Laws and procedures[edit]

Laws governing ballot measures
State
• Laws governing state initiative processes
• Laws governing state recall processes
• Changes to ballot measure law in 2025
• Difficulty analysis of changes to laws governing ballot measures
• Analysis of 2025 changes to laws governing ballot measures
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• Laws governing local ballot measures
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Contents
1 Laws and procedures
1.1 Crafting an initiative
1.1.1 Single-subject rule
1.1.2 Subject restrictions
1.1.3 Competing initiatives
1.2 Starting a petition
1.2.1 Applying to petition
1.2.2 Proposal review/approval
1.2.3 Petition summary
1.3 Collecting signatures
1.3.1 Number required
1.3.2 Distribution requirements
1.3.3 Restrictions on circulators
1.3.4 Electronic signatures
1.3.5 Deadlines for collection
1.4 Getting on the ballot
1.4.1 Signature verification
1.4.2 Ballot title and summary
1.4.3 Fiscal review
1.5 The election and beyond
1.5.1 Supermajority requirements
1.5.2 Effective date
1.5.3 Litigation
1.5.4 Legislative alteration
1.5.5 Re-attempting an initiative
1.6 Funding an initiative campaign
1.7 State initiative law
2 Changes in the law

Citizens of North Dakota may initiate legislation as either a state statute or a constitutional amendment. In North Dakota, citizens also have the power to repeal legislation via veto referendum. The North Dakota Legislative Assembly may also place measures on the ballot as legislatively referred constitutional amendments with a majority vote.

Crafting an initiative[edit]

Of the 24 states that allow citizens to initiate legislation through the petition process, several states have adopted restrictions and regulations that limit the scope and content of proposed initiatives. These regulations may include laws that mandate that initiatives address only one topic, restrict the range of acceptable topics for proposed laws, prohibit unfunded mandates and establish guidelines for adjudicating contradictory measures.

Single-subject rule[edit]

See also: Single-subject rule

North Dakota does not employ a single-subject rule.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Sections 1-10 and North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Sections 7-17 

Subject restrictions[edit]

See also: Subject restrictions (ballot measures)

Besides the prohibition against initiated constitutional amendments that would directly appropriate funds outlined below, initiated measures and amendments are not governed by subject restrictions in North Dakota. In addition, they are not required to specify a funding source for mandated expenditures.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Sections 1-10 and North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Sections 7-17 

Competing initiatives[edit]

See also: Superseding initiative; "Poison pills"; List of North Dakota ballot measures

North Dakota law provides that in the event that two conflicting measures are approved, the measure with the most affirmative votes supersedes the other.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Section 8

Public fund appropriation[edit]

See also: North Dakota House Concurrent Resolution 3011 (2013)

A prohibition against the circulation of a petition to initiate a constitutional amendment that would directly appropriate public funds or require lawmakers to directly appropriate funds for a specific purpose was approved by the North Dakota legislature in 2013.

See law: North Dakota House Concurrent Resolution 3011 (2013) and Section 2 of article III of the Constitution of North Dakota

Starting a petition[edit]

Each initiative and referendum state employs a different procedure for filing petition applications. Some states require preliminary signatures while others do not. In addition, several states review each proposed statute, verifying that the law conforms to the style and conventions of state law and recommending alterations to initiative proponents. Some of these states also review the law for more substantive considerations of content and consistency. Also, many states conduct a review of the ballot title and summary, and several states employ a fiscal review process which analyzes proposed laws to determine their impact on state finances.^[1][2][3]

Applying to petition[edit]

See also: Approved for circulation

North Dakota is one of several states that require a certain number of signatures to accompany petition applications. The signatures of at least 25 qualified voters who will serve as sponsors of the ballot measure are required. A chairperson for the sponsors must be also designated. In addition, sponsors must file a copy of the petition complete with the text of the measure.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Section 2 and North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Section 9 

Proposal review/approval[edit]

See also: Approved for circulation

The North Dakota secretary of state reviews the petition to ensure that it is in "proper form and contains the names and addresses of the sponsors and the full text of the measure."

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Section 2 and North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Section 9 

Petition summary[edit]

See also: Starting a petition

The secretary of state drafts a petition title for the measure fairly and concisely representing the measure. This title must be approved by the North Dakota attorney general.

