Labour Party

Labour Party
Party leader	Keir Starmer
Parliamentary leader
Founded	1900
Headquarters	London
Political ideology	Socialism
Political position	Left-wing
International affiliation	Socialist International
Color(s)	red
Website	labour.org.uk

The Labour Party is a British Social Democratic^[1] political party. The party still pays lip service to many typical left-wing values and, along with all the main political parties in the UK, is pro-abortion, pro-homosexual rights and pro-gun control, which is inline with the majority of voters of all parties. Typically the Labour Party is in favour of greater spending on public services via higher taxation relative to its main political rivals.

The Labour Party was founded in 1900, and currently forms Her Majesty's Opposition, being the largest party in the UK not currently in government. The new leader since April 2020 is Keir Starmer.^[2] The Labour Party holds non-voting observer status in the Socialist International.

History[edit]

Origins[edit]

The Labour Party was formed out of an alliance of several prominent left-wing and socialist movements that existed in Britain at the turn of the century. Chief amongst them the were the Trades Union Congress, the Fabian Society, and the Independent Labour Party. The group took the name Labour Representation Committee, later adopting the name Labour Party after achieving seats in the House of Commons at the 1906 election. Much of the intellectual energy came from the Fabians, an informal group of intellectual socialists. Keir Hardie was the first leader of the party.

The rise of Marxist socialism in the late 19th century in the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) (1881-1911) did not create a militantly atheistic and anti-religious force. From its beginnings, circa 1881, the SDF contained Christian socialists, non-Christians, and anti-Christians. These groups generally coexisted in a state of compromise. Though Labour was not an openly religious organization “it was nevertheless permeated by religion both in its origin and in its subsequent development”. The French Revolution’s principles of “liberty, fraternity and equality,” were important, as were “early Owenite socialism” and John Wesley's Methodist emphasis on helping the poor”.^[3] The membership of the SDF was generally secularist and freethinking. For all parties in the SDF, the central issue was commitment to socialism. Other important early influences were "radicals such as William Cobbett (1736-1835), Tom Paine (1737-1809) and Francis Place (1771-1854) whose writings and campaigning produced a seedbed of democracy".^[4]

Labour called for abolition of the House of Lords in 1910; when elected, they kept it and appointed their own favourites to peerages. Later posters dropped the violent imagery and called for peaceful change.

Interwar period[edit]

In its early years the Labour Party benefited from an alliance with the other main left-wing party in Britain, the Liberal Party; from a growth in working class consciousness; and from dissatisfaction with both the Liberal and Conservative parties in the wake of what were perceived to be their mistakes in the handling of the First World War. Winning growing numbers of seats at each election, the Labour Party was finally able to form a government in 1924 under the leadership of Ramsay MacDonald. However this was short-lived. The party did not have an outright majority, and in fact only had about one third of the total seats within the House. After just nine months the Party lost an important vote, and the government resigned. Four days before the election the Daily Mail published the "Zinoviev Letter", a forgery that seemed to indicate that the Communist Party of Great Britain was planning subversion or even a violent revolution in cooperation with Labour. The letter was leaked by the Foreign Ministry. The Labour Party was badly defeated in the 1924 general election, even though its vote increased by one million. The Conservative vote was up by two million as the Liberal party was rapidly collapsing. Historians agree the Zinoviev Letter was a forgery but their consensus is that it made little difference in the election. What is more important, after the election Labour leaders used it as an excuse for their failure; it became a roadblock to needed internal reforms in the Labour party.

Despite the deliberate appeal to middle class voters in this 1929 poster, most Labour voters were working class blokes who did not wear white collars and ties.

The Labour Party briefly formed a government again in 1929, but this did not survive the effects of the Great Depression. In a dispute over the best way to handle the economic consequences of the global financial crash, the Party leadership fractured. A new "National Government" drawn from all parties was formed, with Ramsay MacDonald still as Prime Minister. However this was dominated by the other parties, particularly the Conservatives, who went on to dominate the British political scene for the rest of the interwar period.

