5.56x45mm cartridge; The most used round in NATO Armed Forces. A relatively new round introduced in the 1960s with the M-16, itself the second most produced assault rifle after the KalashnikovAK 47.
7.62x51mm cartridge "Full Metal Jacket": An older far more powerful assault rife - Light/medium/general purpose machine gun round. Was largely replaced with the 5.56 during the 1980s/90s for infantry use, but still the most common round for medium and GP machine guns and for all sniper and long range use.
0.5 cal (12.7x99mm) cartridge. The largest small arms round commonly used in NATO Armed Forces. Used in the M2 Browning heavy machine gun and similar weapons.