Train

In rail transport, a train consists of rail vehicles that move along guides to transport freight or passengers from one place to another. The guide way usually consists of conventional rail tracks, but might also be monorail or other types of guide ways. Propulsion for the train is provided either by a separate locomotive, or from motors in self-propelled multiple units.

Today, trains are powered by diesel engines or by electricity supplied by trackside systems. Historically, the steam engine was the dominant form of locomotive power through the mid-twentieth century, but other sources of power (such as horses, rope or wire, gravity, pneumatics, or gas turbines) are possible. Trains of the future might be magnetically levitated over tracks, and even running through vacuum tubes, enabling them to achieve such high rates of speed that they could replace some plane routes.

History

At first, trains carried only freight. In 1825, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in England started to operate regular service for passengers. Built in 1829, the "Tom Thumb" first ran in 1830, on the Baltimore & Ohio railroad to Ellicots Mill, Maryland. In 1830, the first regularly scheduled steam-powered rail passenger service in the U.S. began operation in South Carolina, utilizing the U.S.-built locomotive, "The Best Friend of Charleston."

International routes, like the famous Orient Express that ran from Paris to Istanbul beginning in 1883, became popular means of travel among the well to do. During the U.S. Civil War, trains first played a major role in wartime moving men and material. On May 10, 1869, the "Golden Spike" at Promontory, Utah territory, marked the completion of the first transcontinental railroad across America.

During the "golden age" of railroads, when trains were the prime mode of transportation in America, the rail network grew from 35,000 miles in 1865, to a peak of 254,000 miles in 1916.

More trains meant more locomotives, and often bigger trains, such as the "Big Boys," the largest trains ever built. They were in service between 1941 and 1944, and carried enormous freight trains that weighed about 3,960 tons. They also went up steep slopes in the Rocky Mountains. The locomotive and tender were almost 131 feet long and 16 feet high. They weighed some 594 tons and could run up to 80 miles per hour.

Types of trains

There are various types of trains designed for particular purposes.

A train can consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit (or occasionally a single powered coach, called a railcar). Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by a cable, or run downhill by gravity.

A passenger train may consist of one or several locomotives, and one or more coaches. Alternatively, a train may consist entirely of passenger carrying coaches, some or all of which are powered as a "multiple unit." In many parts of the world, particularly Japan and Europe, high-speed rail is utilized extensively for passenger travel.

Freight trains are comprised of wagons or trucks rather than carriages, though some parcel and mail trains (especially Traveling Post Offices) are outwardly more like passenger trains.

Special kinds of trains running on corresponding special railways are atmospheric railways, monorails, high-speed railways, Dinky Trains, rubber-tired underground, funicular, and cog railways.

In the United Kingdom, a train hauled by two locomotives is said to be "double-headed," and in Canada and the United States it is quite common for a long freight train to be headed by three, four, or even five locomotives. A train with a locomotive attached at each end is described as "top and tailed," this practice typically being used when there are no reversing facilities available. Where the second locomotive is attached temporarily to assist a train up steep banks (or down them by providing braking power), it is referred to as "banking."

Trains can also be mixed, hauling both passengers and freight. Such mixed trains became rare in many countries, but were commonplace on the first nineteenth century railroads.

Special trains are also used for Track Maintenance; in some places, this is called maintenance of way.

Motive power

The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered, or pulled by horses, but from the early nineteenth century almost all were powered by steam locomotives. From the 1920s onwards, they began to be replaced by less labor intensive and cleaner (but more expensive) diesel locomotives and electric locomotives, while at about the same time self-propelled multiple unit vehicles of either power system became much more common in passenger service.

Most countries had replaced steam locomotives for day-to-day use by the 1970s. A few countries, most notably the People's Republic of China, where coal and labor are cheap, still use steam locomotives, but this is being gradually phased out. Historic steam trains still run in many other countries, for the leisure and enthusiast market.

Electric traction offers a lower cost per mile of train operation but at a very high initial cost, which can only be justified on high traffic lines. Since the cost per mile of construction is much higher, electric traction is less favored on long-distance lines. Electric trains receive their current via overhead lines or through a third rail electric system.

Passenger trains

Passenger trains have passenger cars, and travel between stations. The distance between stations may vary from under six-tenths of a mile to much more. Long-distance trains, sometimes crossing several countries, may have a dining car or restaurant car. They may also have sleeping cars, but not in the case of high-speed rail. These arrive at their destination before the night falls and are in competition with airliners in speed. Very long distance trains, such as those on the Trans-Siberian railway, are usually not high-speed.

Very fast trains sometimes tilt, like the Pendolino or Talgo. Tilting is a system where the passenger cars automatically lean into curves, reducing the centrifugal forces acting on passengers and permitting higher speeds on curves in the track with greater passenger comfort.

The Pendolino is an Italian family of tilting trains used in Italy, Spain, Portugal, Slovenia, Finland, the Czech Republic, United Kingdom, Switzerland, and China. It was developed and manufactured by Fiat Ferroviaria, which was taken over by Alstom in 2002. Talgo is a Spanish manufacturer of railway vehicles. It is best known for a design of articulated railway passenger cars in which the wheels are mounted in pairs, but not joined by an axle, and being between rather than underneath the individual coaches. Another feature of the design is the suspension, which allows the vehicle to passively tilt into curves, aiding passenger comfort.

