Oklahoma City National Memorial

Oklahoma City National Memorial & Museum
IUCN Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape)
Location:	Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
Area:	3.3 acres (13,000 m²) (3.12 federal) 25,300 m²
Established:	October 9, 1997
Visitation:	500,000+ (in annually)
Governing body:	Oklahoma City Nat'l Memorial Foundation & National Park Service

The Oklahoma City National Memorial is the largest memorial of its kind in the United States. It honors the victims, survivors, rescuers, and all who were touched by the Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995. The memorial is located in downtown Oklahoma City on the former site of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, which was destroyed in the 1995 bombing.

The National Memorial was established on October 9, 1997, through the signing of the Oklahoma City National Memorial Act of 1997, by U.S. President Bill Clinton. It was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places the same day. The memorial is administered by Oklahoma City National Memorial Foundation, with the National Park Service maintaining a presence at the memorial for interpretation purposes. The National Memorial Museum and the Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism are housed in the old Journal Record Building on the north side of the memorial grounds. The memorial was formally dedicated on April 19, 2000—the fifth anniversary of the bombing; the museum was dedicated the following year, on February 19, 2001.

The Oklahoma City bombing was a shocking act of terrorism that shook the nation. Destroying the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, it claimed 168 lives and left over 800 people injured. The Memorial's focus is to educate visitors about the impact of violence and to inspire hope and healing through lessons learned by those affected. The organizers and supporters of the memorial recognize the relevance of knowing history as a means of education toward a more successful future, one steeped in peace and goodwill. In that respect, the purpose of the memorial is to foster peace over pandemonium, hope over hatred, and cooperation in the place of conflict.

Background

The Oklahoma City bombing was a domestic terrorist attack that occurred on April 19, 1995, aimed at the U.S. government in which the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, an office complex in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, was bombed. The attack claimed 168 lives and left over 800 people injured. It was the first major terrorist attack and until the September 11, 2001 attacks, it was the deadliest act of terrorism on U.S. soil.

Shortly after the explosion, Oklahoma State Trooper Charlie Hanger stopped 26-year-old Timothy McVeigh for driving a vehicle that had no license plate and arrested him for that offense and for unlawfully carrying a weapon.^[1] Within days after the bombing, McVeigh and Terry Nichols were both arrested for their roles in the bombing. Investigators determined that they were sympathizers of a militia movement and that their motive was to retaliate against the government's handling of the Waco and Ruby Ridge incidents (the bombing occurred on the anniversary of the Waco incident). McVeigh was executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001. Nichols was sentenced to life in prison. A third conspirator, Michael Fortier, who testified against McVeigh and Nichols, was sentenced to 12 years in prison for failing to inform the U.S. government of his prior knowledge of the plans.

The attacks led to widespread rescue efforts from local, state, and federal and worldwide agencies, along with considerable donations from across the country. As a result of the destruction of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, the U.S. government passed legislation designed to increase protection around federal buildings and to thwart future terrorist attacks. Under these measures, law enforcement has since foiled sixty domestic terrorism plots.^[2]

Memorial creation

In the months following the bombing, overwhelming support for the creation of a permanent memorial at the Murrah Building site was voiced. Oklahoma City's mayor, Ron Norick, appointed a task force of 350 members to explore the most appropriate way to memorialize those who died in the incident. The Memorial Mission Statement calls for a memorial that would "remember those who were killed, those who survived and those changed forever".^[3]

The Task Force determined there were three major components that should be met in the finished memorial:

1. The creation of a symbolic outdoor memorial on the Murrah Building site and along NW Fifth in front of the building footprint.
2. The creation of a Memorial Museum, a 30,000 square foot interactive learning museum to tell the story of April 19, 1995, and how the chaos turned to hope in the days following the terrorist attack.
3. The creation of an organization—The Oklahoma City National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT), a living memorial to those affected by what happened in Oklahoma City. MIPT’s mission is to deter and prevent terrorism and to mitigate its effects.^[3]

In September 1996, the Oklahoma City National Memorial Foundation was created from the families who lost loved ones in the bombing, survivors of the bombing, rescue workers and volunteers who participated in the rescue and recovery efforts, and community volunteers.

