Pyongyang

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Short description: Capital of North Korea
Pyongyang

평양시
Directly governed city
Pyongyang Directly Governed City
  transcription(s)
 • Chosŏn'gŭl평양직할시
 • Hancha平壤直轄市
 • McCune–ReischauerP'yŏngyang Chikhalsi
 • Revised RomanizationPyeongyang Jikhalsi
Clockwise from top: Pyongyang skyline and the Taedong River; Juche Tower; Arch of Reunification;[needs update] Chollima Statue; Puhŭng Station in the Pyongyang Metro; Tomb of King Tongmyong and Arch of Triumph
Nickname(s): 
(류경/柳京)  (Korean)
"Capital of Willows"[1]
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Location of Pyongyang in North Korea
Pyongyang is located in North Korea
Pyongyang
Pyongyang
Location of Pyongyang in North Korea
Pyongyang is located in Asia
Pyongyang
Pyongyang
Pyongyang (Asia)
Coordinates: [ ⚑ ] : 39°01′00″N 125°44′51″E / 39.0166667°N 125.7475°E / 39.0166667; 125.7475
Country North Korea
Districts
Government
 • TypeDirectly governed city
 • BodyPyongyang City People's Assembly
 • Secretary of the City CommitteeKim Yong-hwan[2]
 • Chairman of the People's CommitteeCha Hui-rim[3]
Area
 • Directly governed city829.1 km2 (320.1 sq mi)
 • Metro
3,194 km2 (1,233 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[5]
 • Directly governed city3,157,538
 • Density3,800/km2 (9,900/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Pyongyangite(s)[6]
Time zoneUTC+09:00 (Pyongyang Time)
ISO 3166 codeKP-01
Pyongyang
Pyongyang (East Asian characters).svg
"Pyongyang" in Chosŏn'gŭl (top) and hancha (bottom)
lit. flat soil

Pyongyang (English: /pjɒŋˈjæŋ, pjʌŋ-, -jɑːŋ/ (About this soundlisten);[7][8][9] Korean: [pʰjʌŋjaŋ] (About this soundlisten)) is the capital and largest city of North Korea, where it is sometimes labeled as the "Capital of the Revolution".[10] Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about 109 km (68 mi) upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. According to the 2008 population census, it has a population of 3,255,288.[11] Pyongyang is a directly administered city (직할시; 直轄市; chikhalsi) with a status equal to that of the North Korean provinces.

Pyongyang is one of the oldest cities in Korea.[12] It was the capital of two ancient Korean kingdoms, Gojoseon and Goguryeo, and served as the secondary capital of Goryeo. Following the establishment of North Korea in 1948, Pyongyang became its de facto capital. The city was again devastated during the Korean War, but was quickly rebuilt after the war with Soviet assistance.

Pyongyang is the political, industrial and transport center of North Korea. It is home to North Korea's major government institutions, as well as the ruling Workers' Party of Korea which has its headquarters in the Forbidden City.

Names

The name Pyongyang is borrowed from Korean 평양(平壤) (Pyeong'yang, literally “flat land”), from McCune–Reischauer (MR) romanisation P'yŏngyang, a Sino-Korean word from 平壤. It indicates the geographical feature of the location to have a smooth terrain. In native Korean, the city was called "Buruna (부루나)"[13] or less commonly "Barana (바라나)"[14] which, using the idu system, was the pronunciation of the Chinese characters of "Pyongyang".[13][14] "Buru (부루)" means "field" whereas "na (나)" means "land", therefore the meaning of Pyongyang in native Korean would be "Land of the field".[13]

The city's other historic names include Ryugyong,[15] Kisong, Hwangsong, Rakrang, Sŏgyong, Sodo, Hogyong, Changan,[16] and Heijō[17][18] (during Japanese rule in Korea). There are several variants.[lower-alpha 1][33] During the early 20th century, Pyongyang came to be known among missionaries as being the "Jerusalem of the East", due to its historical status as a stronghold of Christianity, namely Protestantism, especially during the Pyongyang Revival of 1907.[34][35]

After Kim Il Sung's death in 1994, some members of Kim Jong Il's faction proposed changing the name of Pyongyang to "Kim Il Sung City" (Korean: 김일성시; Hanja: 金日成市), but others suggested that North Korea should begin calling Seoul "Kim Il Sung City" instead and grant Pyongyang the moniker "Kim Jong Il City". In the end, neither proposal was implemented.[36]

History

File:연광정연회도.webp
연광정연회도(練光亭宴會圖), Late 1700s drawing of Pyongyang by Kim Hong-do

Prehistory

In 1955, archaeologists excavated evidence of prehistoric dwellings in a large ancient village in the Pyongyang area, called Kŭmtan-ni, dating to the Jeulmun and Mumun pottery periods.[37] North Koreans associate Pyongyang with the mythological city of "Asadal", or Wanggeom-seong, the first second millennium BC capital of Gojoseon ("Old Joseon") according to Korean historiographies beginning with the 13th-century Samgungnyusa.

Historians[who?] deny this claim because earlier Chinese historiographical works such as the Guanzi, Classic of Mountains and Seas, Records of the Grand Historian, and Records of the Three Kingdoms, mention a much later "Joseon". The connection between the two therefore may have been asserted by North Korea for the use of propaganda.{{citation needed|date=April 2018} major city in old Joseon.

Historical period

Tomb of King Tongmyong

Pyongyang was founded in 1122 BC on the site of the capital of the legendary king Dangun.[12] Wanggeom-seong, which was in the location of Pyongyang, became the capital of Gojoseon from 194 to 108 BC. It fell in the Han conquest of Gojoseon in 108 BC. Emperor Wu of Han ordered four commanderies be set up, with Lelang Commandery in the center and its capital established as "Joseon" (朝鮮縣, 조선현) at the location of Pyongyang. Several archaeological findings from the later, Eastern Han (20–220 AD) period in the Pyeongyang area seems to suggest that Han forces later launched brief incursions around these parts.

The area around the city was called Nanglang during the early Three Kingdoms period. As the capital of Nanglang (낙랑국; 樂浪國),[lower-alpha 2] Pyeongyang remained an important commercial and cultural outpost after the Lelang Commandery was destroyed by an expanding Goguryeo in 313.

Goguryeo moved its capital there in 427. According to Christopher Beckwith, Pyongyang is the Sino-Korean reading of the name they gave it in their language: Piarna, or "level land".[38]

In 668, Pyongyang became the capital of the Protectorate General to Pacify the East established by the Tang dynasty of China. However, by 676, it was taken by Silla, but left on the border between Silla and Balhae. Pyongyang was left abandoned during the Later Silla period, until it was recovered by Wang Geon and decreed as the Western Capital of Goryeo.

