Ofuda

From Handwiki
Short description: Shinto household amulet or talisman


The Jingū taima (神宮大麻), an Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) issued by the Grand Shrines of Ise (center) flanked by the ofuda of Yasaka Shrine (right) and Fushimi Inari-taisha (left)

In Shinto and Buddhism in Japan , an ofuda (お札/御札, honorific form of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., 'slip [of paper], card, plate') is a talisman made out of various materials such as paper, wood, cloth or metal. Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. are commonly found in both Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples and are considered to be imbued with the power of the deities (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) or Buddhist figures revered therein. Such amulets are also called gofu (護符).

Certain kinds of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. are intended for a specific purpose (such as protection against calamity or misfortune, safety within the home, or finding love) and may be kept on one's person or placed on other areas of the home (such as gates, doorways, kitchens, or ceilings). Paper Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. may also be referred to as kamifuda (紙札), while those made of wood may be called kifuda (木札). Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., another kind of Japanese amulet, shares the same origin as and may be considered as a smaller, portable version of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..

A specific type of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is a talisman issued by a Shinto shrine on which is written the name of the shrine or its enshrined Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and stamped with the shrine's seal. Such Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., also called shinsatsu (神札), go-shinsatsu (御神札) or shinpu (神符), are often placed on household Shinto altars (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) and revered both as a symbol of the shrine and its deity (or deities) – containing the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.'s essence or power by virtue of its consecration – and a medium through which the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. in question can be accessed by the worshiper. In this regard they are somewhat similar to (but not the same as) Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., physical objects which serve as repositories for Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. in Shinto shrines.

In a similar vein, Buddhist Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. are regarded as imbued with the spirit and the virtue of buddhas, bodhisattvas, or other revered figures of the Buddhist pantheon, essentially functioning in many cases as a more economic alternative to Buddhist icons and statuary.

History

Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) distributed in Kinkakuji (left) and Ginkakuji (right) in Kyoto. These also serve as admission tickets to the temples.
A goōfu (牛王符) from Kumano Hongū Taisha in Wakayama Prefecture

The origins of Shinto and Buddhist Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. may be traced from both the Taoist Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., introduced to Japan via Onmyōdō (which adopted elements of Taoism), and woodblock prints of Buddhist texts and images produced by temples since the Nara and Heian periods.[1][2][3][4][5][6] During the medieval period, the three shrines of Kumano in Wakayama Prefecture were particularly famous for their paper talisman, the Lua error in Module:Lang/utilities at line 268: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value)., also known as the Goōhōin (牛王宝印), which were stamped on one side with intricate designs of stylized crows.[7][8][9] At the time, these and similar Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. were often employed in oath taking and contract drafting, with the terms of the oath or agreement being written on the blank side of the sheet.[10][11][12][13]

Different types of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (upper row) and other talismans distributed in the Inner Shrine (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) of Ise. From left: Kaikō taima (海幸大麻) (a kind of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. for luck in fishing), kenharai (剣祓), kakuharai (角祓), and daikakuharai (大角祓) (a larger version of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.).

The Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. currently found in most Shinto shrines meanwhile are modeled after the talisman issued by the Grand Shrines of Ise (Ise Jingū) called Jingū Taima (神宮大麻). Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. were originally purification wands (祓串, haraegushi) that wandering preachers associated with the shrines of Ise (御師, oshi or onshi) handed out to devotees across the country as a sign and guarantee that prayers were conducted on their behalf. These wands, called Oharai Taima (御祓大麻), were contained either in packets of folded paper – in which case they are called kenharai (剣祓) (also Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.),[14] due to the packet's shape resembling a sword blade (剣, ken) – or in boxes called oharaibako (御祓箱). The widespread distribution of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. first began in the Muromachi period and reached its peak in the Edo period: a document dating from 1777 (An'ei 6) indicates that eighty-nine to ninety percent of all households in the country at the time owned an Ise talisman.[14][15][16][17]

The end of the Edo period witnessed the rise of public festivities and protests known as Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. triggered by reports of talismans raining from the sky.