• An example of a petition title can be found on the petition here.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Section 2 and North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Section 9 

Collecting signatures[edit]

Each initiative and referendum state employs a unique method of calculating the state's signature requirements. Some states mandate a certain fraction of registered voters while others base their calculation on those who actually voted in a preceding election. In addition, many states employ a distribution requirement, dictating where in the state these signatures must be collected. Beyond these overarching requirements, many states regulate the manner in which signatures may be collected and the timeline for collecting them.

Number required[edit]

See also: North Dakota signature requirements

Since North Dakota does not have a voter registration system, the number of signatures required is tied to the population reported by the last decennial census. As such, any US Citizen who is at least 18 years old and who has resided in the state for at least thirty days may sign an initiative petition. For statutes and veto referendums, the number of signatures required is 2 percent of the population. For constitutional amendments, it is 4 percent of the population. For recall, signatures must equal 25 percent of the votes cast for that particular office in the last election. Officials in Congress are exempt from recall. A signer's name must be legibly printed on a petition and the signer's zip code must be included.

The chart below shows election years and the signature requirement for initiatives designed to appear on the ballot in that year, with decennial census years bolded.

Year	Constitutional amendment	Initiated statute	Veto referendum
2030	31,164	15,582	15,582
2028	31,164	15,582	15,582
2026	31,164	15,582	15,582
2024	31,164	15,582	15,582
2022	31,164	15,582	15,582
2020	26,904	13,452	13,452
2018	26,904	13,452	13,452
2016	26,904	13,452	13,452
2014	26,904	13,452	13,452
2012	26,904	13,452	13,452
2010	25,688	12,844	12,844
2008	25,688	12,844	12,844

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Sections 4, 9, & 10

Distribution requirements[edit]

See also: Distribution requirements

North Dakota does not have a distribution requirement for petition signatures.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Sections 1-10 and North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Sections 7-17 

Restrictions on circulators[edit]

Circulator requirements[edit]

See also: Petition circulator

In North Dakota, no law could be found that prohibited a circulator from signing his/her own petition. Each initiative petition must contain a circulator affidavit, signed by the circulator in front of a public notary. A circulator must also swear to and sign a statement, under the penalty of law, that he/she personally witnessed every act of signing the petition.^[4]

According to North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Sec. 3, and North Dakota Century Code, Sec. 16.1, circulators are required to be at least 18 years of age or older and to be an elector in the state of North Dakota. Moreover, paid circulators must be registered with the secretary of state. Volunteers do not have to register.^[4]

Once circulation is complete, signatures are submitted to the secretary of state.^[4]

See laws: North Dakota Constitution, Article 3, Section 3 and North Dakota Century Code, Sec. 16.1-01-09 and Sec. 16.1-01-12

Pay-per-signature[edit]

See also: Pay-per-signature

North Dakota prohibits paying signature gatherers based on the number of signatures collected.

In Initiative & Referendum Institute v. Jaeger, the United States Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit upheld the ban.

See law: North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Section 12(11)  & I & R Institute v. Jaeger

Out-of-state circulators[edit]

See also: Residency requirements for petition circulators

North Dakota requires signature gatherers to be eligible to vote in the state. In Initiative and Referendum Institute v. Jaeger, the United States Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit upheld the requirement. North Dakota, however, does not have a voter-registration system. Thus, any resident of the state who is at least 18 years old is eligible to vote in the state.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Section 3 and I and R Institute v. Jaeger

Badge requirements[edit]

See also: Badge requirements

North Dakota law does not require the circulator's paid/volunteer status to be disclosed.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Sections 1-10 and North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Sections 7-17 

Electronic signatures[edit]

See also: Electronic petition signatures

Since electronic signatures are an emerging technology, the constitutionality of bans on e-signatures and the legality of e-signatures in states without bans is largely untested. North Dakota law does mandate that signatures be collected in person.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Section 3

Deadlines for collection[edit]

See also: Petition drive deadlines; Initiative petition circulation periods

In North Dakota, petitioners may only circulate a petition for one year following the secretary of state's initial approval. The completed petition must be submitted at least 120 days prior to the election per Measure 1, approved on June 10, 2014.

