor among the common people, Odin was still the recipient of considerable veneration, especially from members of the upper classes. He was also one of the three deities found in the major "pagan" temple at Uppsala, Sweden, where animals were slaughtered and men were hung to death as consecrated sacrifices to the "Gallows God" (one of Odin's many sobriquets).[1]

Odin in a Norse Context

Odin's name derives from the Proto-Germanic *Wōđinaz or *Wōđanaz and is related to óðr, meaning "excitation," "fury" or "poetry."[2] As a Norse deity, Odin belonged to a complex religious, mythological and cosmological belief system shared by the Scandinavian and Germanic peoples. This mythological tradition, of which the Scandinavian (and particularly Icelandic) sub-groups are best preserved, developed in the period from the first manifestations of religious and material culture in approximately 1000 B.C.E. until the Christianization of the area, a process that occurred primarily from 900-1200 C.E.[3] The tales recorded within this mythological corpus tend to exemplify a unified cultural focus on physical prowess and military might.

Within this framework, Norse cosmology postulates three separate "clans" of deities: the Aesir, the Vanir, and the Jotun. The distinction between Aesir and Vanir is relative, for the two are said to have made peace, exchanged hostages, intermarried and reigned together after a prolonged war. In fact, the greatest divergence between the two groups is in their respective areas of influence, with the Aesir representing war and conquest, and the Vanir representing exploration, fertility and wealth.[4] The Jotun, on the other hand, are seen as a generally malefic (though wise) race of giants who represented the primary adversaries of the Aesir and Vanir.

Odin is generally recognized (at least in the received sources) as the leader (or even the father) of the Aesir.

Characteristics

According to the Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson (1178–1241 C.E.), Odin is the first and most powerful of the Aesir. Despite this high status, he is an ambivalent deity, who is much more likely to arouse awe and fear than love, respect or veneration. His name, in the Old Norse language, connotes rage or frenzy, which was taken to refer to either “poetry and inspiration" or to "fury and madness" (leading many to assume that his name refers to the battle-rage of the famed Norse berserkers).

Odin is a God of wisdom (both worldly and arcane),[5] visually symbolized by his one-eyed visage, as a popular myth describes him sacrificing his eye for a drink from Mimir’s fountain, which gave him knowledge of the end times (Ragnarok).[6] An oft-told story depicts his craftiness in stealing the "mead of poetry" from the giants, saving most of the skill for himself, but also making it available to fortunate human poets.

Odin is constantly attended on by his two ravens, Huginn and Muninn (literally, “thought” and “memory”), whose constantly survey the mortal and divine realms and report their findings back to their master. He is also credited with the ability to use his magical runes to animate the dead (especially the hanged) in order to discover their secrets. Finally, and perhaps most significantly, Odin is described hanging himself from the world tree, being pierced by his own spear and literally dying in order to receive knowledge of runic magic:

I know that I hung
on the windswept tree
for nine full nights,
wounded with a spear
and given to Odin,
myself to myself;
on that tree,
of which no man knows
of what roots it runs.[7]
...
I peered downward,
I grasped the runes,
screeching I grasped them;
I fell back from there
...
I learned nine mighty songs.[8]

This particular episode creates a reasonable parallel between the deity and the shamanistic practice of ritual death in service of magical initiation.

An 1893 depiction of Odin taking the dead Sinfjötli to Valhalla by Fredrik Sander

Though not directly related to physical bravery or the art of combat (as were Thor and, to a lesser extent, Tyr), Odin was also understood in the context of war—specifically as a bringer of victory. By launching his dwarven-crafted javelin Gungnir over the enemy ranks, he was able to instill panic, blindness and numbness in the opposing troops, while simultaneously bolstering the courage and resolve of any army he favored. However, he was also associated with the dead of war—specifically, those who died honorably in combat. From their ranks, Odin, and his warrior-messengers, the valkyries (literally, "dead choosers"), recruited his troops of einherjar, who lived at his side in Valhalla and would fight alongside the Aesir in the war of the apocalypse (Ragnarök). Commenting on this martial role for the "father god," Dumézil notes, "in the ideology and in the practices of the Germanic peoples, war invaded all, colored everything."[9]

While Odin is typically described as an old man with a staff (one-eyed, grey-bearded, and wearing a wide-brimmed hat, with a blue traveling coat), he is also described as a shapechanger who is able to alter his skin and form at will. In iconography (both religious and popular), Odin's power or presence are often represented by the Valknut—a symbol constructed of three interlocking triangles.