In 1871, an imperial decree abolished the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and allotted the production and distribution of the amulets, now renamed Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., to the shrine's administrative offices.[15] It was around this time that the talisman's most widely known form – a wooden tablet containing a sliver of cedar wood known as Lua error in Module:Lang/utilities at line 268: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value).[14][18] wrapped in paper on which is printed the shrine's name (Tenshō Kōtai Jingū (天照皇大神宮)) and stamped with the seals of the shrine (Kōtai Jingū Gyoji (皇大神宮御璽)) and its high priest (Daijingūji no In (大神宮司之印)) – developed. In 1900, a new department, the Lua error in Module:Lang/utilities at line 268: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value)., took over production and distribution duties. The distribution of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. was eventually delegated to the National Association of Shinto Priests (全国神職会, Zenkoku Shinshokukai) in 1927 and finally to its successor, the Association of Shinto Shrines, after World War II.[15] The Association nowadays continues to disseminate Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. to affiliated shrines throughout Japan, where they are made available alongside the shrines' own amulets.

Varieties and usage

A Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. still in its translucent paper wrapper. This cover may be removed when setting up the talisman in a Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.[19].

Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. come in a variety of forms. Some are slips or sheets of paper, others like the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. are thin rectangular plaques (kakubarai/kakuharai (角祓)) enclosed in an envelope-like casing (which may further be covered in translucent wrapping paper), while still others are wooden tablets (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) which may be smaller or larger than regular Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.. Some shrines distribute Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., which consists of a sliver of wood placed inside a fold of paper. The Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. issued by the shrines of Ise before the Meiji period were usually in the form of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; while the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. variety is currently more widespread, Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. of the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. type are still distributed in Ise Shrine.[20]

An example of a Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (from Kōjinyama Shrine in Shiga Prefecture): a plaque with the names of the shrine's Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. – Homusubi, Okitsuhiko and Okitsuhime – written in Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and its paper casing on which is written the name of the shrine or the epithet of its deity – in this case, Kōjinyama-no-Ōkami (荒神山大神, 'Great Deity of Kōjinyama (Shrine)') – and stamped with the seals of the shrine (middle) and its priest (bottom).

Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. are available year round in many shrines and temples, especially in larger ones with a permanent staff. As these items are sacred, they are technically not 'bought' but rather 'received' (授かる, sazukaru) or ukeru (受ける), with the money paid in exchange for them being considered to be a donation or offering (初穂料, hatsuhoryō, literally 'first fruit fee').[21][22] One may also receive a wooden talisman called a kitōfuda (祈祷札) after having formal prayers or rituals (kitō (祈祷)) performed on one's behalf in these places of worship.

Shinto Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.

Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. such as Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. are enshrined in a household altar (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) or a special stand (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.); in the absence of one, they may be placed upright in a clean and tidy space above eye level or attached to a wall. Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. that house them are set up facing east (where the sun rises), south (the principal direction of sunshine), or southeast.[23][24][25][26]

The Association of Shinto Shrines recommends that a household own at least three kinds of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.:

  1. Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
  2. The Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. of the tutelary deity of one's place of residence (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.)
  3. The Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. of a shrine one is personally devoted to sūkei jinja (崇敬神社)
Various possible ways of arranging Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) in a Shinto altar

In a 'three-door' style (三社造, sansha-zukuri) altar, the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is placed in the middle, with the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. of one's local Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. on its left (observer's right) and the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. of one's favourite shrine on its right (observer's left). Alternatively, in a 'one-door' style (一社造, issha-zukuri) Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., the three talismans are laid on top of one another, with the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. on the front. One may own more Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.; these are placed on either side of or behind the aforementioned three.[23][24][27][28][29] Regular (preferably daily) worship before the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. or Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and offerings of rice, salt, water, and/or Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. to the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (with additional foodstuffs being offered on special occasions) are recommended.[24][30] The manner of worship is similar to those performed in shrines: two bows, two claps, and a final bow, though a prayer (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) – also preceded by two bows – may be recited before this.[31][32]

A place for returning old talismans at Fukagawa Fudō-dō Temple (ja) in Tokyo

Other Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. are placed in other parts of the house. For instance, Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. of patron deities of the hearth – Sanbō-Kōjin in Buddhism, Kamado-Mihashira-no-Kami (the 'Three Deities of the Hearth': Kagutsuchi, Okitsuhiko and Okitsuhime) in Shinto[33][34] – are placed in the kitchen. In toilets, a talisman of the Buddhist wrathful deity Ucchuṣma (Ususama Myōō), who is believed to purify the unclean, may be installed.[35] Protective Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. such as Lua error in Module:Lang/utilities at line 268: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value)., a depiction of the Tendai monk Ryōgen in the form of a yaksha or an Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.[36][37] are placed on doorways or entrances.