Victory in 1945[edit]

Iconic 1945 election poster

The Second World War saw a major shift in political attitudes within Britain, and led to a landslide victory for Clement Attlee in 1945. The modest, unassuming intellectual Attlee named a cabinet that included all elements of the party. Of 37 ministers, eight were former coal miners, and eleven had been active trade unionists.

This government introduced sweeping reforms of industry and the creation of the welfare state. Attlee's government nationalised major industries, founded the National Health Service, and developed the idea of welfare from cradle to grave paid for out of taxation and available to everyone free of charge. Much of the welfare state is still in force today.

The Labour government was fiercely anti-Communist, but the economy was so weak it had to relinquish a leadership role to the United States. Despite not having much of a personal relationship, Atlee pushed President Harry Truman to take over Britain's historic roles, especially in Greece, and indeed helped push the U.S. into the Cold War against the Soviet Union. Ernest Bevin, the foreign secretary, was instrumental in setting up NATO.

Although it won the first General Election in 1951, Clement Atlee did not believe he had a large enough parliamentary majority to continue his radical reforms so he called a second election. However, he timed it badly, as James Callaghan did in 1979, so his party lost.

The Labour Party spent the next 13 years out of office and achieved little during the governments of Wilson (1964-1970 and 1974-1976) and his successor James Callaghan (1976–79), although Denis Healey, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, started adopting broadly monetary policies from 1976 on.. Their failures set the stage for the renewal of British energy and leadership under Margaret Thatcher, beginning in 1979.

Socialism[edit]

Despite its historic commitment to socialism, the British Labour Party has been flexible and reformist in its doctrine ever since it was founded in 1900. After the crisis of 1931, the party adopted a broadly social democratic program in which socialism was linked with the idea of economic planning and social welfare. The Attlee government of 1945-51 was very moderate in its commitment to socialism. The years of opposition saw violent arguments in the party between left-wing Bevanites and the center-right supporters of Hugh Gaitskell. But the main differences concerned foreign and defense policy. On domestic issues, the party was now broadly revisionist, committed to the mixed economy and social equality.

Atlee defeats Churchill in 1945, and becomes bowler for the British cricket team; he faces difficult issues like housing and finance which are coming to bat.

In the 1950s, General Secretary Morgan Phillips noted that: "Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx."^[5]

New Left[edit]

Wilson, on becoming prime minister in 1964, tried to bypass old doctrinal arguments by harnessing nationalized industry to ideas of scientific modernization. But his government was a great failure, not least in its relations with the trade unions, the linchpin of the party since its founding. Wilson represented the older traditions of the Labour Party and never understood the emerging "New Left" with new social roots, new ideas and new styles of political behaviour in the late 1970s. Following the disillusion and demoralization of traditional Labour Party activists with Wilson's government, a more radical and well-educated local Labour leadership appeared at the local level. This bred much disillusionment and launched a new left-wing socialism in the 1970s. The Labour government of 1974-79 added to this division. The left-wing pressure reached its climax in the early 1980s when Thatcher was in power but resulted only in heavy defeats for Labour in 1983 and 1987. The general impression in 1989 is of a loss of political and intellectual confidence, with British socialism trapped between a cherished past and an uncertain future.^[6]

Social issues[edit]

The Labour Party has also been a strong proponent of social reform. Under Harold Wilson in the late 60s, abortion and homosexuality were decriminalized, the death penalty abolished and divorce was made easier. Unease from a perceived large number of immigrants from Commonwealth countries in Asia, the Caribbean and Africa also led to four Race Relations Acts, all of which were passed under Labour governments.

Industrial Strife[edit]

see Winter of Discontent

The Labour Party always prided itself on strong links with trade unions, but by the late 1960s there was growing industrial unrest. Inflation was becoming a growing problem and unemployment began to rise. Harold Wilson was elected for a third time in February 1974, taking over from Conservative Edward Heath whose government was brought to its knees by oil shortages and a crippling coal miners' strike in 1973. Throughout the late 1970s strikes were commonplace, tight controls on pay rises, known as incomes policy, was struggling to curb inflation which reached a high of 28%. A series of devastating strikes in the winter of 1978/79 which became known as the Winter of Discontent led to the government of James Callaghan being defeated in a vote of no confidence and a general election which was won by the Conservative Party led by Margaret Thatcher.

