"Calypso music has been used by Calypsonians to provide sociopolitical commentary. Prior to the independence of Trinidad and Tobago, calypsonians would use their music to express the daily struggles of living in Trinidad, critique racial and economic inequalities, express opinions on social order, and voice overall concerns for those living on the island. The Black lower class in particular used Calypso music to protest inequalities inflicted upon them under British rule and advocate for their rights. In response, Calypso music came to exist as a form of musical protest."
Contents
1American Presence in Trinidad and Tobago
2Aspirations / Dreams
3Calypso War / Extempo
4Christmas Period
5Corruption / Criminality
6Culture - Calypso / Carnival Evolution
7Culture - Steelpan
8Culture (Other)
9Drugs
10Economy / Poverty
11Education
12Emigration / Immigration / National Identity
13Environment
14Feminism
15Folklore / Shango
16Food / Drink
17Grandstanding / Boasting
18Health
19Humour / Puns
20Jump up / Carnival Dancing / Bacchanal
21LGBTQ
22Machismo / Misogynist
23News Events - West Indies
24News Events - World
25Politics - Before Independence (West Indies)
26Politics - From Independence (West Indies)
27Politics - USA
28Politics - World (Other)
29Racial Identity / Slavery
30Religion (Christian)
31Religion (Others)
32Social Commentaries (Others)
33Spirituality / Philosophy
34Sports
35Tabanca / Lover's Quarrel
36War (Up to end World War II)
37Wars (Post World War II)
38References
39Bibliography
40External links
American Presence in Trinidad and Tobago
Wilmoth Houdini performing in the 1940s
"Brown Skin Gal" — "Brown Skin Girl" (1933), King Radio[1][2][3][4][5]
"Gimme Back Me Dam Kimona" (1951), Mighty Growler[2]
"Roosevelt in Trinidad" - FDR in Trinidad(1936), Atilla the Hun[4]
Rum and Coca-Cola (1945), Lord Invader (Previously sung by Wilmoth Houdini)[1][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
”The Base” (1958), Mighty Sparrow[10]
”The Soldiers Came and Broke Up My Life” (1945), Lord Invader[11][2]
”We Want Back Chagaramas” (1959), Nap Hepburn[9][12]
"Yankee’s Back" (1957), Mighty Sparrow[10]
"Yankee Dollar" (1946), Lord Invader[1][2]
"Yankees Gone" — Jean and Dinah (1956), Mighty Sparrow[1][2][3][6][13][5][10][14][8][9]
Aspirations / Dreams
"Buy Me a Zeppelin" (1945), Macbeth the Great[11]
"I Am Going to Buy a Bungalow" (1938), Roaring Lion[4]
"I Don’t Want No Bungalow" (1938), Atilla the Hun[4]
”If I Won a Sweepstake” (1941) - Atilla the Hun[3]
”I Want a Radio at Home” (1938), Black Prince[11]
”I Want To Build a Bungalow” (1938), Codallo’s Top Hatters[11][15]
”I Want to Rent a Bungalow” (1938), Mighty Growler[11]
Calypso War / Extempo
"Alexander the Murderer" (1960), Lord Melody[3][10]
"Arima Tonight, Sangre Grande Tomorrow Night" (1931), Wilmoth Houdini[3]
"Belmont Jackass" (1960), Lord Melody[11]
”Calypso Invasion” (1945), The Duke of Iron[11]
"Carnival Celebration" (1956), Small Island Pride[3]
"Corbeau Flying High" (1958), Lord Melody[11]
"Cowboy Melo" (1959), Mighty Sparrow[2]
"Cowboy Sparrow" (1959), Lord Melody[11]
"Don’t Touch Me" (1961), Mighty Sparrow[3][10]
"Executor Doomed to Die" (1929), Wilmoth Houdini[4]
"Rally Round the West Indies" (1988), David Rudder[14]
"Randolph Turpin’s Victory" (1951), Lord Kitchener[4]
"Sir Garfield Sobers" (1966), Mighty Sparrow[6]
"The Cricket Song" (1964), Lord Kitchener[15]
"Tiger Tom Kill Tiger Cat" (1932), Wilmoth Houdini[4]
Victory Calypso - "Victory Test Match" - "Cricket, Lovely Cricket" (1950), Lord Beginner[4][21]
"World Cup" (1976), Maestro
Tabanca / Lover's Quarrel
“Tabanca, tabanka, tabankca, tobanca (n) (Grenada, Guyana, Trinidad): A painful feeling of unrequited love, from loving someone who does not love in return, especially someone who was once a lover or spouse.”[27]
"Come Le We Go Sookie" (1964), King Fighter[5]