Japanese spirituality lays great importance on purity and pristineness (Lua error in Module:Lang/utilities at line 268: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value).), especially of things related to the divine. It is for this reason that periodic (usually annual) replacement of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. are encouraged. It is customary to obtain new Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. before the end of the year at the earliest or during the New Year season, though (as with Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) one may purchase one at other times of the year as well. While ideally, old Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. are to be returned to the shrine or temple where they were obtained as a form of thanksgiving, most Shinto shrines in practice accept talismans from other shrines.[25][38][39][40][41] (Buddhist Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. are however not accepted in many shrines and vice versa.) Old Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. are burned in a ceremony known either as Sagichō (左義長) or Dondoyaki (どんど焼き), also Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. or Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) held during the Little New Year (January 14th or 15th), the end of the Japanese New Year season.[22][42][43]

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Kifuda (木札) are Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. made out of wood with characters carved, written, or printed directly on them.

Gallery

  • Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. from Kumano Hayatama Taisha

  • Lua error in Module:Lang/utilities at line 268: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value)., a talisman issued by Suwa Shrine in Nagano Prefecture. At a time when meat eating was mostly frowned upon due to Buddhist influence, these were held to allow the bearer to eat venison and other meat without incurring impurity or negative karma.

  • An Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. of the tutelary deities of the hearth (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.), for use in kitchens (from Nishino Shrine in Sapporo)

  • Diagram of two talismans invoking the goddess Hārītī (鬼子母神, Kishimojin'), the Ten Rākṣasīs (十羅刹女, Jū-Rasetsunyo), and the Lua error in Module:Lang/utilities at line 268: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value). against disease, from a Nichiren-shū ritual manual

  • Part of a series of seventy-two talismans (霊符, reifu) (from the Chinese Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) known as Lua error in Module:Lang/utilities at line 268: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value). or simply as Lua error in Module:Lang/utilities at line 268: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value).. Originally of Daoist origin, these were introduced to Japan during the Middle Ages.[44][45]

  • Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and other Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.

  • Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. posted beside a doorway

  • A Lua error in Module:Lang/utilities at line 268: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value)., a handmade talisman against theft displayed upside-down. This Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is inscribed with the date the legendary outlaw Ishikawa Goemon supposedly died: "the 25th day of the 12th month" (十二月廿五日).[lower-alpha 1][47] Other dates are written in other areas, such as "the 12th day of the 12th month" (十二月十二日), which is claimed to be Goemon's birthdate.[46]

  • According to legend, the Tendai monk Ryōgen (left) defeated evil spirits by assuming the terrifying form of a horned yaksha or Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (right). Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. bearing this likeness, known as Lua error in Module:Lang/utilities at line 268: attempt to call field '_transl' (a nil value)., are available in some Buddhist temples.

  • Different types of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. at Tsurugaoka Hachimangū in Kamakura

  • Place for returning old talismans (Hokoji Shrine, Takatō, Ina City, Nagano Prefecture)

  • A 'ship shrine' (艦内神社, kannai jinja) inside battleship Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (currently in Mikasa Park in Yokosuka, Kanagawa Prefecture). Beside the altar is a wooden Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) from Tōgō Shrine (dedicated to the deified naval leader Tōgō Heihachirō, who used Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. as his flagship) in Harajuku, Tokyo.

See also

  • Ema (Shinto)
  • Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
  • Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
  • Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
  • Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
  • Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
  • Netsuke
  • Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.
  • Shikigami
  • Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (Chinese paper charm or spell)
  • Thai Buddha amulet
  • Holy card
  • Himmelsbrief
  • Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.

Notes

  1. ↑ The diary of contemporary aristocrat Yamashina Tokitsune seemingly indicates that the historical Goemon was executed on the 24th day of the 8th month (October 8th in the Gregorian calendar).[46]