Design concepts for the outdoor memorial were solicited and 624 entries arrived from all 50 states and 23 countries. Following public display, the field was narrowed to five designs, with the final selection made in July 1997. The proposal created by Butzer Design Partnership then of Berlin, Germany, was chosen Designers Hans and Torrey Butzer with Sven Berg created the memorial.^[3]

On April 19, 2000, the Oklahoma City National Memorial was dedicated on the site of the Murrah Federal Building to commemorate the victims of the bombing. Annual remembrance services are held at the time of the explosion.

Memorial features

The Outdoor Symbolic Memorial consists of the following segments on 3.3 acres (13,000 m²), and can be visited 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

• The Gates of Time: Monumental twin bronze gates frame the moment of destruction—9:02—and mark the formal entrances to the Outdoor Memorial. 9:01, found on the eastern gate, represents the last moments of peace, while its opposite on the western gate, 9:03, represents the first moments of recovery. Both time stamps are inscribed on the interior of the monument, facing each other and the Reflecting Pool.

The outside of each gate bears this inscription:

We come here to remember, Those who were killed, those who survived and those changed forever. May all who leave here know the impact of violence. May this memorial offer comfort, strength, peace, hope and serenity.

• Reflecting Pool: A thin layer of water flowing over polished black granite, the Reflecting Pool runs east to west down the center of the Memorial on what was once Fifth Street. Visitors who see their reflection in the reflecting pool are supposed to see "a face of a person changed by domestic terrorism."

• Field of Empty Chairs: 168 empty chairs hand-crafted from glass, bronze, and stone represent those who lost their lives in the tragedy. A bombing victim's name is etched in the glass base of each chair. The chairs represent the empty chairs at the dinner tables of the victim's family. The chairs are arranged in nine rows symbolizing the nine floors of the building, and each person's chair is on the row (or the floor) on which the person worked or was visiting when the bomb went off. The chairs are also grouped according to the blast pattern, with the most chairs nearest the most heavily damaged portion of the building. The westernmost column of five chairs represents the five people who died but were not in the Murrah Building when the bomb went off (two in the Water Resources Board building, one in the Athenian Building, one outside near the building, and one rescuer). The 19 smaller chairs represent the children killed in the bombing. Three unborn children died along with their mothers, and they are listed on their mothers' chairs beneath their mothers' names.

• Survivors' Wall: The only remaining original portions of the Murrah Building are the southeast corner, known as the Survivors' Wall, and a portion of the south wall. The Survivors' Wall includes several panels of granite salvaged from the Murrah Building itself, inscribed with the names of more than 800 survivors from the building and the surrounding area, many of whom were injured in the blast.

• The Survivor Tree: An American elm on the north side of the Memorial, this tree was the only shade tree in the parking lot across the street from the Murrah Building, and commuters came in to work early to get one of the shady parking spots provided by its branches. Photos of Oklahoma City taken around the time of statehood (1907) show this tree, meaning it is currently at least 116 years old. Despite its age, the tree was neglected and taken for granted prior to the blast. Heavily damaged by the bomb, the Tree ultimately survived after nearly being chopped down during the initial investigation, in order to recover evidence hanging in its branches and embedded in its bark.

The force of the blast ripped most of the branches from the Survivor Tree, glass and debris were imbedded in its trunk and fire from the cars parked beneath it blackened what was left of the tree. Most thought the tree could not survive. However, nearly a year after the bombing, family members, survivors and rescue workers who gathered for a memorial ceremony under the tree noticed it was beginning to bloom again. In that instant the tree became a symbol of what the city had come through. Like the tree, the city had been bent and bowed but it had not been broken. The tree and the city survived. The Survivor Tree now thrives, in no small part because the specifications for the Outdoor Memorial design included a mandate to feature and protect the Tree. One example of the dramatic measures taken to save the Tree: one of the roots that would have been cut by the wall surrounding the Tree was placed inside a large pipe, so it could reach the soil beyond the wall without being damaged. A second example is the decking around the Tree, which is raised several feet to make an underground crawlspace; workers enter through a secure hatchway and monitor the health of the Tree and maintain its very deep roots.