월야선유도(月夜船遊圖), Late 1700s drawing of Pyongyang by Kim Hong-do

During the Joseon period, it became the provincial capital of Pyeongan Province.[citation needed]

연광정연회도(練光亭宴會圖), Late 1700s drawing of Pyongyang by Kim Hong-do

During the Imjin War, Pyongyang was captured by the Japanese and held the city wall until they were defeated in the Siege of Pyongyang.[12] Later in the 17th century, it became temporarily occupied during the Qing invasion of Joseon until peace arrangements were made between Korea and Qing China. While the invasions made Koreans suspicious of foreigners, the influence of Christianity began to grow after the country opened itself up to foreigners in the 16th century. Pyongyang became the base of Christian expansion in Korea. By 1880 it had more than 100 churches and more Protestant missionaries than any other Asian city,[12] and was called "the Jerusalem of the East".[39]

In 1890, the city had 40,000 inhabitants.[40] It was the site of the Battle of Pyongyang during the First Sino-Japanese War, which led to the destruction and depopulation of much of the city.[41] It was the provincial capital of South Pyeongan Province beginning in 1896. During the Japanese colonial rule, Japan tried to develop the city as an industrial center, but faced March First movement in 1919 and severe anti-Japanese socialist movement in 1920s due to economic exploitation.[41][42][43][44] It was called Heijō (with the same Chinese characters 平壤 but read as へいじょう) in Japanese.

Pyongyang Tram, c. 1920s

In July 1931, the city experienced anti-Chinese riots as a result of the Wanpaoshan Incident and the sensationalized media reports about it which appeared in Imperial Japanese and Korean newspapers.[45] By 1938, Pyongyang had a population of 235,000.[40]

After 1945

Modern-day Pyongyang

On 25 August 1945, the Soviet 25th Army entered Pyongyang and it became the temporary capital of the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea. A People's Committee was already established there, led by veteran Christian nationalist Cho Man-sik.[46] Pyongyang became the de facto capital of North Korea upon its establishment in 1948. At the time, the Pyongyang government aimed to recapture Korea's official capital, Seoul. Pyongyang was again severely damaged in the Korean War, during which it was briefly occupied by South Korean forces from 19 October to 6 December 1950. The city saw many refugees evacuate when advancing Chinese forces pushed southward towards Pyongyang. UN forces oversaw the evacuation of refugees as they retreated from Pyongyang in December 1950.[47] In 1952, it was the target of the largest aerial raid of the entire war, involving 1,400 UN aircraft.

Already during the war, plans were made to reconstruct the city. On 27 July 1953 – the day the armistice between North Korea and South Korea was signed – The Pyongyang Review wrote: "While streets were in flames, an exhibition showing the general plan of restoration of Pyongyang was held at the Moranbong Underground Theater", the air raid shelter of the government under Moranbong. "On the way of victory... fireworks which streamed high into the night sky of the capital in a gun salute briefly illuminated the construction plan of the city which would rise soon with a new look".[48] After the war, the city was quickly rebuilt with assistance from the Soviet Union, and many buildings were built in the style of Stalinist architecture. The plans for the modern city of Pyongyang were first displayed for public viewing in a theatre building. Kim Jung-hee, one of the founding members of the Korean Architects Alliance, who had studied architecture in prewar Japan, was appointed by Kim Il Sung to design the city's master plan. Moscow Architectural Institute designed the "Pyongyang City Reconstruction and Construction Comprehensive Plan" in 1951, and it was officially adopted in 1953. The transformation into a modern, propaganda-designed city featuring Stalin-style architecture with a Korean-style arrangement (and other modernist architecture that was said to have been greatly influenced by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer) began.[49] The 1972 Constitution officially declared Pyongyang the capital.[50]

The funeral of Kim Il Sung was held in Pyongyang in 1994. Then on 19 July, it concluded with a cortege procession when his corpse moved through the streets with a hearse as people cried out in hysteria while watching the funeral.[51]

In 2001, North Korean authorities began a long-term modernisation programme. The Ministry of Capital City Construction Development was included in the Cabinet in that year. In 2006, Kim Jong Il's brother-in-law Jang Song-thaek took charge of the ministry.

Throughout the rule of Kim Jong Un a number of residential projects were constructed. In 2013 and 2014 residential projects dedicated to scientists were completed in Unha Scientists Street and Wisong Scientists Street while in 2015 work took place on a residential project in Mirae Scientists Street. In 2017, in dedication to the 105th birthday of the founder and first leader, Kim Il Sung, 3,000 units were built in the new Ryomyong Street complex. The second decade of the 2000s saw the construction of residential projects in Saesalim Street near the Taedonggang Brewing Company in Sadong District (2021), in Taephyong, and in the Pothong Riverside Terraced Residential District located at the city center next to the Pothong River on land previously used by the headquarters of the International Taekwon-Do Federation.[52] Kim Jong Un ordered that the residential district be renamed "Kyongru-dong" meaning "beautiful bead terrace".[53] From the 50s to the 70s the area was the location of the residence of Kim Il Sung and was known as "Mansion No. 5".[54] Other recent public building projects include the Mansudae People's Theatre opened in 2012, the Munsu Water Park opened in 2013, and the renovated and expanded Sunan International Airport and Pyongyang Sci-Tech Complex, both completed in 2015,[55] the Samjiyon Orchestra Theater,[56] which was fitted out of the domed Korean People's Army Circus built in 1964, and the Pyongyang General Hospital, of which construction started in 2020. Additional re-development projects occurred in the area around the Arch of Triumph where the Pyongyang People's Hospital no. 1 was demolished. Apartment blocks in the area of Inhŭng-dong, in Moranbong-guyok district and in the area of Sinwon-dong in Potonggang-guyok were demolished[57] in 2018–2019 for the construction of new apartment buildings.[58] Also in 2018 the Youth Park Open-Air Theatre in Sungri Street, used to host political rallies, was rebuilt.[59] In 2021–2022 a major housing project was executed along Hwasong Street in Hwasong-guyok district in northern Pyongyang with high-rises.[60] In 2023 phase two of construction of housing in Hwasong-guyok was launched, on the former territory of the Pyongyang Vegetable Science Institute. In addition, a complex of greenhouse farm and housing was initiated on the former territory of Kangdong Airfield which was demolished in 2019.[61]

Pyongyang, alongside Seoul, launched a bid to host the 2032 Summer Olympics, but failed to make the joint city candidate list.