References

  1. ↑ Okada, Yoshiyuki. "Shinsatsu, Mamorifuda". Kokugakuin University. http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=291. 
  2. ↑ Wen, Benebell (2016). The Tao of Craft: Fu Talismans and Casting Sigils in the Eastern Esoteric Tradition. North Atlantic Books. p. 55. ISBN 978-1623170677. 
  3. ↑ Hida, Hirofumi (火田博文) (2017). 日本人が知らない神社の秘密 (Nihonjin ga shiranai jinja no himitsu). Saizusha. p. 22. https://books.google.com/books?id=bLlODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22. Retrieved 2020-05-23. 
  4. ↑ Mitsuhashi, Takeshi (三橋健) (2007). 神社の由来がわかる小事典 (Jinja no yurai ga wakaru kojiten). PHP Kenkyūsho. p. 115. ISBN 9784569693965. https://books.google.com/books?id=486cBj1YNnYC&pg=PT115. Retrieved 2020-05-23. 
  5. ↑ Chijiwa, Itaru (千々和到) (2010). 日本の護符文化 (Nihon no gofu bunka). Kōbundō. pp. 33–34. 
  6. ↑ Machida City Museum of Graphic Arts, ed (1994). 大和路の仏教版画―中世・勧進・結縁・供養 (Yamatoji no bukkyō hanga: chūsei, kanjin, kechien, kuyō). Tokyo Bijutsu. pp. 4–9, 94. ISBN 4-8087-0608-3. 
  7. ↑ "熊野牛王神符 (Kumano Goō Shinpu)" (in ja). http://www.hongutaisha.jp/熊野牛王神符/. 
  8. ↑ Kaminishi, Ikumi (2006). Explaining Pictures: Buddhist Propaganda And Etoki Storytelling in Japan. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 9780824826970. https://books.google.com/books?id=QAAuOkCJxHQC&pg=PA138. Retrieved 2020-05-23. 
  9. ↑ Davis, Kat (2019). Japan's Kumano Kodo Pilgrimage: The UNESCO World Heritage trek. Cicerone Press Limited. ISBN 9781783627486. https://books.google.com/books?id=KHeaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT20. Retrieved 2020-05-23. 
  10. ↑ Hardacre, Helen (2017). Shinto: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-062171-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=_Q81DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA155. Retrieved 2020-05-23. 
  11. ↑ Shimazu, Norifumi. "Kishōmon". Kokugakuin University. http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=797. 
  12. ↑ Oyler, Elizabeth (2006). Swords, Oaths, And Prophetic Visions: Authoring Warrior Rule in Medieval Japan. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 9780824829223. https://books.google.com/books?id=TdcFH1Wn7GEC&pg=PA69. Retrieved 2020-05-23. 
  13. ↑ Grapard, Allan G. (2016). Mountain Mandalas: Shugendo in Kyushu. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 171–172. ISBN 9781474249010. https://books.google.com/books?id=8DI0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171. Retrieved 2020-10-03. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Breen, John (2010). "Resurrecting the Sacred Land of Japan: The State of Shinto in the Twenty-First Century". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies (Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture) 37 (2): 295–315. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/view/download/digidepo_9592058_po_849.pdf?contentNo=1&alternativeNo=. Retrieved 2020-05-23. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Nakanishi, Masayuki. "Jingū taima". Kokugakuin University. http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=283. 
  16. ↑ "神宮大麻と神宮暦 (Jingū taima to Jingu-reki)" (in ja). https://www.isejingu.or.jp/about/jingutaima/index.html. 
  17. ↑ "第１４章 神宮大麻・暦" (in ja). Fukushima Jinjachō. https://fukushima-jinjacho.or.jp/monoshiri/pc/section14.html. 
  18. ↑ "三重）伊勢神宮で「大麻用材伐始祭」". 15 April 2020. https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASN4H6SBMN4HONFB002.html. 
  19. ↑ "「天照皇大神宮」のお札の薄紙は取るの？それとも剥がさない？薄紙は包装紙って本当？". 28 January 2021. https://inunekobros.com/kamidana/. 