The inscription around the inside of the deck wall around the Survivor Tree reads:

"The spirit of this city and this nation will not be defeated; our deeply rooted faith sustains us."

Hundreds of seeds from the Survivor Tree are planted annually and the resulting saplings are distributed each year on the anniversary of the bombing. Thousands of Survivor Trees are growing today in public and private places all over the United States; saplings were sent to Columbine High School after the massacre there, to New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Virginia Tech massacre in 2007, and various times.

• The Memorial Fence: A ten foot tall (3.05 m) chain link fence was originally installed around the area that is now the Reflecting Pool and the Field of Empty Chairs to protect the site from damage and visitors from injury. The Fence stood for more than four years and became famous itself, with visitors leaving stuffed animals, poems, keychains, and other items there as tributes. During the construction of the Outdoor Memorial, 210 feet (64 m) of the Fence was moved to the west side of the Memorial, along the 9:03 side or the "healing" side. Visitors may still leave small items along and in the Fence; the mementos are periodically collected, cataloged, and stored. The remainder of the Fence is in storage.

• Rescuers' Orchard: A grove of Oklahoma redbuds (Oklahoma's state tree), Amur Maple, Chinese Pistache, and Bosque Elm trees are planted on the lawn around the Survivor Tree.

• Children's Area: More than 5,000 hand-painted tiles, from all over the United States and Canada, were made by children and sent to Oklahoma City after the bombing in 1995. The tiles are now stored in the Memorial's Archives, and a sampling of those tiles is on the wall in the Children's Area, along with a series of chalkboards where children can draw and share their feelings. The Children's Area is north of the 9:03 gate, on the west side of the Museum.

• And Jesus Wept: On a corner adjacent to the memorial is a sculpture of Jesus weeping erected by St. Joseph's Catholic Church. St. Joseph's, one of the first brick and mortar churches in the city, was almost completely destroyed by the blast. The statue is not part of the memorial itself but is popular with visitors nonetheless.

• Journal Record Building: North of the memorial is the Journal Record Building which now houses the Oklahoma City National Memorial Museum, which features numerous exhibits and artifacts related to the Oklahoma City Bombing. Also in the building is the National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism, a non-partisan think tank created shortly after the bombing by family members and survivors to spread knowledge of terrorism and its prevention.

• Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building Plaza: Located just south of the Field of Empty Chairs, above the underground parking garage, is the raised Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building Plaza. The plaza was an original part of the federal building, and contained garden and seating areas, as well as the second floor daycare's playground. Visitors to the Memorial may still access the plaza, and the flagpole from which flies the American flag is the original flagpole that was in place on April 19, 1995.

The Memorial Museum in the former Journal Record building.

Silhouette of The Survivor Tree in early spring.

The Survivor Tree with the Memorial Museum in the background.

Additional recognitions

As part of the 10th anniversary commemoration of the bombing in 2005, the Reflections of Hope Award was established. The award honors a living person or organization whose works exemplify core beliefs of the Oklahoma City National Memorial Foundation: "that hope can survive and blossom amidst the tragedy and chaos of political violence and that, even in environments marred by such violence, peaceful, nonviolent approaches provide the best answers to human problems."^[4]

The award recognizes those from around the world who work in the spirit of peace, going beyond the boundaries of politics, religion, race, or nationality, which are often the motivating factors of terrorism.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Linenthal, Edward Tabor. 2001. The Unfinished Bombing: Oklahoma City in American Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195136722.
• National Park Service. Oklahoma City National Memorial. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
• Oklahoma City National Memorial. Oklahoma City National Memorial. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
• Oklahoma City National Memorial Foundation. 2005. 1995-2005, a Decade of Hope. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma City National Memorial Foundation. OCLC 153284124.
• Stein, R. Conrad. 2003. The Oklahoma City National Memorial. Cornerstones of freedom. New York: Children's Press. ISBN 9780516242057.
• United States. 2001. The National Parks: Index 2001-2003. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior. OCLC 53228516.
• Wright, Stuart A. 2007. Patriots, Politics, and the Oklahoma City Bombing. Cambridge studies in contentious politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521872645.