A swing to the left[edit]

Michael Foot became leader of the Labour Party in 1980 and took the party in a far left direction. The 1983 manifesto pledged to reverse all Thatcher's economic reforms; renationalise all privatised businesses, return taxes on the rich to the punitive level of the 1970s (98% in some cases), restore trade union powers, leave the European Economic Community, unilaterally surrender Britain's nuclear weapons and campaign for a united Ireland as a solution to the paramilitarism and terrorism that had beset the province of Northern Ireland throughout the 70s. The manifesto became known as the "longest suicide note in history" and was defeated by Thatcher's Conservatives in a landslide. Pro-EEC Labour Party members who formed their own party, the SDP, nearly polled more votes than the Labour Party. If not for the SDP's poorly thought-out electoral strategy (which gained plenty of votes, but almost no seats in the Commons), Labour could have been reduced to third party status in this election.

Foot was succeeded by Neil Kinnock, who ditched much (but not all) of the far-left baggage from 1983. Under Kinnock, Labour was again defeated in a landslide in 1987 but, crucially, Labour came well ahead of the SDP (in alliance with the Liberal Party which merged to form the Social and Liberal Democrats).

Tony Blair and "New Labour"[edit]

Tony Blair

The term New Labour didn't come into being until Tony Blair became leader in 1994, but the reform of the Labour Party took place long before then. By 1992, it was clear that Thatcher's reforms had struck a chord with voters and the Labour party were no longer promising to renationalise industries or restore trade union powers. Only the top rate of income tax would be raised from 40 to 50%. Opinion polls during the election campaign predicted a very close result, but the Conservative party won a narrow victory of 23 seats after an unusually high turnout.

John Smith became leader in 1992, but his sudden death in 1994 led to Tony Blair to become leader and the term "New Labour" was born. Blair started by reforming Clause IV. Clause IV dealt with the purpose of the Party and referred direct to its erstwhile desire for public ownership of the means of production; the current version instead calls for 'a community in which power, wealth and opportunity are in the hands of the many, not the few'. The revised version mentions "socialism" as a sop to the old timers:

The Labour Party is a democratic socialist party. It believes that by the strength of our common endeavour we achieve more than we achieve alone, so as to create for each of us the means to realise our true potential and for all of us a community in which power, wealth and opportunity are in the hands of the many, not the few.’

Blair promised no increases in income tax and pledged to run a stable economy. He scored landslide victories in 1997, and again in 2001.

One of Blair's most controversial decisions was to invade Iraq in 2003 alongside the Americans and other allies. Britain became the second largest contributor of armed forces to George W. Bush's "Coalition of the Willing", and Blair staunchly defended the position, and won supporting votes in parliament. Partly due to the war's unpopularity, and partly to a perception that the Government had raised taxes on business and individuals to unacceptable levels, the Labour party won a much smaller majority in 2005 and has seen key bills defeated by backbench revolts such as the plan to hold terrorist suspects for up to 90 days without charge.

Blair had lost his momentum, so he retired in mid-2007 and was replaced per prior arrangement by his long-time Chancellor, Gordon Brown. The worldwide Recession of 2008, continuing into 2009, hit Britain hard and has yet to bottom out. Labour took much of the blame, and its polling rates dropped to levels not seen since the early 1980s. Labour's popularity continued to decline in 2009, as the party made its worst electoral showing in a hundred years in the EU elections in June 2009. Brown, however, beat back his disunited critics, reorganized his cabinet, and stumbled onward. The Conservatives maintained a large lead for the next general election, which was held in 2010 and resulted in a coalition government formed by the Conservative Party and the Liberal Democrats. The leader of the Labour Party was Ed Miliband, who was elected by Labour party members on September 25, 2010, after a crushing defeat four months earlier in the UK's general election. He resigned after being defeated in a landslide in the 2015 United Kingdom general election.