Geography

Pyongyang is in the west-central part of North Korea; the city lies on a flat plain about 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of the Korea Bay, an arm of the Yellow Sea. The Taedong River flows southwestward through the city toward the Korea Bay. The Pyongyang plain, where the city is situated, is one of the two large plains on the Western coast of the Korean peninsula, the other being the Chaeryong plain. Both have an area of approximately 500 square kilometers.[62]

Climate

Pyongyang has a hot-summer continental monsoon climate (Köppen: Dwa), featuring warm to hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters.[63][64] Cold, dry winds can blow from Siberia in winter, making conditions very cold; the low temperature is usually below freezing between November and early March, although the average daytime high is at least a few degrees above freezing in every month except January. The winter is generally much drier than summer, with snow falling for 37 days on average.

The transition from the cold, dry winter to the warm, wet summer occurs rather quickly between April and early May, and there is a similarly abrupt return to winter conditions in late October and November. Summers are generally hot and humid, with the East Asian monsoon taking place from June until September; these are also the hottest months, with average temperatures of 21 to 25 °C (70 to 77 °F), and daytime highs often above 30 °C (86 °F). Although largely transitional seasons, spring and autumn experience more pleasant weather, with average high temperatures ranging from 20 to 26 °C (68 to 79 °F) in May and 22 to 27 °C (72 to 81 °F) in September,[65][66] coupled with relatively clear, sunny skies.[67][68] Script error: No such module "weather box".

Politics

Mansudae Assembly Hall, seat of the Supreme People's Assembly, the North Korean parliament

Major government and other public offices are located in Pyongyang, which is constitutionally designated as the country's capital.[73] The seat of the Workers' Party Central Committee and the Pyongyang People's Committee are located in Haebangsan-dong, Chung-guyok. The Cabinet of North Korea is located in Jongro-dong, Chung-guyok.

Pyongyang is also the seat of all major North Korean security institutions. The largest of them, the Ministry of Social Security, has 130,000 employees working in 12 bureaus. These oversee activities including: police services, security of party officials, classified documents, census, civil registrations, large-scale public construction, traffic control, fire safety, civil defence, public health and customs.[74] Another significant structure based in the city is the Ministry of State Security, whose 30,000 personnel manage intelligence, political prison systems, military industrial security and entry and exit management.[75]

The politics and management of the city is dominated by the Workers' Party of Korea, as they are in the national level. The city is managed by the Pyongyang Party Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea and its chairman is the de facto mayor. The supreme standing state organ is the Pyongyang People's Committee, responsible for everyday events in support of the city. This includes following local Party guidance as channeled through the Pyongyang Party Committee, the distribution of resources prioritised to Pyongyang, and providing support to KWP and internal security agency personnel and families.

Administrative status and divisions

P'yŏngyang is divided into 19 wards (ku- or guyŏk) (the city proper), 2 counties (kun or gun), and 1 neighborhood (dong).[76]


  • Chung-guyok (중구역; 中區域)
  • Pyongchon-guyok (평천구역; 平川區域)
  • Potonggang-guyok (보통강구역; 普通江區域)
  • Moranbong-guyok (모란봉구역; 牡丹峰區域)
  • Sŏsŏng-guyŏk (서성구역; 西城區域)
  • Songyo-guyok (선교구역; 船橋區域)
  • Tongdaewŏn-guyŏk (동대원구역; 東大院區域)
  • Taedonggang-guyŏk (대동강구역; 大同江區域)
  • Sadong-guyŏk (사동구역; 寺洞區域)
  • Taesong-guyok (대성구역; 大城區域)
  • Mangyongdae-guyok (만경대구역; 萬景台區域)
  • Hyongjesan-guyok (형제산구역; 兄弟山區域)
  • Hwasong-guyok (화성구역; 和盛區域)[77]
  • Ryongsong-guyok (룡성구역; 龍城區域)
  • Samsok-guyok (삼석구역; 三石區域)
  • Ryokpo-guyok (력포구역; 力浦區域)
  • Rakrang-guyok (락랑구역; 樂浪區域)
  • Sunan-guyŏk (순안구역; 順安區域)
  • Unjong-guyok (은정구역; 恩情區域)
  • Kangdong County (강동군; 江東郡)
  • Kangnam County (강남군; 江南郡)
  • Panghyŏn-dong (방현동; 方峴洞)


Foreign media reports in 2010 stated that Kangnam-gun, Chunghwa-gun, Sangwŏn-gun, and Sŭngho-guyŏk had been transferred to the administration of neighboring North Hwanghae province.[78] However, Kangnam-gun was returned to Pyongyang in 2011.[79]

Panghyŏn-dong, a missile base, was administrated by Kusong, North Pyongan Province. It had been transferred to the administration of P'yŏngyang on February 10, 2018.[80]

Cityscape

A panoramic view of Pyongyang from atop the Juche tower
Panorama of Pyongyang, as seen from the Juche Tower in April 2012
Ryugyong Hotel and part of the Monument to the Victorious Fatherland Liberation War
Apartment buildings with green areas

After being destroyed during the Korean War, Pyongyang was entirely rebuilt according to Kim Il Sung's vision, which was to create a capital that would boost morale in the post-war years.[81] The result was a city with wide, tree-lined boulevards and public buildings with terraced landscaping, mosaics and decorated ceilings.[82] Its Russian-style architecture makes it reminiscent of a Siberian city during winter snowfall, although edifices of traditional Korean design somewhat soften this perception. In summer, it is notable for its rivers, willow trees, flowers and parkland.[82]

The streets are laid out in a north–south, east–west grid, giving the city an orderly appearance.[82] North Korean designers applied the Swedish experience of self-sufficient urban neighbourhoods throughout the entire country, and Pyongyang is no exception. Its inhabitants are mostly divided into administrative units of 5,000 to 6,000 people (dong). These units all have similar sets of amenities including a food store, a barber shop, a tailor, a public bathhouse, a post office, a clinic, a library and others. Many residents occupy high-rise apartment buildings.[83] One of Kim Il Sung's priorities while designing Pyongyang was to limit the population. Authorities maintain a restrictive regime of movement into the city, making it atypical of East Asia as it is silent, uncrowded and spacious.[84]

