Gum Anima
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Gum anima, also called anima, anime, or animé, is a kind of gum or resin.[1][2]
Definition and description
According to an 1897 dictionary, the term could be used to refer to "several resins" known as elemi; copal produced by Hymenaea verrucosa;[nb 1] a product of Hymenaera courbaril; or "Indian copal" produced by Vateria indica.[2] The 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, in contrast, mentions only that it can be used to refer to products of H. courbaril and H. verrucosa.[3]
As of 1804 it was divided into two kinds, western and eastern.[1][4] According to an 1897 dictionary, the eastern gum came first, and the western gum was called by the same name because of its similarity to the western.[2] The western gum anima flows from an incision in a tree called courbaril;[1][4] it is transparent,[1][3] and of a pale brown color color[3] similar to frankincense.[1] It has a sweeter smell than the eastern gun anima.[4] As of 1804 it was notably sourced from Brazil.[4]
The eastern gum anima was distinguished in 1728 into three kinds: the first white; the second blackish, in some respects like myrrh; the third pale, resinous, and dry.[1] At some time before 1804 it was commonly brought to Europe from Ethiopia.[4]
Uses
All kinds of anima were used in perfumes around 1728, because of their agreeable smell; they were also been applied externally against colds.[1] The 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica notes that the product of H. courbaril was used in perfumes at that time.[3]
As of 2017, gum anima is often added to sandarac-based alcohol varnishes to prevent brittleness caused by the sandarac.[5] Shellac and elemi are also often used for this purpose.[5]
Notes
- ↑ Then known as Trachylobium hornemannianum
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Chambers, Ephraim, ed (1728). "ANIMA". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/A4C5AV6Q7LZ5DY8E/pages/AAF7WW56DEKPW58X.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Whitney, William Dwight; Smith, Benjamin Eli (1897) (in en). The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: A Work of Universal Reference in All Departments of Knowledge, with a New Atlas of the World. Century Company. p. 220. https://books.google.com/books?id=RPJOAAAAYAAJ.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:4 - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Tingry, Pierre François (1804) (in en). The Painter and Varnisher's Guide: Or, A Treatise, Both in Theory and Practice, on the Art of Making and Applying Varnishes, on the Different Kinds of Painting; and on the Method of Preparing Colours Both Simple and Compound .... G. Kearsley. https://books.google.com/books?id=9_EEAAAAYAAJ.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Azémard, Clara; Ménager, Matthieu; Vieillescazes, Cathy (2017-12-01). "On the tracks of sandarac, review and chemical analysis" (in en). Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24 (36): 27746–27754. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-0522-0. ISSN 1614-7499. PMID 29098586. Bibcode: 2017ESPR...2427746A. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-017-0522-0.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed (1728). "Gum anima". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
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