Jeremy Corbyn and far-left shift[edit]

Jeremy Corbyn became the Labour Party's leader in September 2015, and he shifted the party far to the left. A 2019 poll found that 60% of party members opposed the monarchy, 25% supported the concept of borders, and 15% were proud of British history.^[7] Additionally, its members voted to make open borders the party's official policy.^[8]

PR and spin[edit]

With the formation of New Labour under the leadership of Tony Blair and along with the support of spin doctors such as Peter Mandelson, the modern Labour Party has been accused of being an extremely deceptive PR machine; being highly dishonest in its dealings with the public and media.

Sharia Infiltration[edit]

A 2010 newspaper report repeated a claim by Jim Fitzpatrick, the MP for Poplar and Canning Town that the Islamic Forum of Europe (IFE) had effectively created a party within the party in East London. The IFE seeks to make Britain and the whole of Europe an Islamic state. In covert investigations by the media it was determined that the IFE were expressing opposition to democracy, support for sharia law or mocking black people and organized meetings with extremists, including Taliban allies.They are "placing people within the political parties, recruiting members to those political parties, trying to get individuals selected and elected so they can exercise political influence and power, whether it's at local government level or national level".^[9]

Anti-Semitism[edit]

See also: Left-wing Anti-Semitism

The Labour Party has seen a large surge of anti-Semitism inside its ranks in the early 21st century.^[10] In April 2018, the Israeli Labour Party cut ties with the UK Labour Party due to the latter's anti-Semitism.^[11] The party adopted a definition of anti-Semitism in response to these developments, but this definition was criticized as "toothless" as it held a much narrower definition of anti-Semitism than that of Jewish groups, such as still allowing Israel-Nazi comparisons and accusing Israel of racism.^[12][13] In August 2018, veteran MP Frank Field resigned from the party, as it had become "a force for anti-Semitism."^[14] In 2018, the Simon Wiesenthal Center mentioned Corbyn in its list of top ten worst anti-Semitism incidents that year.^[15] In February 2019, seven Labour MPs left the party, partially because of its anti-Semitism,^[16] and more MPs subsequently left because of anti-Semitism.^[17] In April 2019, Corbyn admitted that the Labour Party may have "ignored" evidence of anti-Semitism.^[18] In July 2019, three Labour Party lords resigned the party whip because of its anti-Semitism.^[19]

In 2011, Corbyn wrote the forward of a book claiming that Jews control the banking and media industries.^[20]

In May 2019, the Equality and Human Rights Commission began an investigation into the Labour Party over its anti-Semitism allegations.^[21] In July 2019, over 60 members of the House of Lords condemned Corbyn for anti-Semitism in the Labour Party.^[22]

In June 2019, the Labour Party readmitted an MP who had been suspended for anti-Semitic comments.^[23] In September 2019, a Labour Party-aligned pro-Israel group pulled out of a Labour Party conference because it feared anti-Semitic abuse from Labour Party activists.^[24] In November 2019, the UK's chief rabbi publicly voiced opposition to Corbyn becoming prime minister because of the Labour Party's anti-Semitism.^[25] Files leaked in December 2019 found over 130 outstanding anti-Semitism cases in the party despite having been reported over 18 months earlier in many cases.^[26][27] Additionally, the Simon Wiesenthal Center stated the Labour Party was the number one threat to the Jews.^[27] Because of the party's anti-Semitism, Jewish voters "deserted" the party.^[28] Even the U.S. Democratic Party worried about the Labour Party's anti-Semitism.^[29]

Prime Ministers[edit]

Labour won an unexpected landslide in 1945

• Ramsay MacDonald (1924 and 1929–1935) [1]

• Clement Attlee (1945–1951) [2]

• Harold Wilson (1964–1970 and 1974–1976) [3]

• James Callaghan (1976–1979) [4]

• Tony Blair (1997–2007) [5]

• Gordon Brown (2007–2010)

See also[edit]

• Fabian Society
• Industrial Democracy
• Scottish Labour Party

Further reading[edit]