Structures in Pyongyang are divided into three major architectural categories: monuments, buildings with traditional Korean motifs and high-rises.[85] Some of North Korea's most recognisable landmarks are monuments, like the Juche Tower, the Arch of Triumph and the Mansu Hill Grand Monument. The first of them is a 170-meter (560 ft) granite spire symbolizing the Juche ideology. It was completed in 1982 and contains 25,550 granite blocks, one for each day of Kim Il Sung's life up to that point.[85] The most prominent building on Pyongyang's skyline is Ryugyong Hotel,[85] the seventh highest building in the world terms of floor count, the tallest unoccupied building in the world,[86] and one of the tallest hotels in the world. It has yet to open.[87][88]

Pyongyang has a rapidly evolving skyline, dominated by high-rise apartment buildings. A construction boom began with the Changjon Street Apartment Complex, which was completed in 2012.[89] Construction of the complex began after late leader Kim Jong Il described Changjon Street as "pitiful".[90] Other housing complexes are being upgraded as well, but most are still poorly insulated, and lacking elevators and central heating.[91] An urban renewal program continued under Kim Jong Un's leadership, with the old apartments of the 1970s and '80s replaced by taller high rise buildings and leisure parks like the Kaesong Youth Park, as well as renovations of older buildings.[92] In 2018, the city was described as unrecognizable compared to five years before.[93]

Landmarks

The Rungrado 1st of May Stadium by the Taedong River is the second-largest mass-sports/athletic stadium in the world by capacity.

Notable landmarks in the city include:

  • The Ryugyong Hotel
  • The Kumsusan Palace of the Sun
  • The Arch of Triumph (heavily inspired by, but larger than, Paris's Arc de Triomphe)
  • The birthplace of Kim Il Sung at Mangyongdae Hill at the city outskirts
  • Juche Tower
  • Two large stadiums:
    • Rungrado 1st of May Stadium
    • Kim Il-sung Stadium
  • The Mansu Hill complex, including the Korean Revolution Museum
  • Kim Il-sung Square
  • Yanggakdo International Hotel

Pyongyang TV Tower is a minor landmark. Other visitor attractions include the Korea Central Zoo. The Reunification Highway stretches from Pyongyang to the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).

  • Monuments and sights of Pyongyang

  • Juche Tower Monument to the philosophy of Juche (self-reliance)

  • Arch of Triumph

  • Monument to Party Founding

  • Kumsusan Palace of the Sun

  • Tomb of King Tongmyeong

  • Ryugyong Hotel

  • Ryomyong New Town

  • Mirae Scientists Street

  • Rungrado May Day Stadium

Culture

Cuisine

Pyongyang raengmyŏn (Korean: 평양랭면; Hanja: 平壤冷麵), cold buckwheat noodle soup originating in Pyongyang

Pyongyang served as the provincial capital of South Pyongan Province until 1946,[94] and Pyongyang cuisine shares the general culinary tradition of the Pyongan province. The most famous local food is Pyongyang raengmyŏn, or also called mul raengmyŏn or just simply raengmyŏn. Raengmyŏn literally means "cold noodles", while the affix mul refers to water because the dish is served in a cold broth. Raengmyŏn consists of thin and chewy buckwheat noodles in a cold meat-broth with dongchimi (watery kimchi) and topped with a slice of sweet Korean pear.

Pyongyang raengmyŏn was originally eaten in homes built with ondol (traditional underfloor heating) during the cold winter, so it is also called "Pyongyang deoldeori" (shivering in Pyongyang). Pyongyang locals sometimes enjoyed it as a haejangguk, which is any type of food eaten as a hangover cure, usually a warm soup.[95]

Another representative Pyongyang dish, Taedonggang sungeoguk, translates as "flathead grey mullet soup from the Taedong River". The soup features flathead grey mullet (abundant in the Taedong River) along with black peppercorns and salt.[96] Traditionally, it has been served to guests visiting Pyongyang. Therefore, there is a common saying, "How good was the trout soup?", which is used to greet people returning from Pyongyang. Another local specialty, Pyongyang onban (literally "warm rice of Pyongyang") comprises freshly cooked rice topped with sliced mushrooms, chicken, and a couple of bindaetteok (pancakes made from ground mung beans and vegetables).[95]

Social life

In 2018, there were many high-quality restaurants in Pyongyang with Korean and international food, and imported alcoholic beverages.[93] Famous restaurants include Okryu-gwan and Ch'ongryugwan.[97] Some street foods exist in Pyongyang, where vendors operate food stalls.[98] Foreign foods like hamburgers, fries, pizza, and coffee are easily found.[93] There is an active nightlife with late-night restaurants and karaoke.[93]

The city has water parks, amusement parks, skating rinks, health clubs, a shooting range, and a dolphinarium.[92]

Sports

Pyongyang has a number of sports clubs, including the April 25 Sports Club and the Pyongyang City Sports Club.[99]

Economy

Central Pyongyang with the newly built Changjon Apartment Complex. The Okryu Bridge and Ryugyong Hotel are in the background

Pyongyang is North Korea's industrial center.[12] Thanks to the abundance of natural resources like coal, iron and limestone, as well as good land and water transport systems, it was the first industrial city to emerge in North Korea after the Korean War. Light and heavy industries are both present and have developed in parallel. Heavy manufactures include cement, industrial ceramics,[41] munitions and weapons, but mechanical engineering remains the core industry. Light industries in Pyongyang and its vicinity include textiles, footwear and food, among others.[41] Special emphasis is put on the production and supply of fresh produce and subsidiary crops in farms on the city's outskirts. Other crops include rice, sweetcorn and soybeans. Pyongyang aims to achieve self-sufficiency in meat production. High-density facilities raise pigs, chicken and other livestock.[12]

Until the late 2010s Pyongyang still experienced frequent shortages of electricity.[100] To solve this problem, two power stations – Huichon Power Stations 1 and 2 – were built in Chagang Province and supply the city through direct transmission lines. A second phase of the power expansion project was launched in January 2013, consisting of a series of small dams along the Chongchon River. The first two power stations have a maximum generating capacity of 300 megawatts (MW), while the 10 dams to be built under second phase are expected to generate about 120 MW.[100] In addition, the city has several existing or planned thermal power stations. These include Pyongyang TPS with a capacity of 500 MW, East Pyongyang TPS with a capacity of 50 MW, and Kangdong TPS which is under construction.[101]

Retail

Pyongyang Department Store No. 1

Pyongyang is home to several large department stores including the Pothonggang Department Store, Pyongyang Department Store No. 1, Pyongyang Department Store No. 2, Kwangbok Department Store, Ragwon Department Store, Pyongyang Station Department Store, and the Pyongyang Children's Department Store.[102]

The city also has Hwanggumbol Shop, a chain of state-owned convenience stores supplying goods at prices cheaper than those in the jangmadang markets. Hwanggumbol Shops are specifically designed to control North Korea's expanding markets by attracting consumers and guaranteeing the circulation of money in government-operated stores.[103]

Transportation

Tatra KT8D5K tram

Pyongyang is also the main transport hub of the country: it has a network of roads, railways and air routes which link it to both foreign and domestic destinations. It is the starting point of inter-regional highways reaching Nampo, Wonsan and Kaesong.[12] Pyongyang railway station serves the main railway lines, including the Pyongui Line and the Pyongbu Line. Regular international rail services to Beijing, the Chinese border city of Dandong and Moscow are also available.