For trains connecting cities, one can distinguish inter-city trains, which do not halt at small stations, and trains that serve all stations, usually known as local trains or "stoppers," and sometimes an intermediate kind, the so-called limited-stop.

For shorter distances many cities have networks of commuter trains, serving the city and its suburbs. Some carriages may be laid out to have more standing room than seats, or to facilitate the carrying of prams, cycles, or wheelchairs. Some countries have some double-decked passenger trains for use in conurbations. Double-deck, high-speed, and sleeper trains are becoming more common in Europe.

Passenger trains usually have emergency brake handles (or a "communication cord") that the public can operate. Abuse is punished by a heavy fine.

Large cities often have a metro system, also called an underground, subway, or tube. The trains are electrically powered, usually by a third rail, and their railroads are separate from other traffic, without level crossings. Usually they run in tunnels in the city center, and sometimes on elevated structures in the outer parts of the city. They can accelerate and decelerate faster than heavier, long-distance trains.

A light one- or two-car rail vehicle running through the streets is by convention not considered a train, but rather a tram, trolley, light-rail vehicle, or streetcar, but the distinction is not always strict. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and defined in law.

The term light rail is sometimes used for a modern tram, but it may also mean an intermediate form between a tram and a train, similar to metro, except that it may have level crossings. These are often protected with crossing gates, and may also be called a trolley.

Maglev trains and monorails represent minor technologies in the train field.

The term rapid transit is used for public transport such as commuter trains, metro, and light rail. However, in New York City, lines on the New York City Subway have been referred to as "trains." An estimated 3.5 million passengers ride on Tokyo's Yamanote Line every day, with its 29 stations. For comparison, the New York City Subway carries 4.8 million passengers per day on 26 lines serving 468 stations.

Freight trains

Freight trains have freight cars. Much of the world's freight is transported by train. In the U.S., the rail system is used mostly for transporting cargo (or freight).

Under the right circumstances, transporting freight by train is highly economic, and also more energy efficient than transporting freight by road. Rail freight is most economic when freight is being carried in bulk and over long distances, but is less suited to short distances and small loads. Bulk aggregate movements of a mere 20 miles can be cost effective even allowing for trans-shipment costs. These trans-shipment costs dominate in many cases and many modern practices, such as container freight, are aimed at minimizing these.

The main disadvantage of rail freight is its lack of flexibility. For this reason, rail has lost much of the freight business to road competition. Many governments are now trying to encourage more freight onto trains, because of the environmental benefits that it would bring.

There are many different types of freight trains, which are used to carry many different kinds of freight, with many different types of wagons. One of the most common types on modern railways are container trains, where containers can be lifted on and off the train by cranes and loaded off or onto trucks or ships. This type of freight train has largely superseded the traditional boxcar type of freight train, with which the cargo has to be loaded or unloaded manually.

In some countries "piggyback" trains are used: Trucks can drive straight onto the train and drive off again when the end destination is reached. A system like this is used on the Channel Tunnel between England and France, and between France and Italy. Piggyback trains are the fastest growing type of freight trains in the United States, where they are also known as "trailer on flatcar" or TOFC trains. There are also some "inter-modal" vehicles, which have two sets of wheels, for use in a train, or as the semi-trailer of a road vehicle.

There are also many other types of wagons, such as "low loader" wagons for transporting road vehicles. There are refrigerator cars for transporting foods such as ice cream. There are simple types of open-topped wagons for transporting minerals and bulk material such as coal, and tankers for transporting liquids and gases. Today, however, most coal and aggregates are moved in hopper wagons that can be filled and discharged rapidly, to enable efficient handling of the materials.

Trains of the future

• Maglev: Short for "magnetic levitation," a Maglev is a train that floats above the track. Utilizing magnets that make the train rise up from the track means it can go faster due to the diminishing amount of friction. Some Maglevs have already been built in Germany, China, and Japan, there they have run 343 miles per hour on test tracks. Maglevs might reach speeds of 500 miles per hour by 2020.
• Vacuum tubes: Train experts are proposing "floating" trains that run through vacuum tubes with no air in them, meaning trains could achieve speeds up to 1,684 miles per hour. Super fast, these trains would be extremely energy efficient compared to other modes of transportation. Vacuum tubes carrying "floating" trains could be constructed all over the world, including under the sea, across continents, and city to city. A train trip under the Atlantic Ocean could take two hours instead of the current six or seven.

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Daniels, Randolph. Trains Across the Continent: North American Railroad History. Indiana University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0253214119
• Loving, Rush. The Man Who Loved Trains: The Story of Men Who Battled Greed to Save an Ailing Industry. Indiana University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0253347572
• Rhodes, Michael. North American Railyards. MBI, 2003. ISBN 978-0760315781
• Staniford, Les. Last Train to Paradise: Henry Flagler and the Spectacular Rise and Fall of the Railroad that Crossed an Ocean. Three Rivers Press, 2003. ISBN 978-1400049479
• Yenne, Bill. Atlas of North American Railroads. MBI, 2005. ISBN 978-0760322994

External links

All links retrieved March 15, 2020.

• High Speed Train. www.railfaneurope.net.
• Trains of North America. www.trainorders.com.
• List of Railway Movies, as of December 5, 1994. www.spikesys.com.