See law: North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Section 9 (7)  and Article III, North Dakota Constitution

Getting on the ballot[edit]

Once signatures have been collected, state officials must verify that requirements are met and that fraudulent signatures are excluded. States generally employ a random sample process or a full verification of signatures. After verification, the issue must be prepared for the ballot. This often involves preparing a fiscal review and ballot summary.

Signature submission[edit]

See also: North Dakota House Bill 1372 (2013)

According to a 2013 House Bill, once signature petitions are submitted to the secretary of state, they are considered filed and cannot be returned to the sponsoring committee for the purpose of continuing the circulation process or resubmitting the petitions at a later time.^[5] Within 180 days of submitting a petition, a statement disclosing the following information must be submitted as well:^[6]

• Whether petition circulators will be paid or will be strictly volunteer

• If paid, the total amount of money paid to or expected to be paid to circulators.

See law: North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Section 9 

Signature verification[edit]

See also: Signature certification

Once the signatures have been gathered, the secretary of state verifies them using a random sample method. Since North Dakota does not have a voter registration system, the secretary may use "questionnaires, postcards, telephone calls, personal interviews, or other accepted information-gathering techniques" to verify the selected signatures.

See law: North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Section 10 

Ballot title and summary[edit]

See also: Ballot title

In North Dakota, measures are given a generic name (e.g. Constitutional Measure No. 1, Initiated Statutory Measure No. 2). Numbers are assigned sequentially for all measures beginning with "1" at each election. A brief summary and the results of the voters' choice are presented on the ballot. Descriptive titles, full summaries and fiscal analyses do not appear on the ballot.

• A sample ballot can be found here.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Sections 1-10 and North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Sections 7-17 

Fiscal review[edit]

See also: Fiscal impact statement

The North Dakota Legislative Council prepares a fiscal analysis of each measure after certification and prior to the election. At least 30 days prior to the election, the fiscal analysis is presented to the secretary of state. This information is made available to the public by the secretary of state. According to a bill passed in 2013, if the fiscal impact of an initiated ballot measure is deemed "significant," the measure must be put on a general election ballot.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Sections 2 and North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Section 17 

The election and beyond[edit]

Ballot measures face additional challenges beyond qualifying for the ballot and receiving a majority of the vote. Several states require ballot measures to get more than a simple majority. While some states mandate a three-fifths supermajority, other states set the margin differently. In addition, ballot measures may face legal challenges or modifications by legislators. If a ballot measure does fail, some states limit how soon that initiative can be re-attempted.

Pre-election notices[edit]

Senate Bill 2230, enacted in 2025, requires the secretary of state to distribute materials to all active voters at least 45 days prior to an election on a ballot measure including an objective summary, a fiscal impact summary, whether the measure was initiated by citizens or referred by the legislature, and an objective analysis of a yes and no vote.^[7]

Supermajority requirements[edit]

See also: Supermajority requirements

In North Dakota, each ballot measure requires only a simple majority of the votes cast for or against it for approval. This also applies to legislative referrals.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Sections 8 and 9

Effective date[edit]

Approved North Dakota ballot measures take effect 30 days after the election.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Sections 8 and 9

Litigation[edit]

See also: Ballot measure lawsuit news

Challenges to any decision made by the secretary of state during the initiative process should be filed in the North Dakota Supreme Court. No court ruling may invalidate a measure after voters have approved it. In addition, if a challenge is pending while the ballot is being prepared, the measure should still be placed on the ballot.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Section 7

Legislative alteration[edit]

See also: Legislative alteration

The North Dakota Legislative Assembly may not repeal or amend an initiative for seven years without a 2/3 majority votes.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Section 8

Re-attempting an initiative[edit]

In North Dakota, there is effectively no limit on how often ballot measures may be reattempted.^[8] State law does prohibit "more than two elections on the same general matter" within twelve months. Since measures are typically presented at only primary and general elections, a special election would have to be called to exceed this limit. Moreover, the petition periods for these measures would overlap, requiring petitions on the "same general matter" to be circulated simultaneously for multiple elections.