A rail journey to Beijing takes about 25 hours and 25 minutes (K27 from Beijing/K28 from Pyongyang, on Mondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays); a journey to Dandong takes about 6 hours (daily); a journey to Moscow takes six days. The city also connects to the Eurasian Land Bridge via the Trans-Siberian Railway. A high-speed rail link to Wonsan is planned.[104]

Tupolev Tu-204 of Air Koryo at Sunan International Airport

The Metro, tram and trolleybus systems are used mainly by commuters as a primary means of urban transportation.[12] Cycle lanes were introduced on main thoroughfares in July 2015.[105] There are relatively few cars in the city. Cars are a symbol of status in the country due to their scarcity as a result of restrictions on import because of international sanctions and domestic regulations.[106] Some roads are also reported to be in poor condition.[107] However, by 2018, Pyongyang had begun to experience traffic jams.[93]

State-owned Air Koryo has scheduled international flights from Pyongyang Sunan International Airport to Beijing (PEK), Shenyang (SHE), Vladivostok (VVO), Shanghai (PVG) and Dandong.[108] The only domestic destinations are Hamhung, Wonsan, Chongjin, Hyesan and Samjiyon. Since 31 March 2008, Air China launched a regular service between Beijing and Pyongyang,[109] although Air China's flights are often canceled due to lack of passengers.[110]

Education and science

Kim Il Sung University, North Korea's oldest university, was established in 1946.[12] It has 21 faculties, 4 research institutes, and 10 other university units.[111][112][113] These include the primary medical education and health personnel training unit, the medical college; a physics faculty which covers a range of studies including theoretical physics, optical science, geophysics and astrophysics;[114] an atomic energy institute and the largest law firm in the country (Ryongnamsan Law Office).[115] Kim Il Sung University also has its own publishing house, sports club (Ryongnamsan Sports Club),[116] revolutionary museum, nature museum, libraries, a gym, indoor swimming pool and educator apartment houses. Its four main buildings were completed in 1965 (Building 1), 1972 (Building 2), and 2017 (Buildings 3 and 4).[117][118][119]

A computer class at Kim Il Sung University in session

Other higher education establishments include Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang University of Music and Dance and Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies. Pyongyang University of Science and Technology (PUST) is the country's first private university where most of the lecturers are American and courses are carried out in English.[120][121] A science and technology hall is under construction on Ssuk Islet. Its stated purpose is to contribute to the "informatization of educational resources" by centralizing teaching materials, compulsory literature and experimental data for state-level use in a digital format.[122]

Sosong-guyok hosts a 20 MeV cyclotron called MGC-20. The initial project was approved by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1983 and funded by the IAEA, the United States and the North Korean government. The cyclotron was ordered from the Soviet Union in 1985 and constructed between 1987 and 1990. It is used for student training, production of medical isotopes for nuclear medicine as well as studies in biology, chemistry and physics.[123]

Health care

Medical centers include the Red Cross Hospital, the First People's Hospital which is located near Moran Hill and was the first hospital to be built in North Korea after the liberation of Korea in 1945,[124] the Second People's Hospital, Ponghwa Recuperative Center (also known as Bonghwa Clinic or Presidential Clinic) located in Sokam-dong, Potonggang-guyok, 1.5 km (1 mi) northwest of Kim Il-sung Square,[125] Pyongyang Medical School Hospital, Namsan Treatment Center which is adjacent[126] Pyongyang's Maternity Hospital, Taesongsan General Hospital,[127] Kim Man-yoo Hospital, Staff Treatment Center and Okryu Children's Hospital. A new hospital named Pyongyang General Hospital began construction in Pyongyang in 2020.[128]

Twin towns – sister cities

Pyongyang is twinned with:[129]