• Davies, Andrew. To Build a New Jerusalem: The British Labour Party from Keir Hardie to Tony Blair (1996)
• Favretto, Ilaria."'Wilsonism' Reconsidered: Labour Party Revisionism, 1952-64." Contemporary British History 2000 14(4): 54–80 in EBSCO
• Morgan, Austen. Harold Wilson (1992), 625pp; negative appraisal
• Morgan, Kenneth O. Britain since 1945: The People's Peace (2001)
• Pimlott, Ben. Harold Wilson (1992). Pimlott tries to rehabilitate Wilson's political reputation, revealing that he was the prisoner rather than the master of various domestic and international dilemmas.
• Swift, John. Labour in Crisis: Clement Attlee and the Labour Party in Opposition, 1931-1940 (2001)
• Worley, Matthew. Labour inside the Gate: A History of the British Labour Party between the Wars (2005),

External links[edit]

• Official site

References[edit]

1. ↑ http://www.labour.org.uk/labour_policies
2. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34223157
3. ↑ Nigel Scotland, “Methodism and the English Labour Movement 1800-1906”. ‘’Anvil,’’ Vol. 14, No 11997.
4. ↑ Nigel Scotland, “Methodism and the English Labour Movement 1800-1906”.
5. ↑ Strange Rebels: 1979 and the Birth of the 21st Century, Chapter 5 footnote 12
6. ↑ Kenneth O. Morgan, Britain since 1945: The People's Peace (2001)
7. ↑ Montgomery, Jack (September 23, 2019). UK Labour Members Want to Sack the Queen, Don’t Support National Anthem, Borders. Breitbart News. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
8. ↑ Dreher, Rod (September 25, 2019). Labour Votes To Dissolve Britain. The American Conservative. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
9. ↑ Islamic radicals 'infiltrate' the Labour Party, Telegraph,UK, February 27, 2010
10. ↑ Multiple references:
    • Friedman, Victoria (July 18, 2018). ‘Anti-Semite and a Racist’: The Scandals Following Labour’s Shift to the Far Left. Breitbart News. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
    • Shaw, Adam (March 31, 2018). UK's left-wing Labour Party engulfed by anti-Semitism crisis. Fox News. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
    • Zeronian, Sarkis (May 3, 2016). 50 Labour Party Members Suspended For Anti-Semitism And Racism, Those Named Are ‘Tip Of The Iceberg’. Breitbart News. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
    • Kent, Simon (March 30, 2018). UK Parliament to Debate Anti-Semitism as Fresh Allegations Engulf Labour Party. Breitbart News. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
    • UK Labour leader Corbyn apologizes for anti-Semitism in his party‍. Reuters. March 25, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
    • Kent, Simon (July 29, 2018). Party Is a ‘Sewer’: More Anti-Semitism Claims Rock UK Labour. Breitbart News. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
    See also:
    • Kent, Simon (April 3, 2018). Tony Blair Warns UK Labour: ‘Root Out Anti-Semitism Completely, Totally’. Breitbart News. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
    • Garrison, Shea; Traficant, Ashley (December 15, 2019). Corbynism has been defeated, but the anti-Semitism at its core lives on. The Hill. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
11. ↑ Multiple references:
    • Stoddart, Michelle (April 10, 2018). Israeli Labor Party suspends ties with Corbyn, citing anti-Semitism. Politico. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
    • Israeli Labour party breaks off relations with Britain's Corbyn. Reuters. April 10, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2018.
    • Kent, Simon (April 11, 2018). Israeli Labor Party Severs Ties with Jeremy Corbyn over ‘Hostility’ to Jewish Community. Breitbart News. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
12. ↑ Kent, Simon (July 6, 2018). Anger as UK Labour Party Adopts ‘Toothless’ Definition of Anti-Semitism. Breitbart News. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
13. ↑ Friedman, Victoria (July 17, 2018). UK Jewish Leaders Condemn Labour Party for Watering Down Definition of Anti-Semitism. Breitbart News. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
14. ↑ Multiple references:
    • Deacon, Liam (August 30, 2018). Veteran Labour MP Frank Field Resigns, Slams Anti-Semitism and ‘Racist Party’. Breitbart News. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
    • Friedman, Victoria (August 31, 2018). Labour MP Condemns Party Where ‘Anti-Semitism Is More than Tolerated’. Breitbart News. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
    • Veteran UK Labour lawmaker brands party leadership a 'force for anti-Semitism'. Reuters. August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