See law: North Dakota Constitution, Article III, Sections 1-10 and North Dakota Century Code, Title 16.1, Chapter 1, Section 11 

Funding an initiative campaign[edit]

See also: Campaign finance requirements for North Dakota ballot measures

Some of the notable features of North Dakota's campaign finance laws include:

• Corporate contributions are treated as direct expenditures in support or opposition of a referendum.
• North Dakota bans corporate contributions while a legislative-referred referendum is in debate in the North Dakota Legislative Assembly.
• Groups in support or opposition of a referendum must report all contributions of $500 or more within 48 hours during the final 20 days before the election.
• Reports of all contributions over $100 dollars must be made on the dates and with the content dictated by North Dakota Senate Bill 2299, which was approved in 2013.

State initiative law[edit]

Article III of the North Dakota Constitution addresses initiatives.

• Article III, North Dakota Constitution

Chapter 1 of Title 16.1 of the North Dakota Century Code governs initiatives.

• North Dakota Century Code, Chapter 1

External links[edit]

• North Dakota Secretary of State, "Initiating and Referring Law in North Dakota," September 2011
• North Dakota Secretary of State, "History of Initiative and Referendum in North Dakota," 2011

Footnotes[edit]

	v • e State of North Dakota Bismarck (capital)
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Changes in the law[edit]

Contents
1 Laws and procedures
2 Changes in the law
2.1 Proposed changes by year
2.1.1 2022
2.1.2 2021
2.1.3 2010
2.1.4 2019
2.1.5 2018
2.1.6 2017
2.1.7 2016
2.1.8 2015
2.1.9 2014
2.1.10 2013

The following laws have been proposed that modify ballot measure law in North Dakota. If a box is empty for any given year, it means Ballotpedia did not track any ballot measure or recall-related laws in that year.

Proposed changes by year[edit]

2022[edit]

See also: Changes in 2022 to laws governing ballot measures

2021[edit]

See also: Changes in 2021 to laws governing ballot measures

2020[edit]

See also: Changes in 2020 to laws governing ballot measures

2019[edit]

See also: Changes in 2019 to laws governing ballot measures

House Bill 1035: The legislation required that fiscal impact statements for initiatives be included on the ballot.[1] House Bill 1036: The legislation required that fiscal impact statements for referred legislative measures and initiatives be included on the ballot.[2] House Bill 1037: The legislation changed the campaign finance requirements for donors to ballot measure campaigns. HB 1037 applied the requirements for out-of-state contributors to all contributors regardless of origin.[3] House Bill 1201: The legislation extends the restriction on recall elections from being prohibited in the same year as the next regularly scheduled election for an office to within one year of the upcoming regularly scheduled election for an office.[4] Senate Concurrent Resolution 4001 (Constitutional Measure 2): Voters rejected the constitutional amendment on November 3, 2020. The constitutional amendment would have required voter-approved initiated constitutional amendments to also receive approval from the Legislature or be placed on the ballot for a second election requiring voter approval.[5] ↑ North Dakota State Legislature, "House Bill 1035," accessed June 27, 2023 ↑ North Dakota State Legislature, "House Bill 1036," accessed June 27, 2023 ↑ North Dakota State Legislature, "House Bill 1037," accessed June 27, 2023 ↑ North Dakota State Legislature, "House Bill 1201," accessed June 27, 2023 ↑ North Dakota State Legislature, "Senate Concurrent Resolution 4001," accessed June 27, 2023

2018[edit]

See also: Changes in 2018 to laws governing ballot measures

2017[edit]

See also: Changes in 2017 to laws governing ballot measures

See also: Laws governing ballot measures in North Dakota a North Dakota Senate Bill 2343 was designed to establish certain campaign finance reporting requirements. a North Dakota House Bill 1234 was designed to prohibit political or election-related contributions from foreign governments, parties, corporations, or individuals. a North Dakota Senate Bill 2135 was designed to establish a commission to study the state's initiative and referendum process in 2017 and 2018 and propose amendments. d North Dakota Senate Bill 2336 was designed to do the following: add reporting requirements for certain contributions in support of or opposition to ballot measures; add a restriction preventing out-of-state contributors from providing more than 50 percent of a ballot measure committee's contributions in any given reporting cycle (this provision was removed from the bill as of the first amendment to it); and make other changes to ballot measure campaign finance rules. d North Dakota House Bill 1435 was designed to increase from three months to five months the length of time after a bond or tax levy measure fails to pass and when it can be submitted to the voters again.