See also

  • List of cities in North Korea

Notes

  1. ↑ These include: Heijō-fu,[19] Heizyō,[20] Heizyō Hu,[21] Hpyeng-yang,[22] P-hjöng-jang,[23] Phyeng-yang,[24] Phyong-yang,[25] Pienyang,[26] P'ing-jang,[27][28] Pingrang,[27][29] Pingyang,[30] Pyengyang,[31] and Pieng-tang.[32]
  2. ↑ Nanglang-state is different from Lelang Commandery.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Funabashi, Yoichi (2007). The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8157-3010-1. 
  2. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". 1 March 2020. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200301048600504.Error:+no+|title=+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1+March+2020&rft_id=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200301048600504&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Pyongyang"> 
  3. ↑ Collins, Robert (2016). Pyongyang Republic. Washington, D.C.: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-9856480-6-0. https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/Collins_PyongyangRepublic_FINAL_WEB.pdf#page=63. 
  4. ↑ Nick Heath-Brown, ed. The Statesman's Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. p. 720. 
  5. ↑ United Nations. "Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Data.un.org. https://data.un.org/en/iso/kp.html. 
  6. ↑ Specialties of Korea. Foreign Languages Publishing House of the DPR Korea. 2022. http://www.korean-books.com.kp/KBMbooks/en/book/ordinary/20221208150725.pdf. Retrieved 12 January 2023. 
  7. ↑ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-40588118-0. 
  8. ↑ "Pyongyang definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pyongyang. 
  9. ↑ "Definition of P'YǑNGYANG". https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/P'yǒngyang. 
  10. ↑ "「혁명의 수도」선포…금속·건재 공업이 주류" (in ko). 1989-07-03. https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/2342714. 
  11. ↑ D P R Korea, 2008 Population Census, National Report. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/North_Korea/Final national census report.pdf. Retrieved 17 February 2018. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 "Pyongyang". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/484693/Pyongyang. Retrieved 19 April 2015. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 ""'평양(平壤)' 지명은 '부루나'에서 유래"" (in ko). 2023-03-30. http://www.spnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=63534. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "평양이라는 이름의 유래". http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/index.php?ptype=csense&mtype=view&no=1140. 
  15. ↑ Funabashi, Yōichi (2007). The peninsula question : a chronicle of the second Korean nuclear crisis. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-3011-8. OCLC 290569447. 
  16. ↑ "Map - Pyongyang - MAP[NALL.COM"]. https://www.mapnall.com/en/Map-Pyongyang_1104342.html. 
  17. ↑ Japan and Korea compiled and drawn in the Cartographic Section of the National Geographic Society for The National Geographic Magazine (Map). Washington: Gilbert Grosvenor. 1945. OCLC 494696670. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  18. ↑ "Heijō: North Korea". http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268903&fid=3334&c=north_korea. 
  19. ↑ "Heijō-fu: North Korea". http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268905&fid=3353&c=north_korea. 
  20. ↑ "Heizyō: North Korea". http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268917&fid=3381&c=north_korea. 
  21. ↑ "Heizyō Hu: North Korea". http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268918&fid=3325&c=north_korea. 
  22. ↑ "Hpyeng-yang: North Korea". http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-269384&fid=3353&c=north_korea. 
  23. ↑ "P-hjöng-jang: North Korea". http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279136&fid=3353&c=north_korea. 
  24. ↑ "Phyeng-yang: North Korea". http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279138&fid=3362&c=north_korea. 
  25. ↑ "Phyong-yang: North Korea". http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279139&fid=3381&c=north_korea. 
  26. ↑ "Pienyang: North Korea". http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279152&fid=3353&c=north_korea. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Blunden, Caroline (1998). "Gazetteer". Cultural Atlas of China (Revised ed.). Facts on File. pp. 232, 235. ISBN 0-8160-3814-7. OCLC 43168341. https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofc00blun_0/page/235/. : "Names in italics represent the Wade-Giles equivalent of the preceding Pinyin transcription....Pingrang/P'ing-jang see Pyongyang"
  28. ↑ "Pyongyang". The New Columbia Encyclopedia (Fourth ed.). Columbia University Press. 1975. p. 2250. ISBN 0-231-03572-1. OCLC 1103123. https://archive.org/details/newcolumbiaencyc00harr/page/2250/.  "Chin. P'ing-jang"
  29. ↑ Wilkinson, Endymion (2012). "Introduction". Chinese History: A New Manual (Third, revised ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-674-06715-8. OCLC 873859851. https://archive.org/details/chinesehistoryne0000wilk/page/14/.  "The DPRK (Joseon Minjujui Inmin Konghuaguk 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) is read in Chinese as Chaoxian minzhu zhuyi renmin gonghe guo, and its capital, Pyeonyang, is pronounced Pingrang 平壤."
  30. ↑ "Pingyang: North Korea". http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279198&fid=3325&c=north_korea. 
  31. ↑ "Pyengyang: North Korea". http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-280505&fid=3372&c=north_korea. 
  32. ↑ EB (1878), p. 390.
  33. ↑ Hermann Lautensach (1988). Korea: A Geography Based on the Author's Travels and Literature. Springer. p. 9. ISBN 9783642735783. https://books.google.com/books?id=OrHtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9. Retrieved 16 June 2023. 
  34. ↑ Lankov, Andrei (16 March 2005). "North Korea's missionary position". Asia Times Online. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GC16Dg03.html. "By the early 1940s Pyongyang was by far the most Protestant of all major cities of Korea, with some 25–30% of its adult population being church-going Christians. In missionary circles this earned the city the nickname "Jerusalem of the East"." 
  35. ↑ Caryl, Christian (15 September 2007). "Prayer in Pyongyang". The Daily Beast. The Newsweek/Daily Beast Co. http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/09/15/prayer-in-pyongyang.html. "It's hard to say how many covert Christians the North has; estimates range from the low tens of thousands to 100,000. Christianity came to the peninsula in the late 19th century. Pyongyang, in fact, was once known as the 'Jerusalem of the East.'" 
  36. ↑ "Pyongyang was to become 'Kim Il Sung City'; The followers of Kim Jong Il suggested the idea". Daily NK. 21 February 2005. http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01300&num=58. 
  37. ↑ National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. 2001. Geumtan-ri. Hanguk Gogohak Sajeon [Dictionary of Korean Archaeology], pp. 148–149. NRICH, Seoul. ISBN:89-5508-025-5
  38. ↑ Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2. 
  39. ↑ "Pyongyang, one-time Jerusalem of East". The Korea Times. 2021-03-04. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2021/03/197_304944.html. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Lahmeyer, Jan. "North Korea – Urban Population". Populstat. University of Utrecht. http://www.populstat.info/Asia/nkoreat.htm. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 "P'yŏngyang | national capital, North Korea | Britannica". 29 May 2023. https://www.britannica.com/place/Pyongyang. 