”Doh Horn Meh” (1980), The Mighty Duke[10]
"Dorothy" (1934), Atilla the Hun & Roaring Lion[4]
”Dotish Married Man” (1963), Mighty Sparrow[10]
"Jenny" (1981), Lord Nelson
"Malic Wedding Scandal" (1962), King Solomon[11]
"Maria" (1962), Lord Blackie[5][11]
"Mathilda" (1938), King Radio[5][4][7][10]
”Mr Herbert” (1963), Mighty Sparrow[10]
"My Girl Mabel" (1941), King Radio[2]
"No Nora Darling" - "Nora" - "Nora Darling"(1937), Roaring Lion[4]
"No Woman No" (1986), Black Stalin
”Rose” (1961), Mighty Sparrow[10]
"Rum Till I Die" (2003), Adesh Samaroo
"Stella" (1963), Lord Nelson[15]
”Take Your Bundle and Go” (1962), Mighty Sparrow[10]
”Way Way Out” (1999), Mighty Shadow
War (Up to end World War II)
"Adolf Hitler" (1941), Mighty Destroyer[4][9]
"Advantage Mussolini" (1936), Roaring Lion[2]
”Britain Will Never Surrender” (1941), Mighty Growler[11]
"Carnival Again" (1939), Lord Executor[4]
"Chamberlain Says Peace" (1938), Lord Beginner[2][4]
"Civil War in Spain" (1938), Growling Tiger[3]
"Ethiopian War Drums" (1935), Wilmoth Houdini[4][2]
"Fall of France" (1941), Mighty Growler[2][4]
"Germany Invade Poland" (1939), King Radio[4]
"Graf Zeppelin" (1934), Atilla the Hun[2][4][5][9]
”Hitler” (1939), Lord Ziegfield[11]
"Hitler’s Attitude" (1940), Roaring Lion[11][15]
”Hitler Demanded Trinidad” (1940), Lord Invader[11][15]
"Hitler Demands" (1939), Mighty Growler[2]
”Hitler's Mistake” (1940), Roaring Lion[11][15]
"Hitler’s Moustache" (1941), Lord Invader[11][15]
"Housewives" (1950), Lord Beginner[4]
"Invasion of Britain" (1941), Atilla the Hun[2][4]
Invasion of Poland (1940), Roaring Lion[15][2]
"Let Them Fight for Ten Thousand Years" (1939), Growling Tiger[4]
"Nazi Spy Ring" (1940), Mighty Growler[11]
"Norah the War Is Over" (1946), Lord Beginner[4]
"Poppy Day" (1938), Lord Executor[2]
"Roosevelt’s Election" (1941), Atilla the Hun[4]
"Run Your Run Hitler" (1940), Lord Beginner[4]
"Selassie Is Held by the Police" (1937), Lord Caresser[2]
"Send Hitler to St. Helena" (1940), Atilla the Hun[11][15]
"The Admiral Graf Spee" (1939), Atilla the Hun[4]
"The Gold of Africa" (1936), Growling Tiger[2][4]
"The Horrors of War" (1938), Atilla the Hun[2]
"The Invasion of Poland" - "Poland, Poland" (1940), Roaring Lion[2]
"The Red Cross Society" (1941), Atilla the Hun[4]
"Two Bad Men in the World" (1939), Lord Executor[4][11]
”Warning to Russia” - “A Warning to Russia” (1950), Mighty Viking[11][2]
"Winston Churchill" (1941), Roaring Lion[4]
Wars (Post World War II)
"Children World" (1987), Chalkdust[12]
"Peace in de World. (1987), Black Stalin
"Send Me Instead" (1968), King Fighter[2]
"Stop D War" (2008), Singing Sandra
”The Hydrogen Bomb” (1954), Mighty Terror[11][2]
"The My Lai Incident" (1970), The Shah[2]
References
↑ 1.001.011.021.031.041.051.061.071.081.091.101.111.12Lowe, Agatha (1993). "Themes of War, Politics and Health Education in Calypso Music". Caribbean Quarterly39 (2): 56–72. doi:10.1080/00086495.1993.11671784. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40653847.
↑ 2.002.012.022.032.042.052.062.072.082.092.102.112.122.132.142.152.162.172.182.192.202.212.222.232.242.252.262.272.282.292.302.312.32Hill, Errol G. (1989). "Calypso and War". African American Review, Black American Literature Forum23 (1): 61–88. doi:10.2307/2903988. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2903988.
↑ 3.003.013.023.033.043.053.063.073.083.093.103.113.123.133.143.153.163.173.183.193.203.213.223.233.243.253.263.273.283.293.303.313.323.333.343.353.363.373.383.393.403.413.423.433.443.453.463.473.483.493.503.513.52Winer, Lise (1986). "Socio-Cultural Change and the Language of Calypso". Nieuwe West-Indische Gids / New West Indian Guide60 (3/4): 113–148. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002057. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41849251.