2016[edit]

See also: Changes in 2016 to laws governing ballot measures

2015[edit]

See also: Changes in 2015 to laws governing ballot measures

See also: Laws governing ballot measures in North Dakota d House Concurrent Resolution 3047: Was designed to require that if the legislative council determined a citizen initiative would cost the state $20 million or more over two years, it must go before voters at the next statewide general election.

2014[edit]

See also: Changes in 2014 to laws governing ballot measures

2013[edit]

See also: Changes in 2013 to laws governing ballot measures

In 2013, the following bills affecting the initiative process were approved by the legislature:

Note: Some have not yet taken effect or require voter approval for enactment.

• North Dakota House Bill 1372 relating to submission of petitions was approved.
• North Dakota House Bill 1402 concerning signatures and required signer information.
• North Dakota House Bill 1451 relating to paid circulator disclosure requirements for petition sponsors.
• North Dakota HCR 3011 concerning restrictions on fiscal effects of initiatives. (Requires voter approval on June 2014 election ballot)
• North Dakota Senate Bill 2299 concerning campaign finance disclosures for initiative sponsors.

The following bills were introduced in the North Dakota State Legislature: a HB 1372: Provides that upon submission of the petitions to the secretary of state, the petitions are considered filed and may not be returned to the sponsoring committee for the purpose of continuing the circulation process or resubmitting the petitions at a later time. a HB 1402: Requires that a petition signer's name be legibly printed on a petition, and includes zip code in the required information. a HB 1451: Amends and reenacts sections of the North Dakota Century Code, relating to disclosure requirements for petition sponsors and the requirements for calling and the duties of a grand jury. d HCR 3005: Adds signature distribution requirement that signatures of electors equal in number to at least four percent of the resident population from each of at least fifty percent of the counties in the state. a HCR 3011: Requires that initiated measures estimated to have a significant fiscal impact be placed on the general election ballot. a HCR 3034: Amends the constitution to change the submission deadline for initiative petitions from 90 to 120 days before the election. d SB 2183: Requires that petition circulators be a qualified elector who has been a resident of the state for at least three years and who, according to the central voter file, has voted in at least one of the preceding two statewide elections, not including any special election. a SB 2299: Relates to campaign contribution statements required of initiated petition sponsoring committees; relates to campaign finance; relates to campaign contribution statements required of political organizations. d SCR 4006: Requires legislative approval of any ballot measure estimated to have a fiscal impact of forty million dollars or more during the next full biennium after the measure is due to become effective.

2012[edit]

See also: Changes in 2012 to laws governing ballot measures

No bills were introduced in the North Dakota State Legislature in 2012.

2011[edit]

See also: Changes in 2011 to laws governing ballot measures

The following bills were introduced in the North Dakota Legislative Assembly: d North Dakota House Bill 1295: HB 1295 would require voter approval for municipal building projects. Fire, police, and EMS projects are exempted from this requirement. The bill would also require school construction, purchase, renovation projects to have the approval of the superintendent. a North Dakota House Bill 1311: HB 1311 would extend financial disclosure requirements to any organization circulating initiative petitions. Currently, the requirements (disclosure of all contributions greater than $100 dollars) only apply to committees promoting or opposing measures. The disclosure filing would be due upon the filing of petition signatures. d North Dakota House Concurrent Resolution 3051: HCR 3051 proposes an amendment to the North Dakota Constitution which would allow the "legislative assembly to submit proposed laws to the electorate for approval if the electorate previously placed the proposed law on the ballot." a North Dakota Senate Bill 2073: SB 2073 clarifies the definition of "direct expenditure" and changes the disclosure requirements for corporations, cooperatives, and associations.

2010[edit]

See also: Changes in 2010 to laws governing ballot measures

No proposed changes were identified in 2010.

	v • e State of North Dakota Bismarck (capital)
Elections	What's on my ballot? | Elections in 2025 | How to vote | How to run for office | Ballot measures
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