Historical Origins

A seventh-century depiction of Odin on a Vendel helmet plate, found in Uppland

Worship of Odin dates back to early Germanic paganism. The most compelling evidence of this historical connection is found in the accounts of Tacitus and Julius Caesar, who describe the Germanic pagans participating in a cult of "Mercury" dedicated to a figure matching Odin in both attributes and areas of patronage.[10]

Thus, it is theorized that Scandinavian Óðinn emerged from Proto-Norse *Wōdin during the Migration period (especially 100 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.). The archaeological record bolsters this conjecture, as Vendel artwork (bracteates, image stones) depicts scenes that can be aligned with the High Medieval Norse mythological texts. Further, the context of the new elites emerging in this period aligns with Snorri's (euhemeristic) tale of the indigenous Vanir who were eventually replaced by the Aesir, understood as intruders from the continent.[11]

Additionally, parallels between Odin and Celtic Lugus have often been pointed out: both are intellectual gods, commanding magic and poetry. Both have ravens and a spear as their attributes, and both are one-eyed. A likely context of the diffusion of elements of Celtic ritual into Germanic culture is that of the Chatti, who lived at the Celtic-Germanic boundary in Hesse during the final centuries before the Common Era. However, it must be remembered that Odin in his Proto-Germanic form was not the chief god, but that he only gradually replaced Tyr during the Migration period.

Major Mythic Tales

According to the Prose Edda, Odin, the first and most powerful of the Aesir, was a son of a giant (Bor) and a giantess (Bestla), who, along with his brothers Ve and Vili, cast down the terrible frost giant Ymir. From his corpse, the three created the cosmos, transmuting his various body parts into sky, seas, and land:

From Ymir's flesh, the brothers made the earth, and from his shattered bones and teeth they made the rocks and stones. From Ymir's blood, they made the rivers and lakes. Ymir's skull was made into the sky, secured at four points by four dwarfs named Nordi, Sudri, Austri, and Westri (North, South, East, and West). And from Ymir's brains, they shaped the clouds and Ymir's eyebrows became Midgard, the place where men now dwell.[12]

In this account, Odin and his brothers are also attributed with creating mankind from hollow logs. In doing so, Odin first gave them breath and life; Vili gave them brains and feelings; and Ve gave them hearing and sight. The first man was named Ask and the first woman was Embla, and from them all families of mankind are descended.

A depiction of Odin riding Sleipnir from an eighteenth-century Icelandic manuscript

Furthering this understanding of Odin as "All-Father," he also had several wives with whom he fathered many children. With his first wife, Frigg, he had two sons: Balder, who stood for happiness, goodness, wisdom and beauty, and the blind god Hod, who was representative of darkness (and presented a perfect contrast to Balder's light). By the Earth Goddess Jord, Odin sired his most famous son, Thor the Thunderer. In addition to these offspring, he is also described as the father of lesser deities (including Vidar and Vali) and of many royal lineages among humans.

Some other important myths surrounding Odin include the sacrifice of his eye for a vision of the future and his nine-day crucifixion (suffered in order to receive the ability to perform feats of magic; both described above). In his eschatological vision (of Ragnarok), Odin sees that the Aesir will eventually be killed in their final battle with the giants (Jotun), and that he himself will die in the clutches of Fenrir—a demonic wolf spawned by Loki. Also important is the tale of his theft of the "mead of poetic inspiration" from the giants who had been guarding it - an account that revels in the god's quick-witted improvisation, shape-changing abilities and outright manipulation of the unwitting. Finally, Odin is featured in many of the heroic sagas, often granting temporary victory to the human warriors, though frequently depicted as requiring them to agree to sacrifice themselves (or their loved ones) in order to achieve their ends.