    • Dickson, Annabelle (August 30, 2018). UK Labour veteran Frank Field quits over anti-Semitism crisis. Politico. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
    See also:
    • Delingpole, James (August 31, 2018). Delingpole: Frank Field Is Right – the Modern Left Is Nasty, Vicious, Anti-Semitic. Breitbart News. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
15. ↑ Lane, Oliver JJ (December 28, 2018). UK Opposition Leader Corbyn Makes Simon Wiesenthal Anti-Semitism List. Breitbart News. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
16. ↑ Multiple references:
    • 7 lawmakers quit UK Labour Party over Brexit, anti-Semitism. USA Today (from the Associated Press). February 18, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
    • Lane, Oliver JJ (February 18, 2019). As UK Labour Splits Over Anti-Semitism, Jewish Group Warns Corbyn: Take Action on Hate. Breitbart News. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
17. ↑ Multiple references:
    • Lane, Oliver JJ (February 19, 2019). Eighth MP Defects From Corbyn’s Labour to Centrist Group, Citing Anti-Semitism. Breitbart News. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
    • McTague, Tom (February 20, 2019). 8th MP quits UK Labour, joins Independent Group over anti-Semitism. Politico. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
    • Lane, Oliver JJ (February 22, 2019). Ninth Labour MP Quits ‘Broken’ Party Over ‘Culture of Anti-Semitism’. Breitbart News. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
    • Ninth lawmaker quits Britain's opposition Labour Party. Reuters. February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
    See also:
    • Heath, Ryan (February 24, 2019). UK opposition in crisis, deputy leader admits. Politico. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
18. ↑ Kent, Simon (April 14, 2019). Jeremy Corbyn Concedes UK Labour May Have ‘Ignored’ Evidence of Anti-Semitism. Breitbart News. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
19. ↑ Friedman, Victoria (July 9, 2019). ‘Institutionally Antisemitic’: Three Labour Lords Resign Whip over Antisemitism. Breitbart News. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
20. ↑ Friedman, Victoria (May 1, 2019). Corbyn Criticised for Endorsing Book Claiming Jews Control Banks, Media. Breitbart News. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
21. ↑ Klar, Rebecca (May 29, 2019). UK watchdog launches probe into allegations of anti-Semitism by Labour Party. The Hill. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
22. ↑ More than 60 British lords criticize Labour's Corbyn over anti-Semitism. Reuters. July 17, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
23. ↑ British Labour Party readmits lawmaker suspended over anti-Semitism comments. Reuters. June 26, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
    See also:
    • UK Labour politicians slam party for re-admitting lawmaker in anti-Semitism dispute. Reuters. June 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
24. ↑ Friedman, Victoria (September 20, 2019). Pro-Israel Group Pulls out of Labour Conference for Fear of Abuse. Breitbart News. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
25. ↑ Multiple references:
    • Zindulka, Kurt (November 26, 2019). Chief Rabbi Says Corbyn ‘Unfit for Office’ Over Labour’s Anti-Semitism. Breitbart News. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
    • MacLellan, Kylie (November 25, 2019). Britain's chief rabbi warns 'poison' of anti-Semitism has taken root in Labour. Reuters. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
    See also:
    • Lane, Oliver JJ (November 26, 2019). Jeremy Corbyn Refuses to Apologise For Antisemitism Scandals Four Times in Television Interview. Breitbart News. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
    • Brest, Mike (November 26, 2019). Corbyn declines to apologize to Jewish committee over anti-Semitism in Labour Party. Washington Examiner. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
26. ↑ Crilly, Rob (December 8, 2019). Leaked files expose extent of anti-Semitism in British Labour Party. Washington Examiner. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
27. ↑ ^{27.0 27.1} Montgomery, Jack (December 8, 2019). Leaks Suggest Labour NOT Dealing with Antisemites, Simon Wiesenthal Center Says Party Is Top Threat to Jews. Breitbart News. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
28. ↑ Zindulka, Kurt (December 11, 2019). Jewish Voters Have ‘Deserted’ Labour Under Corbyn over Antisemitism. Breitbart News. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
29. ↑ Kelly, Laura (December 12, 2019). Democrats worried by Jeremy Corbyn's UK rise amid anti-Semitism. The Hill. Retrieved December 12, 2019.