↑ 4.0004.0014.0024.0034.0044.0054.0064.0074.0084.0094.0104.0114.0124.0134.0144.0154.0164.0174.0184.0194.0204.0214.0224.0234.0244.0254.0264.0274.0284.0294.0304.0314.0324.0334.0344.0354.0364.0374.0384.0394.0404.0414.0424.0434.0444.0454.0464.0474.0484.0494.0504.0514.0524.0534.0544.0554.0564.0574.0584.0594.0604.0614.0624.0634.0644.0654.0664.0674.0684.0694.0704.0714.0724.0734.0744.0754.0764.0774.0784.0794.0804.0814.0824.0834.0844.0854.0864.0874.0884.0894.0904.0914.0924.0934.0944.0954.0964.0974.0984.0994.1004.1014.1024.1034.1044.1054.1064.1074.1084.1094.1104.1114.1124.1134.1144.1154.1164.1174.1184.119Cowley, John Houlston (April 1992). MUSIC & MIGRATION: Aspects of Black Music in the British Caribbean, the United States, and Britain, before the Independence of Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago (PhD). University of Warwick. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
↑ 5.005.015.025.035.045.055.065.075.085.095.105.115.125.135.145.155.165.175.185.195.205.215.225.235.245.255.265.275.285.295.305.315.325.335.345.355.365.375.385.395.405.415.425.435.445.455.465.475.485.495.505.515.525.535.545.555.565.575.585.595.605.615.625.635.645.655.665.675.685.695.705.715.725.735.745.755.765.775.785.795.805.815.825.835.845.855.865.875.885.895.905.915.925.935.945.955.965.975.985.99Maharaj, George. "Top 100 Calypsos of the 20th Century". http://tntisland.com/gm100calypsos20thcentury.pdf.
↑ 6.006.016.026.036.046.056.066.076.086.096.106.116.126.136.146.156.166.176.186.196.206.216.226.236.246.256.266.276.286.296.306.316.326.336.346.356.366.376.386.396.40Unknown. "A chronology of selected songs by Mighty Sparrow that address social, political and topical themes". http://research.gold.ac.uk/22334/1/Sparrow song timeline small.pdf.
↑ 7.007.017.027.037.047.057.067.077.087.097.107.11Liverpool, Hollis (Mighty Chalkdust) (1994). "Researching Steelband and Calypso Music in the British Caribbean and the U. S. Virgin Islands.". Center for Black Music Research - Columbia College Chicago and University of Illinois Press14 (2): 179–201. doi:10.2307/779483. https://www.jstor.org/stable/779483.
↑ 8.008.018.028.038.048.058.068.078.088.098.108.118.128.138.148.158.168.178.188.198.208.218.22Sylvester, Meagan (2019). "'Narratives of Resistance in Trinidad’s Calypso and Soca Music'". Caribbean Pelau - The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus11 (3): 105–116. doi:10.18733/cpi29507. https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/cpi/index.php/cpi/article/view/29507.
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↑ 10.00010.00110.00210.00310.00410.00510.00610.00710.00810.00910.01010.01110.01210.01310.01410.01510.01610.01710.01810.01910.02010.02110.02210.02310.02410.02510.02610.02710.02810.02910.03010.03110.03210.03310.03410.03510.03610.03710.03810.03910.04010.04110.04210.04310.04410.04510.04610.04710.04810.04910.05010.05110.05210.05310.05410.05510.05610.05710.05810.05910.06010.06110.06210.06310.06410.06510.06610.06710.06810.06910.07010.07110.07210.07310.07410.07510.07610.07710.07810.07910.08010.08110.08210.08310.08410.08510.08610.08710.08810.08910.09010.09110.09210.09310.09410.09510.09610.09710.09810.09910.10010.10110.10210.10310.10410.10510.10610.10710.10810.10910.11010.11110.11210.11310.11410.11510.11610.11710.11810.11910.12010.12110.12210.12310.12410.12510.12610.12710.12810.12910.13010.13110.13210.13310.13410.13510.13610.13710.13810.13910.14010.14110.14210.14310.14410.14510.14610.14710.14810.14910.15010.15110.15210.15310.15410.15510.15610.15710.15810.15910.16010.161Warner, Keith (1982). Kaiso! The Trinidad Calypso - A study of the calypso as oral literature. Washington D.C.: Three Continents Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-89410-025-4.