Ritual / Worship

Blót (Blood Sacrifice to the gods)

It is attested in primary sources that sacrifices were made to Odin during blóts (Blood sacrifices to the gods). Adam of Bremen (eleventh century) relates that every ninth year, people assembled from all over Sweden to sacrifice at the Temple at Uppsala, where male slaves and males of each species were sacrificed and hanged from the branches of the trees. Sacrifices were probably also made to Odin at the beginning of summer, since Ynglinga saga states one of the great festivals of the calendar is at sumri, þat var sigrblót ("in summer, for victory"). This particular phrase is significant, as Odin is consistently referred to throughout the Norse mythos as the bringer of victory.

In addition to these prescribed sacrifices to Odin, more happenstance ritual offerings were also made in order to bring about changes in circumstances. A notable example is the sacrifice of King Víkar that is detailed in Gautrek's Saga and in Saxo Grammaticus's account of the same event. Sailors in a fleet being blown off course drew lots to sacrifice to Odin that he might abate the winds. The king himself drew the lot and was hanged. In a like manner, the sagas relate that both King Domalde and King Olof Trätälja were sacrificed to Odin after years of famine by commoners seeking a divine reprieve.

The Ynglinga saga also details the sacrifices made by the Swedish king Aun, who, it was revealed to him, would lengthen his life by sacrificing one of his sons every ten years; nine of his ten sons died this way. When he was about to sacrifice his last son Egil, the Swedes stopped him.

Finally, this understanding of "death as sacrifice" extended to the field of battle as well, where the killing of a combatant was interpreted as a sacrificial offering to Odin.[13]

Odinic Toponyms

In northern France, Audresselles (Oderzell) (a district of Marquise):

In central France (Berry):

In Denmark:

In Finland:

In Norway:

Modern age

Modern popular culture

With the Romantic Viking revival of the early-to-mid nineteenth century, Odin's popularity increased again. Odin (as Wotan) is one of the main protagonists of Richard Wagner's opera cycle, Der Ring des Nibelungen. This depiction in particular has had influence on many subsequent fiction writers and has since resulted in varying references and allusions in multiple types of media.

Gandalf, the wizard of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, is largely based on Odin in his incarnation as "the Wanderer," an old man with one eye (though Gandalf retains both of his), a long white beard, a wide brimmed hat, and a staff. In fact, Tolkien explicitly states that he thinks of Gandalf as an "Odinic wanderer" in a letter of 1946 (Letters no. 107).

Germanic neopaganism

Odin, along with the other Germanic Gods and Goddesses, is recognized and venerated by Germanic neopagans. His Norse form is particularly acknowledged in Ásatrú, the "faith in the Aesir," an officially recognized religion in Iceland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden.


Names

The Norsemen ascribed many sobriquets to Odin, in keeping with the Norse skaldic tradition of kennings, a poetic method of indirect reference. The name Alföðr ("Allfather," "father of all") appears in Snorri Sturluson's Younger Edda, though it probably originally denoted Tyr, as it fits the pattern of referring to Sky Gods as "father."