  42. ↑ "March 1st movement Pyongyang". 5 March 2019. https://english.seoul.go.kr/the-march-first-independence-movement-of-seoul-and-pyeongyang/. 
  43. ↑ "朝鮮物産奨励運動". https://kotobank.jp/word/朝鮮物産奨励運動-98045. 
  44. ↑ "물산장려운동". https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0052020. 
  45. ↑ Memorandum (Institute of Pacific Relations, American Council), Vol. 2, No. 5 (16 Mar 1933), pp. 1–3
  46. ↑ Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 54–57. ISBN 0-415-23749-1. 
  47. ↑ "Pyongyang taken as UN retreats, 1950" (in en). https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/pyongyang-taken-as-un-retreats/znhynrd. 
  48. ↑ Schinz, Alfred; Eckart, Dege (1990). "Pyongyang-Ancient and Modern – the Capital of North Korea". GeoJournal 22 (1): 25. doi:10.1007/BF02428536. 
  49. ↑ 金聖甫、李信澈『写真と絵で見る北朝鮮現代史』監修：李泳采、韓興鉄訳、コモンズ、東京・新宿（原著2010年12月1日）。ISBN:978-4861870750。2018年4月30日閲覧。
  50. ↑ "Korea (Democratic People's Republic of) 1972 (rev. 1998) Constitution - Constitute" (in en). https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Peoples_Republic_of_Korea_1998. 
  51. ↑ "Crying by numbers at Kim's state funeral" (in en). 1994-07-19. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/crying-by-numbers-at-kim-s-state-funeral-1415015.html. 
  52. ↑ Williams, Martyn (15 April 2021). "Pyongyang Development Projects off to a Strong Start - 38 North: Informed Analysis of North Korea". https://www.38north.org/2021/04/pyongyang-development-projects-off-to-a-strong-start/. 
  53. ↑ "Kim Jong Un visits construction site for new luxury apartments in Pyongyang | NK News". 21 August 2021. https://www.nknews.org/2021/08/kim-jong-un-visits-construction-site-for-new-luxury-apartments-in-pyongyang/. 
  54. ↑ "North Korean leader Kim Jong Un builds luxury villas over grandfather's old home". https://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/legacy-10252021135553.html. 
  55. ↑ Féron, Henri (18 July 2017). "Pyongyang's Construction Boom: Is North Korea Beating Sanctions? - 38 North: Informed Analysis of North Korea". https://www.38north.org/2017/07/hferon071817/. 
  56. ↑ Cheong-mo, Yoo (11 October 2018). "N. Korean leader visits newly renovated orchestra theater in Pyongyang". https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20181011005500315. 
  57. ↑ Zwirko, Colin (9 January 2019). "Major demolition underway in central Pyongyang's Moranbong district: imagery | NK News". https://www.nknews.org/2019/01/major-demolition-underway-in-central-pyongyangs-moranbong-district-imagery/. 
  58. ↑ Zwirko, Colin (14 June 2022). "Major construction springs up in shadow of infamous Pyongyang hotel: Imagery". https://www.nknews.org/pro/major-construction-springs-up-in-shadow-of-infamous-pyongyang-hotel-imagery/. 
  59. ↑ "Newstream". https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/1579273291-970390963/Pyongyang-City-Youth-Park-Open-Air-Theatre-inaugurated/. 
  60. ↑ Colin Zwirko (2023-02-23). "North Korea adds skyscraper, simplifies designs for major new housing project". NK News. https://www.nknews.org/pro/north-korea-adds-skyscraper-simplifies-designs-for-major-new-housing-project/. 
  61. ↑ Colin Zwirko (2023-02-16). "Kim Jong Un opens construction on major housing and farm projects in capital". NK News. https://www.nknews.org/2023/02/kim-jong-un-opens-construction-on-major-housing-and-farm-projects-in-capital/. 
  62. ↑ Country Study 2009, p. 63.
  63. ↑ Muller, M. J. (2012-12-06) (in en). Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-009-8040-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&q=Pyongyang+koppen+dwa&pg=PA125. Retrieved 19 November 2020. 
  64. ↑ "Pyongyang, North Korea Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=85074&cityname=Pyongyang,+North+Korea. 
  65. ↑ "Average Weather in May in Pyongyang, North Korea - Weather Spark". https://weatherspark.com/m/141759/5/Average-Weather-in-May-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea. 
  66. ↑ "Average Weather in September in Pyongyang, North Korea - Weather Spark". https://weatherspark.com/m/141759/9/Average-Weather-in-September-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea. 
  67. ↑ "Average Weather in Pyongyang, North Korea, Year Round - Weather Spark". https://weatherspark.com/y/141759/Average-Weather-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea-Year-Round#Sections-Clouds. 
  68. ↑ "Average Weather in Pyongyang, North Korea, Year Round - Weather Spark". https://weatherspark.com/y/141759/Average-Weather-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea-Year-Round#Sections-Precipitation. 
  69. ↑ "30 years report of Meteorological Observations in North Korea (1991 ~ 2020)" (in ko). Korea Meteorological Administration. pp. 199–367. https://data.kma.go.kr/resources/normals/pdf_data/northkorea_pdf_0104.pdf. 
  70. ↑ "Climate Pyongyang". Pogoda.ru.net. http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate4/47058.htm. 
  71. ↑ "PYONGYANG SUN 1961–1990". DWD. ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt. 
  72. ↑ "Pyongyang, North Korea - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast" (in en). Yu Media Group. https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/north-korea/pyongyang-climate. 
  73. ↑ Country Study 2009, p. 196.
  74. ↑ Country Study 2009, pp. 276–277.
  75. ↑ Country Study 2009, p. 277.
  76. ↑ "Haengjeong Guyeok Hyeonhwang". NK Chosun. http://nk.chosun.com/map/map.html?ACT=geo_01.  Also Administrative divisions of North Korea (used as reference for hanja)
  77. ↑ "조선중앙통신 | 기사 | 화성지구의 행정구역명칭을 정하였다". http://kcna.kp/kp/article/q/669fe64b44cd967d77e0f6d1c60cc042.kcmsf. 
  78. ↑ "Pyongyang now more than one-third smaller; food shortage issues suspected". 17 July 2010. http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201007160470.html. 
  79. ↑ "Kangnam moved into Pyongyang". North Korean Economy Watch. 2012-02-29. http://www.nkeconwatch.com/2012/02/29/kangnam-moved-into-pyongyang/. 
  80. ↑ 안준용. "北, 평양서 150km 떨어진 곳을 평양市에 편입 왜?". The Chosun Ilbo. https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/03/07/2018030700259.html. 
  81. ↑ Country Study 2009, p. 91,93–94.
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 Country Study 2009, p. 91.
  83. ↑ Country Study 2009, p. 97.
  84. ↑ Country Study 2009, p. 91-92.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 "Architecture and City Planning". Library of Congress. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+kp0053). 
  86. ↑ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness World Records 2014. Guinness World Records Limited. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9. https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/144. 
  87. ↑ "Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished?". BBC News (BBC). 15 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm. 
  88. ↑ Yoon, Sangwon (1 November 2012). "Kempinski to Operate World's Tallest Hotel in North Korea". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-11-01/north-korea-gets-world-s-tallest-hotel-as-kempinski-opens-tower.html. 
  89. ↑ Gray, Nolan (16 October 2018). "The Improbable High-Rises of Pyongyang, North Korea" (in en). Bloomberg.com. https://www.citylab.com/design/2018/10/whats-behind-north-koreas-building-boom/573142/. 
  90. ↑ Lee, Seok Young (25 August 2011). ""Pitiful" Changjeon Street the Top Priority". Daily NK. http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=8100. 
