Calvinism

From Conservapedia

Calvinism (also known as Reformed Theology) is a name given to a set of beliefs and ideas in Christianity, notable for it's emphases on predestination. Calvinism is named after the influential Swiss theologian and lawyer John Calvin, though Calvin himself emphatically rejected the term Calvinism. The "five points' of Calvinism were codified after the 1619 decision of the Synod of Dort over the Arminian controversy.

1 Five points
2 Doctrine
- 2.1 History
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
- 5.1 Well Known Calvinists

Five points[edit]

Calvinism is most often identified with Calvin's teaching on the question of salvation and providence. Many summarize Calvinism in five points, often referred to by the acronym TULIP, which itself was invented sometime in the 1930s. (The Synod of Dortmund originally created these as a response to the five points of Arminianism. At the time they were ordered as ULTIP.) However, these five points do not represent the entirety of reformed theology. Some topics such as the Trinity and God's providence are not sufficiently covered by these points alone.^[1]

Total Depravity - every person but Christ is born with a sinful nature since the fall of man in the Garden of Eden. (See: Jeremiah 17:9, John 3:19, and Romans 3:10-12)
Unconditional Election - God chose every elect person for salvation. This is also referred to as Predestination. (See: Romans 9:11-12, and Romans 9:16)
Limited Atonement - Jesus only died for those whom God chose for salvation. Calvinists hold that he did not die for those who are not elect, but only those who are elect will even seek salvation. (See: John 10:14-15, John 17:2&9, and Ephesians 5:25)
Irresistible Grace - Man has no free will over his eternal fate, and anybody whom God chooses for salvation (the elect) cannot resist His call. (See: Ezekiel 36:26-27, Acts 13:48, Acts 26:14-16, and Ephesians 1:4-6)
Perseverance of the Saints - Once one is saved, they cannot lose their salvation and will persevere throughout their lives. Anyone who does not persevere shows that they were never truly saved. (See: John 10:27-29, 1 Corinthians 1:8-9, Philippians 1:6, 1 Peter 1:5, and Romans 8:38-39)

^[2]
All of the Reformed Confessions hold to these views.

Some people do not hold to all five points, and refer to themselves by the number of "points" to which they adhere. For example, a number of people agree with all points except for Limited Atonement, and thus refer to themselves as "Four Point Calvinists". This has not been used historically, but began sometime in the late 20th century.^[3]^[4] Southern Baptists are split between Calvinists and non-Calvinists, but non-Calvinists also traditionally hold to the view of eternal security.

Doctrine[edit]

The basic distinction of Calvinism is that it teaches that the purpose of all creation is to glorify God. Within this creation it emphasizes God's supremacy over everything in existence, holding firmly to the doctrine of divine providence.

Calvin himself published his Institutes of the Chrstian Religion in 1559. This comprehensive work is characterized by his motto of Sola Sacra Scriptura, because he believed the Bible to be the absolute authority in all matters of faith and containing all that is necessary for salvation.

The opposite of Calvinism is considered to be Arminianism, which was named after Jacobus Arminius. It should be noted here that neither John Calvin nor Jacobus Arminius truly came up with the theologies named after them, as the ideas contained within the respective beliefs have been debated upon even as far back as the time of the apostles, as Paul discussed in Romans 5.

Calvinists observe two sacraments, and see the bread and wine used during the Lord's Supper as symbolic but also that Christ is really present with the worshippers. They are not, therefore, strict representationalists, as many other Protestants are. They reject baptismal regeneration, teaching instead that baptism is a sign of the believer's death to sin and being born again (which has already taken place), as well as a reminder of Jesus' death, burial, and resurrection.

The doctrines of Calvinism are summarized in the Three Forms of Unity, the Westminster Standards, The Baptist Confession of Faith, as well as a few other Reformed confessions.

While the sovereignty of God, the supremacy of the Bible, and the process by which men are saved are the most famous elements in Reformed theology, certain social standards, the church's form of government, and the style in which the worship services are conducted are also part of what amounts to "Calvinism." Calvinist worship is much less ceremonial than that associated with Lutherans and Anglicans (the two other leading branches of the Reformation). The governance of the local congregation is in the hands of a number of ministers, not just the pastor; regional assemblies are the highest unit of administration. They can optimally join an organizations such as the Association of Reformed Baptist Churches of America (ARBCA), but ultimately, each church still governs itself.

History[edit]

The purpose of the Calvinist Reformation was to reform the church back to the Bible in the time of the New Testament. Calvinists thus hold to the three historic creeds of the Church: the Creed of Athanasius, the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed. Calvin spent most of his time working in Geneva, Switzerland. From there, Calvinism spread to the Netherlands, Germany, England, Scotland and Hungary.

In the different countries, Calvinism developed into different traditions. Although all share the same beliefs, they drew up different confessions. The Dutch Reformed tradition holds to the Belgic Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism and the Canons of Dordt, the Swiss hold to the Helvetic Confession and the Scots to the Westminster Standards (Confession and two Catechisms).

Calvinism spread to different parts of the world, most notably the USA and South Africa. The English Puritans and Scottish Presbyterians, as well as smaller numbers of German and Dutch immigrants brought Calvinism to the United States in the 17th and 18th centuries. Large numbers of Dutch, Germans and French Huguenots also brought their Calvinist faith to South Africa in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.

In the United States Calvinism is found within the Presbyterian and Reformed Baptist groups; the two differ in regards to baptism (Presbyterians hold to infant baptism by sprinkling, while Reformed Baptists hold to immersion baptism after salvation).