Name
(Old Norse)		 Name
(anglicized)		 Meaning Sources (Eddaic titles italicized)
Alföðr Alfodr Allfather, Father of All Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál, Grímnismál (48)
Atriðr Atrid Rider Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (48)
Báleygr Baleyg Flame Eye Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál, Grímnismál (47), Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld's Hákonardrápa (6), Gísl Illugason's Erfikvæði um Magnús berfœtt (1)
Biflindi / Spear Shaker Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (49)
Bileygr Bileyg Feeble Eye or Wavering Eye Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (47), þulur
Blindi, Blindr / Blind Gylfaginning, Helgakviða Hundingsbana II (prose)
Bölverkr Bolverk Evil Worker or Evil Deed Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál, Hávamál (109), Grímnismál (47)
Farmaguð, Farmatýr Farmagud, Farmatyr God of Cargoes (or Burdens) Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál, Grímnismál (48)
Fimbultýr Fimbultyr Mighty God Völuspá (60)
Fimbulþulr Fimbulthul [14] Mighty Poet (or Sage) Hávamál (80, 142)
Fjölnir Fjolnir Wise One Grímnismál (47), Reginsmál (18), Gylfaginning (3, 20), many skaldic poems, þulur
Fjölsviðr Fjolsvid, Fjolsvin Very Wise Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (47)
Gagnráðr Gagnrad Advantage Counsel Vafþrúðnismál (8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17)
Gangari, Ganglari / Wanderer or Wayweary Gylfaginning
Gangleri [15] / Wanderer or Wayweary Grímnismál (46)
Gautr Gaut Geat (a tribe of Northern Swedes) Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál, Grímnismál (54)
Gautatýr Gautatyr God of the Northern Swedes Skáldskaparmál, Eyvindr skáldaspillir's Hákonarmál (1)
Gestumblindi / Blind Guest Hervarar saga (10), þulur
Glapsviðr Glapsvid, Glapsvin Swift in Deceit, Maddener Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (47)
Göndlir [16] Gondlir Wand Bearer Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (49)
Grímnir Grimnir Hooded, Masked One Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (introduction, 47, 49), Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld's lausavísur (9), Eilífr Goðrúnarson's Þórsdrápa (3), Húsdrápa (1), Rögnvaldr kali Kolsson's lausavísur (7), þulur
Grímr Grim Mask Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (46, 47), þulur
Hangaguð, Hangatýr Hangagud, Hangatyr God of the Hanged Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál
Haptaguð Haptagud God of Prisoners Gylfaginning
Hárbarðr Harbard Grey Beard Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (49), Hárbardsljód, þulur
Hárr Har High Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (46)
Hávi Havi High One Hávamál (109, 111, 164)
Helblindi [17] / Hel Blinder Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (46)
Herföðr, Herjaföðr Herfodr, Herjafodr Father of Hosts Gylfaginning, Völuspá (29, 43), Vafthrúdnismál (2), Grímnismál (19, 25, 26)
Herjan / Warrior Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (46)
Herteitr Herteit War-merry Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (47)
Hjálmberi Hjalmberi Helmet Bearer Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (46), þulur
Hnikarr Hnikar Overthrower Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (47), Reginsmál (18, 19)
Hnikuðr Hnikud Overthrower Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (48)
Hrafnaguð Hrafnagud Raven God Gylfaginning
Hroptr, Hroptatýr Hropt, Hroptatyr Sage[18] Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál, Hákonarmál (14), Úlfr Uggason's Húsdrápa (8), Hávamál (160), Grímnismál (54), Sigrdrífumál (13)
Jafnhárr Jafnhar Just as High, Equally High Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (49)
Jálg, Jálkr Jalk Gelding Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (49, 54)
Kjalarr Kjalar Keel Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál, Grímnismál (49)
Langbarðr Langbard Long Beard þulur
Ómi Omi Shouter Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (49)
Óski Oski God of Wishes Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (49)
Saðr Sadr, Sann Truthful Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (47)
Sanngetall / Truthful Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (47)
Síðgrani Sidgrani Long Beard Alvíssmál (6)
Síðhöttr Sidhott [19] Broad Hat Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (48), þulur
Síðskeggr Sidskegg Long Beard Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (48), þulur
Sigföðr Sigfodr Father of Victory, War Father Gylfaginning, Völuspá (54), Grímnismál (48)
Sigtýr[20] Sigtyr God of Victory, War God Skáldskaparmál, Atlakviða (30), Glúmr Geirason's Gráfeldardrápa (12)
Skilfingr Skilfing Trembler Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (54)
Svipall / Changing Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (47)
Tvíblindi Tviblindi Twice Blind þulur
Þekkr Thekk Known Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (46)
Þriði Thridi Third Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál, Grímnismál (46)
Þróttr Thrott Strength Glymdrápa (2)
Þundr Thund Thunderer Gylfaginning, Hávamál (145), Grímnismál (46, 54)
Váfuðr Vafud Wanderer Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál, Grímnismál (54)
Vakr Vak Wakeful Gylfaginning, Grímnismál (54)
Valföðr Valfodr Father of the Slain Gylfaginning, Völuspá (1, 27, 28), Grímnismál (48), þulur
Valgautr Valgaut Slaughter-Gaut, Gaut of the Slain Skáldskaparmál
Vegtam / Wanderer or Way-tame Baldrs draumar (6, 13)
Yggr Ygg Terrible One Gylfaginning, Skáldskaparmál, Völuspá (28), Grímnismál (53, 54)

