Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation

From Handwiki
Short description: American shipbuilding company (1939–1946)
Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation
IndustryShipbuilding
Founded1939
Defunct1946
HeadquartersTacoma, Washington United States
ParentTodd Pacific Shipyards and Kaiser Shipbuilding

The Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation (also operating as Todd Pacific) was an American corporation which built escort carriers, destroyers, cargo ships and auxiliaries for the United States Navy and merchant marine during World War II in two yards in Puget Sound, Washington. It was the largest producer of destroyers (45) on the West Coast and the largest producer of escort carriers of various classes (56) of any United States yard active during World War II.

History

The Todd Corporation, just having established itself in New York, acquired the Seattle Construction and Drydock Company (a.k.a. The Moran Brothers Shipyard of Klondike Gold Rush fame) in Seattle Harbor during World War I some time in 1916. The yard was acquired in 1918 by Skinner & Eddy, which had quickly risen to become a major force in Northwest Pacific shipbuilding. Todd moved his Seattle operation to nearby Harbor Island where a repair facility was constructed. In 1917 the company also set foot in Tacoma, where the first work on facilities of an entirely new yard was underway in January 1917[1] and the first ship, the Tacoma,[2] was launched on March 28, 1918.[3]

3 of 10 Omaha-class light cruisers and 23 cargo ships of 7,500dwt were built in the Tacoma yard (including Jacona, which survived till at least 1971), the Caldwell-class destroyer USS Gwin (DD-71) and the N-class submarines N-1, N-2 and N-3 as well as 14 cargo ships of mostly 7,500dwt also were built in Seattle.

In addition to the government contracts, the Tacoma yard built 2 cargo ships (named Red Hook and Hoboken after 2 of Todd's New York Harbor locations), 1 diesel freighter, 2 passenger ships and 6 barges. The Red Hook found its way into Imperial Japanese Army service as Naruo Maru[4][5] and was sunk in 1944.

Shipbuilding ceased in the Seattle yard in 1920 and in the Tacoma yard in 1924. William H. Todd died May 15, 1932. John D. Reilly became president of Todd Shipyards.

In 1939, the old Tacoma shipyard in Commencement Bay was revived (from scratch[6]) by Todd and Kaiser Shipbuilding, initially with two slipways,[7] with the aid of some $15 million in capital provided by the U.S. Government this was eventually increased to eight.

Todd Affiliates to build C-1's at Tacoma Yard

TODD Shipyards Corporation announces the award of five C- 1 Type B Diesel propelled vessels to the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation, of Seattle, Washington, at a price of $2,127,000 each. Associated with them is the General Construction Co. of Seattle and its affiliates. R. J. Lamont, president of the Todd Seattle Dry Docks Inc., of Seattle, is also president of this company; J. A. McEachern, of the General Construction Co., being vice-president.

This marks the culmination of negotiations with the Maritime Commission to bring a restoration of the shipbuilding industry to the Pacific Northwest. The cooperation of Seattle and Tacoma labor was an important factor in securing the award. The plan involves the rehabilitation of the Todd Tacoma plant for the construction of the hulls, the completion and outfitting of the vessels to be performed at the plant of the Todd Seattle Dry Docks Inc., in Seattle.[8]

Following the enactment of the Two-Ocean Navy Act, Seattle-Tacoma was awarded contracts to build 25 destroyers.[9] The government invested $9 million in a new destroyer construction facility on Harbor Island which was then built starting October 15, 1940[10] next to the existing repair dock founded in 1918.

In February 1942 Todd bought out Kaiser's holding and sold the companies own interests in Permanente Metals[11] and on June 1, 1944 the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation was renamed to Todd Pacific Shipyards, Inc.. Todd sold the Tacoma shipyard to the Navy after the war ended, which in turn sold the site to the Port of Tacoma in 1959. Today the site is set for redevelopment as part of the Port's Commencement Bay Industrial Development District.

Robert Moran, great-granduncle of the company, died in 1943.

The "Plant A" destroyer facility produced a single civilian ship, the luxury ferry Chinook, launched in 1947,[12] but by 1952 oil terminals had been established in the spot.[13]

The original repair yard continued to be part of the Todd Corporation, now building new civilian and military ships and it remains active to this day as a facility of Vigor Shipyards.