  91. ↑ "Pyongyang glitters but most of NKorea still dark". Yahoo News. 29 April 2013. https://news.yahoo.com/pyongyang-glitters-most-nkorea-still-dark-050645191.html. 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Makinen, Julie (20 May 2016). "North Korea is building something other than nukes: architecture with some zing". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-north-korea-architecture-20160520-snap-story.html. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 93.3 93.4 Salmon, Andrew (4 December 2018). "Going native in the Hermit Kingdom". Asia Times. https://asiatimes.com/article/going-native-in-the-hermit-kingdom/. 
  94. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ko). Nate/Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=298139&v=44.Error:+no+|title=+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Nate/Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft_id=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=298139&v=44&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Pyongyang"> 
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  96. ↑ Ju, Wan-jung (주완중) (12 June 2000). (in ko)The Chosun Ilbo. 
  97. ↑ Lankov, Andrei (2007). North of the DMZ: Essays on daily life in North Korea. Jefferson: McFarland. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-7864-2839-7. 
  98. ↑ Pearson, James; Yeom, Seung-Woo. "Fake meat and free markets ease North Koreans' hunger". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/northkorea-food/. 
  99. ↑ "The Sights and Sounds of Domestic Football in North Korea". August 2015. http://www.footyfair.com/2015/08/the-sights-and-sounds-of-domestic.html. 
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 "Ten Power Plants on Chongchon River under Construction to Increase Power Supply to Pyongyang". Institute for Far Eastern Studies. 19 December 2014. http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/FRM/FRM_0101V.aspx?code=FRM141219_0001. 
  101. ↑ "Pyongyang's Perpetual Power Problems". 38 North. 25 November 2014. http://38north.org/2014/11/cmelvin112514/. 
  102. ↑ "Pyongyang Metro maps". pyongyang-metro.com. http://www.pyongyang-metro.com/metromaps.html. 
  103. ↑ "Effort to Prevent Outflow of Capital into Markets". Institute for Far Eastern Studies. 20 March 2015. http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/FRM/FRM_0101V.aspx?code=FRM150320_0001. 
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  105. ↑ "North Korea installs bike lanes in Pyongyang". Telegraph. Reuters. 14 July 2015. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/11737632/North-Korea-installs-bike-lanes-in-Pyongyang.html. 
  106. ↑ Martin, Bradley K. (9 July 2007). "In Kim's North Korea, Cars Are Scarce Symbols of Power, Wealth". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a31VJVRxcJ1Y. 
  107. ↑ Fisher, Max (16 April 2012). "North Korean Press Bus Takes Wrong Turn, Opening Another Crack in the Hermit Kingdom". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/north-korean-press-bus-takes-a-wrong-turn-opening-another-crack-in-the-hermit-kingdom/255955/. 
  108. ↑ "Air Koryo opens new office selling tickets for third country travel". 7 December 2016. https://www.nknews.org/2016/12/air-koryo-opens-new-office-selling-tickets-for-third-country-travel/. 
  109. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". sina.cn. 15 April 2017. http://log.newsapi.sina.cn/wapcms/html/?said=t134d47151v76&sd=mil.Error:+no+|title=+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=sina.cn&rft.date=15+April+2017&rft_id=http://log.newsapi.sina.cn/wapcms/html/?said=t134d47151v76&sd=mil&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Pyongyang"> 
  110. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". sina.cn. 14 April 2017. https://news.sina.cn/2017-04-14/detail-ifyeimqc3767911.d.html?from=wap&HTTPS=1.Error:+no+|title=+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=sina.cn&rft.date=14+April+2017&rft_id=https://news.sina.cn/2017-04-14/detail-ifyeimqc3767911.d.html?from=wap&HTTPS=1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Pyongyang"> 
  111. ↑ "Faculties - KIM IL SUNG UNIVERSITY". 2022-06-30. http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/en/about/organization/faculties. 
  112. ↑ "Research Institutes - KIM IL SUNG UNIVERSITY". 2022-06-30. http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/en/about/organization/institutes. 
  113. ↑ "Units - KIM IL SUNG UNIVERSITY". 2022-06-30. http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/en/about/organization/units. 
  114. ↑ "Colleges and Faculties". Kim Il-Sung University. http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/intro/college_fac. 
  115. ↑ "Ryongnamsan Law Office - KIM IL SUNG UNIVERSITY". 2022-06-30. http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/en/about/organization/units/legal-service. 
  116. ↑ "Research Institutes and Units". Kim Il-Sung University. http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/intro/institute. 
  117. ↑ "Main Buildings". Kim Il-Sung University. http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/intro/building. 
  118. ↑ "Building No. 3 - KIM IL SUNG UNIVERSITY". 2022-07-01. http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/en/about/buildings/building-3. 
  119. ↑ "Building No. 4 - KIM IL SUNG UNIVERSITY". 2022-07-01. http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/en/about/buildings/building-4. 
  120. ↑ "Inside North Korea's Western-funded university". BBC News. 3 February 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25945931. 
  121. ↑ "In North Korea, a Western-backed university". The Washington Post. 8 October 2011. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/private-university-in-north-korea-offers-lessons-in-science-and-world-peace/2011/07/25/gIQAQ5lPSL_story.html. 
  122. ↑ "Science and Technology Hall to be Built in Pyongyang's Ssuk Islet". Institute for Far Eastern Studies. 23 January 2015. http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/FRM/FRM_0101V.aspx?code=FRM150123_0001. 
  123. ↑ "MGC-20 Cyclotron". NTI.org. http://www.nti.org/facilities/758/. 
  124. ↑ "Pyongyang City People's Hospital No. 1". KCNA. 22 May 2002. http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2002/200205/news05/22.htm. 
  125. ↑ "Ponghwa Clinic Expanded During 2009–2010, NK Leadership Watch". https://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/2011/10/12/ponghwa-clinic-expanded-during-2009-2010/. 
  126. ↑ "Where Did Kim Jong Il Receive His Surgery?". 2007-06-25. http://www.nkeconwatch.com/2007/06/25/where-did-kim-jong-il-receive-his-surgery/. 
  127. ↑ "I Had A Scary Encounter With North Korea's Crumbling Healthcare System". http://www.businessinsider.com/north-korean-healthcare-2014-5. 
  128. ↑ Williams, Martyn (3 April 2020). "Construction Progressing Rapidly at the Pyongyang General Hospital". 38 North. https://www.38north.org/2020/04/pyhospital040320/. 
  129. ↑ Corfield, Justin (2013). "Sister Cities". Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang. London: Anthem Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-85728-234-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196. Retrieved 22 October 2017. 
  130. ↑ "Хотын дарга С.Батболд Токио хотын засаг дарга Юрико Койкэтэй уулзлаа" (in mn). Mongolian Government. 2017-04-20. https://mongolia.gov.mn/news/view/16816. 

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Pyongyang at night



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