[21]

Notes

  1. ↑ One of the major sources for depictions of these ritual practices comes from Adam of Bremen, an eleventh century cleric, chronicler, and missionary. Described in Dubois, 60; Munch, 8-9. However, given the source's definite "anti-pagan" stance, it is perhaps advisable to approach these statements with a critical mindset.
  2. ↑ These linguistic roots are also the source of the Anglo-Saxon Woden.
  3. ↑ Lindow, 6-8. Though some scholars have argued against the homogenizing effect of grouping these various traditions together under the rubric of “Norse Mythology,” the profoundly exploratory/nomadic nature of Viking society tends to overrule such objections. As Thomas DuBois cogently argues, “[w]hatever else we may say about the various peoples of the North during the Viking Age, then, we cannot claim that they were isolated from or ignorant of their neighbors…. As religion expresses the concerns and experiences of its human adherents, so it changes continually in response to cultural, economic, and environmental factors. Ideas and ideals passed between communities with frequency and regularity, leading to and interdependent and intercultural region with broad commonalities of religion and worldview.” (27-28).
  4. ↑ More specifically, Georges Dumézil, one of the foremost authorities on the Norse tradition and a noted comparitivist, argues quite persuasively that the Aesir / Vanir distinction is a component of a larger triadic division (between ruler gods, warrior gods, and gods of agriculture and commerce) that is echoed among the Indo-European cosmologies (from Vedic India, through Rome and into the Germanic North). Further, he notes that this distinction conforms to patterns of social organization found in all of these societies. See Georges Dumézil's Gods of the Ancient Northmen (especially pgs. xi-xiii, 3-25) for more details.
  5. ↑ Note: This connection with divine wisdom led many Roman philosophers and chroniclers, from Caesar and Tacitus on, to relate Odin with Mercury/Apollo. See Dumézil, 19.
  6. ↑ Turville-Petre, 63.
  7. ↑ A reference to Yggdrasil, the famed World Tree of Norse mythology. See Lindow, 248.
  8. ↑ Hávamál (strs. 138-45), quoted in Turville-Petre, 42.
  9. ↑ Dumézil, 42.
  10. ↑ See Dumézil, 19, and also Julius Caesar's de bello Gallico (6.17.1), which mentions "Mercury" as the chief god of Celtic religion.
  11. ↑ Rundkvist, Martin. 2003. Post festum. Solid gold in the Vendel Period. Retrieved March 22, 2007.
  12. ↑ Paraphrase from the Prose Edda as translated by Arthur Brodeur, p. 20.
  13. ↑ DuBois, 43, 60; Turville-Pietrie, 50-55, 64-70.
  14. ↑ Also the name of a river, one of the Élivágar.
  15. ↑ Also an assumed name used by Gylfi.
  16. ↑ "Geldnir" in other manuscripts.
  17. ↑ Also the name of a brother of Loki.
  18. ↑ The meaning is disputed according to Lindow but Larrington gives the translation "Sage" in the Poetic Edda.
  19. ↑ "Sidhofr" in other manuscripts.
  20. ↑ In plural, sigtívar refers to the gods in many Eddic poems.
  21. ↑ This table reproduced (with some amendments) from Wikipedia. Also, many of these names are attested to in the Poetic Edda's Skáldskaparmál (II), (97-103 in the Brodeur edition).

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