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A hookah (Hindustani: हुक़्क़ा (Devanagari), حقّہ (Nastaleeq) huqqā)^[1]^[2] or waterpipe^[3] is a single or multi-stemmed (often glass-based) instrument for smoking tobacco in which the smoke is cooled and filtered by passing through water.^[4] Originally from India,^[1]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] hookah has gained popularity, especially in the Middle East and is gaining popularity in North America, Europe, Australia and Brazil.^[2]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 The cyclopaedia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, Volume 2. Bernard Quaritch. Retrieved on 2007–08–01. “HOOKAH. Hindi. The Indian pipe and apparatus for smoking.”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Hookah. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2008-04-08.
↑ or shisha WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) an advisory note "Waterpipe tobacco smoking:health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulators", 2005
↑ (June 1855) The History and Mystery of Tobacco. Harper's.
↑ The Wealth of India. Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. Retrieved on 2007–08–01. “The smoking of hookah and hubble-bubble started in India during the reign of the great Moghul emperor, Akbar.”
↑ Beyond the Smoke, There is Solidarity Among Cultures. Victoria Harben for Common Ground News Service. Retrieved on 2008-12-05.
↑ Metro Detroit's Hookah Scene. Terry Parris Jr for Metromode Media. Retrieved on 2008-12-27.
↑ Hookah History. Colors of India. Retrieved on 2008-12-05.
↑ [1875] (2005) "XXVII - The Ruins of Futtehpore", India and Its Native Princes: Travels in Central India and in the Presidencies of Bombay and Bengal, Reprint - Asian Educational Services 2005 (in English - UK), London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 8-1206-1887-4.

Hookah

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