  20. ↑ "お神札". https://www.isejingu.or.jp/visit/amulet/naiku.html. 
  21. ↑ "教えてお伊勢さん (Oshiete O-Isesan)". https://www.isejingu.or.jp/oisesan/amulet.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "お神札、お守りについて (Ofuda, omamori ni tsuite)". https://www.jinjahoncho.or.jp/omairi/osahou/omamori. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "神棚のまつり方". http://www.jinja.ne.jp/faq/faq_09.html. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Household-shrine". https://en.wa-gokoro.jp/traditional-culture/kamidana/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "御神札・御守・撤饌等の扱い方について" (in ja). http://www.shiroyama.or.jp/jinseigirei/tessen.html. 
  26. ↑ "お守りやお札の取り扱い" (in ja). http://www.hyogomirai.com/life/column/content.php?cid=000017. 
  27. ↑ "Ofuda (talisman)". 30 July 2011. https://www.greenshinto.com/wp/2011/07/30/ofuda/. 
  28. ↑ "お神札（ふだ）のまつり方 (Ofuda no matsurikata)". https://www.jinjahoncho.or.jp/omatsuri/katei/ofuda. 
  29. ↑ "お神札・神棚について" (in ja). http://www.tokyo-jinjacho.or.jp/ofuda_kamidana/. 
  30. ↑ Toyozaki, Yōko (2007). 「日本の衣食住」まるごと事典 (Who Invented Natto?). IBC Publishing. pp. 59–61. ISBN 9784896846409. https://books.google.com/books?id=SsmN4jxwnfUC&pg=PA61. Retrieved 2020-05-23. 
  31. ↑ "神棚と神拝作法について教えて下さい。" (in ja). http://musashimitakejinja.jp/2017/12/09/question5/. 
  32. ↑ "神棚の祀り方と参拝方法" (in ja). http://www.kumanosakaki.com/sanpai.html. 
  33. ↑ "奥津彦命・奥津姫命のご利益や特徴" (in ja). https://xn--u9ju32nb2az79btea.asia/shinto15/shrine105.html. 
  34. ↑ "奥津日子神". http://myth.maji.asia/amp/item_okituhiko.html. 
  35. ↑ "烏枢沙摩明王とは" (in ja). http://www.ususama.net/ususama.html. 
  36. ↑ Matsuura, Thersa (2019-11-24). "The Great Horned Master (Tsuno Daishi) (Ep. 43)". https://www.uncannyjapan.com/episode-43-the-great-horned-master-tsuno-daishi/. 
  37. ↑ Groner, Paul (2002). Ryōgen and Mount Hiei: Japanese Tendai in the Tenth Century. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 297–298. ISBN 9780824822606. https://books.google.com/books?id=B1eVBPvvFMgC&pg=PA298. Retrieved 2020-05-24. 
  38. ↑ Reader, Ian; Tanabe, George J. (1998). Practically Religious: Worldly Benefits and the Common Religion of Japan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 196. ISBN 9780824820909. https://books.google.com/books?id=-8zmlaQSEIwC&pg=PA196. Retrieved 2020-10-03. 
  39. ↑ "御神札について教えてください。" (in ja). http://musashimitakejinja.jp/2017/12/09/question6/. 
  40. ↑ "お守りの扱い方" (in ja). http://yugasan.jp/column04/. 
  41. ↑ "知っているようで知らない 神社トリビア②". http://www.jinjya.com/sp/170415.php?PHPSESSID=ed0850d8baa7654c9f098fc175ea2761. 
  42. ↑ "どんど焼き" (in ja). http://www.kikunajinja.jp/gyouji/dondoyaki.html. 
  43. ↑ "どんど焼き【どんと祭り】古いお札やお守りの処理の仕方" (in ja). 22 December 2019. https://sk-imedia.com/dondoyaki-4401.html. 
  44. ↑ "霊験無比なる「太上秘法鎮宅霊符」" (in ja). https://www.hoshida-myoken.com/太上秘法鎮宅霊符/. 
  45. ↑ 国書刊行会 (Kokusho Hankōkai), ed (1915) (in ja). 信仰叢書 (Shinkō-sōsho). 国書刊行会 (Kokusho Hankōkai). pp. 354–363. https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1920305/194. Retrieved 2020-05-26. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "京のおまじない「逆さ札」と天下の大泥棒・石川五右衛門" (in ja). 2 December 2019. https://www.leafkyoto.net/blog/makai/2019/12/sakasafuda/. 
  47. ↑ "「十二月廿五日」五右衛門札貼り替え 嘉穂劇場" (in ja). 2017-12-26. https://mainichi.jp/articles/20171226/k00/00e/040/218000c. 

Further reading

  • Nelson, Andrew N., Japanese-English Character Dictionary, Charles E. Tuttle Company: Publishers, Tokyo, 1999, ISBN:4-8053-0574-6
  • Masuda Koh, Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo, 1991, ISBN:4-7674-2015-6

External links



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