Ships built

Tacoma yard

Tacoma yard in 1945

in Commencement Bay ( [ ⚑ ] 47°16′46″N 122°24′25″W / 47.27949°N 122.40705°W / 47.27949; -122.40705 (Todd Tacoma Shipyard))

Escort carriers (56)

  • 37 of 45 Bogue-class escort carriers (C3-S-A1)
    • several were completed / fitted out at Willamette Iron and Steel Works, Portland, Oregon
  • 19 of 19 Commencement Bay-class escort carriers
    • Commencement Bay (CVE-105) ... Tinian (CVE-123)
    • 3 completed at Commercial Iron Works in Portland, Oregon (CVE-110, CVE-126, CVE-121)
    • 1 completed at Willamette Iron and Steel Works in Portland, Oregon (CVE-108)

Auxiliaries (14)

  • 2 of 2 Frederick Funston-class attack transports (C3-S1-A3)
    • Frederick Funston (APA-89), James O'Hara (APA-90)
    • ordered October 23, 1940[14]
  • 4 of 4 Kenneth Whiting-class seaplane tenders (C3 Mod.)
    • Kenneth Whiting (AV-14) ... Cumberland Sound (AV-17)
  • 5 of 23 Patapsco-class gasoline tankers (T1-MT-M1)
    • Patapsco (AOG-1) ... Susquehanna (AOG-5)
  • 3 of 6 Shenandoah-class destroyer tenders
    • Shenandoah (AD-26), Yellowstone (AD-27), Grand Canyon (AD-28)

Cargo (5)

  • 5 of 95 C1-B (5 of 10 diesel variant C1-B)[15][16][17][18]
    • ordered: 10 September 1939[19]
    • first keel laying on 5 March 1940[20]
    • Cape Alava (MC-119) launched August 1, 1940, delivered to American Mail Lines April 3, 1941
    • Cape Flattery (MC-120) launched September 28, 1940, delivered to American Mail lines May 29, 1941
    • Cape Cleare (MC-121) launched November 29, 1940, renamed Oregon, delivered to Pacific-Atlantic Steamship Corporation, sunk 1941
    • Cape Fairweather (MC-122) launched April 11, 1941
    • Cape Douglas (MC-123) launched June 10, 1941, renamed Idaho delivered to Pacific-Atlantic Steamship Corporation
    • 2 Hooven-Owens-Rentschler 6-cylinder diesel engines with magnetic coupling and single reduction gears (2.55:1)[21][22][23][24][25]
    • 2 Washington Iron Works auxiliary diesels

Ships of World War II produced before 1924 (incomplete)

    • Empire Antelope – torpedoed November 1942 on Atlantic convoy duty (SC 107)
    • Empire Wagtail – torpedoed December 1942 on Atlantic convoy duty (ON 154)
    • Berury – torpedoed September 1941 on Atlantic convoy duty (SC 42)
    • Otho – torpedoed off the coast of Virginia April 1942
    • Caterina – sunk by aerial torpedo as part of an Italian convoy
    • El Coston
    • Empire Mallard
    • Empire Tiger
    • Empire Elk – survived
    • Willimantic (built in Seattle)
    • Empire Gazelle – survived

Description of the plant as of January 1940: [26]
Photograph of the plant in the initial 2-ways stage (launch of the Cape Alava): [27]

Seattle yard

Seattle yard in 1945

on Harbor Island ( [ ⚑ ] 47°35′21″N 122°20′53″W / 47.58903°N 122.3481°W / 47.58903; -122.3481) in 2 separate facilities at the north end of the island. In 1918 Todd moved out of the seattle waterfront and opened a repair facility on the northwestern corner. In 1940 additional slipways were added on the northeastern end.[28] The expansion had all 5 building ways upon initial completion (2 destroyers each).[29] In June 1945, 5 destroyers were building, the unfinished Seaman (DD-791) was about to be laid down and 2 destroyer tenders (Isle Royale (AD-29) and Great Lakes (AD-30) - eventually aborted) were using up 1 full slipway each.

Although the Seattle yard produced the largest number of destroyers on the West Coast, Union Iron Works was slightly more productive overall with 4 Atlantas, 9 Bensons, 18 Fletchers, 6 Sumners, 3 Gearings and 12 Buckleys.