↑ 11.0011.0111.0211.0311.0411.0511.0611.0711.0811.0911.1011.1111.1211.1311.1411.1511.1611.1711.1811.1911.2011.2111.2211.2311.2411.2511.2611.2711.2811.2911.3011.3111.3211.3311.3411.3511.3611.3711.3811.3911.4011.4111.4211.4311.4411.4511.4611.4711.4811.4911.5011.5111.5211.5311.5411.5511.5611.5711.5811.5911.6011.6111.6211.6311.6411.6511.6611.6711.6811.6911.7011.7111.7211.7311.7411.7511.7611.7711.7811.7911.8011.8111.8211.83Gibbs, Craig Martin (2013). Calypso and Other Music of Trinidad 1912-1962. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-7864-7851-4.
↑ 13.013.113.213.313.413.5Caldwell, Taylor. "The Sparrow revolution: Fifty years and still going strong". Big drum nation, 2020/07/09. https://www.bigdrumnation.com/2020/07/09/the-sparrow-revolution-fifty-years-old-and-still-going-strong-by-caldwell-taylor.
↑ 14.0014.0114.0214.0314.0414.0514.0614.0714.0814.0914.1014.1114.1214.1314.1414.1514.1614.1714.1814.1914.2014.2114.2214.2314.2414.2514.2614.2714.2814.2914.3014.3114.3214.3314.3414.3514.3614.3714.3814.3914.4014.4114.4214.4314.4414.4514.4614.47Dean, Darryl (2015). Calypso as a vehicle for political commentary: An endangered musical species(PDF) (Master). Carleton University. Retrieved 10 Jan 2021.
↑ 16.0016.0116.0216.0316.0416.0516.0616.0716.0816.0916.1016.1116.1216.1316.1416.1516.1616.1716.1816.1916.2016.2116.2216.2316.2416.2516.2616.2716.2816.2916.30Ramm, Benjamin. "The subversive power of calypso music". BBC Culture, October 11, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20171010-the-surprising-politics-of-calypso.
↑ 17.017.117.217.3Rohlehr, Gordon (2010). "Deconstructing "The Equaliser": Beyond a Balance of Terror". Caribbean Reviews of Gender Studies (4). https://sta.uwi.edu/crgs/february2010/journals/GordonRohlehr.pdf.
↑ 18.018.118.218.318.418.5Dowrich-Phillips, Laura. "7 calypsoes that kept us entertained with hot topics of the day". Loop, October 4, 2019. https://www.looptt.com/content/7-calypsoes-kept-us-entertained-hot-topics-day.
↑ 19.0019.0119.0219.0319.0419.0519.0619.0719.0819.0919.1019.1119.1219.1319.1419.1519.1619.1719.1819.19Hinds, David. "A Mailman to make Government Understand: The Calypsonian (Mighty Chalkdust) as Political Opposition in the Caribbean”. Michigan Publishing, 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2020
↑ 20.0020.0120.0220.0320.0420.0520.0620.0720.0820.0920.1020.1120.1220.1320.1420.1520.1620.1720.1820.1920.2020.2120.2220.2320.24*Mahabir, Cynthia (2001). "The Rise of Calypso Feminism: Gender and Musical Politics in the Calypso". Cambridge University Press20 (3): 409–430. https://www.jstor.org/stable/853630.
↑ 21.021.121.2Spencer, Neil. "Lord Kitchener steps off the Empire Windrush, 16 June 2011". https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/16/lord-kitchener-empire-windrush.
↑Schwedel, Heather. "How "Leave Me Alone" Became the Feminist Anthem Trinidad’s Carnival Needs". Slate, February 28, 2017. https://slate.com/human-interest/2017/02/how-leave-me-alone-became-the-feminist-anthem-of-carnival-in-trinidad-and-tabago.html.
↑Powers, Martine. "‘Leave Me Alone’: Trinidad’s women find a rallying cry for this year’s Carnival". The Washington Post, February 26, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/leave-me-alone-trinidads-women-find-a-rallying-cry-for-this-years-carnival/2017/02/26/3888f116-f9e6-11e6-aa1e-5f735ee31334_story.html.
↑Editorial. "‘Woman on the bass’". Trinidad & Tobago Newsday, October 29, 2018. https://newsday.co.tt/2018/10/29/woman-on-the-bass/.
↑ 25.025.125.225.325.425.5Francis, Sherese. "Modern Griots: The Mighty Shadow’s Musical Jumbie". June 10, 2013. https://futuristicallyancient.com/2013/06/10/modern-griots-the-mighty-shadows-musical-jumbie/.
↑Staff. "Gavaskar Calypso: a classic song about India's 1971 victory against the Windies". Scroll.in,April 16, 2014. https://scroll.in/article/661894/gavaskar-calypso-a-classic-song-about-indias-1971-victory-against-the-windies.
↑Morris, Kirt. "Everybody in Trinidad have ah Tabanca at least once in their life". Trini in Xisle, 2019/03/10. https://triniinxisle.com/2019/03/10/trini-tabanca/.
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