World War II Destroyer Shipbuilders map from Department of Defense (DoD)

Contracts awarded

  • NOD1502 7/40 destroyers $29,406,000 (= 5 Gleaves)
  • NOD1511 9/40 destroyers $109,726,000 (= 15 Fletcher)
  • NOD1502S 12/40 destroyers $29,406,000 (= 5 Gleaves)
  • NOD1760 3/41 gasoline tankers aog $10,700,000 (= 5 Patapsco, built in Tacoma)
  • OBS315 8/42 destroyers $40,799,000 (= 6 Fletcher)
  • OBS329 8/42 destroyers $107,535,000 (= 15 Sumner)
  • OBS10215 8/44 ship repairs $2,081,000
  • total: $329,653,000

45 of 415 destroyers

  • 10 of 66 Gleaves-class
    • (May 1, 1941 - September 7, 1942)
    • Carmick (DD-493) ... USS Frankford (DD-497)
    • Baldwin (DD-624) ... USS Welles (DD-628)
  • 21 of 175 Fletcher-class
    • (March 8, 1942 - June 6, 1944)
    • Franks (DD-554) ... Wren (DD-568)
    • Jarvis (DD-799) ... Rooks (DD-804)
  • 5 of 58 Allen M. Sumner-class (as Todd Pacific according to some sources)[30]
    • USS Zellars (DD-777) ... Robert K. Huntington (DD-781)
  • 9 of 98 Gearing-class (as Todd Pacific according to some sources)[31]
    • Rowan (DD-782) ... USS Shelton (DD-790)
    • 1 additional, USS Seaman (DD-791), was launched incomplete and never commissioned

1 of 6 Shenandoah-class destroyer tenders

  • Isle Royale (AD-29)
  • Great Lakes (AD-30) - canceled incomplete
speculation

For the first 30 ships the allocation based on keel laid and launch dates can only be

  • Slip A: Carmick, Franks, Rowe
  • Slip B: Doyle, Haggard, Smalley
  • Slip C: Endicott, Hailey, Stoddard
  • Slip D: McCook, Johnston, Watts
  • Slip E: Frankfort, Laws, Wren
  • Slip F: Baldwin, Longshaw, Jarvis
  • Slip G: Harding, Morrison, Porter
  • Slip H: Satterlee, Pritchett, Calhoun
  • Slip I: Thompson, Robinson, Gregory
  • Slip J: Welles, Ross, Little

None of the 10 Gearings could have occupied the slip where Isle Royale was built.

None of the 5 Sumners or Rooks could have been built at G, H, I, J.

Rowan must have been built on G.

At least 2 Gearings must have been built following a Gearing and no 3 Gearings could have been built on the same slip.

Assuming a slip was not left unoccupied for 82 days only to build another destroyer, no more destroyers were built on H. The same is true for I (54 days gap) and J (40 days gap). Even then Gurke must have followed Rooks with a 25-day gap and the purely analytical approach can't account for that. Ship repairs may be responsible and could cause any length of gap.

What is certain is that destroyer production slowed down in 1944. In the Union Iron Works yard, no new keels were laid after April 1944 and slipways apparently went unused by September 1944.

Todd Dry Dock, Inc.

repair yard in 1945

TODO: this facility was very active in the interwar period, including some big conversion jobs.

WW2 conversions of ... (incomplete)

  • Harris (AP-8), Zeilin (AP-9)
    • see also Two-Ocean Navy Act#AUX ANV
  • Kane (APD-18)
  • Grumium (AK-112)
  • USNS Sgt. Charles E. Mower (T-AP-186)
  • SS Cape Cleare to troop transport (1943) (a different Cape Cleare from the one launched in Tacoma in 1940)

TODO: this yard became one of two big cold war era shipyards in Seattle, the other being Lockheed.

Todd Dry Dock and Construction Company

Of the 6 steel shipyards building for the Shipping Board in Puget Sound, Todd Construction was the only one not located in Elliott Bay. This yard was located in the same rectangular area on the Hylebos Waterway as the World War II era yard and it also had 8 slipways.

Description of the plant including a map: [32]

Historical trivia: Five ships (listed below) built in the yard where acquired from the USSB in the early 30s by Swayne & Hoyt and given Point names, In addition, Point Ancha (ex-Delight), Point Bonita (ex-Sacramento), which were built in Seattle. The Red Hook and Hoboken were never USSB property though. TODO: Show how this naming scheme started in Portland by Albina Engine & Machine Works, from where Swayne & Hoyt picked it up.

The Kennecott was somewhat unusual for its time and one of only 7 diesel motor ships of more than 1,000 tons built in the United States in 1921 and one of 82 built or newly converted worldwide.[33]

In 1920 the yard took part in a program to convert Japan-built ships to oil burners on USSB account: SS Eastern Guide, SS Eastern Gale, SS Eastern Victor, SS Eastern Admiral, SS Eastern Tempest, SS Eastern Importer for a total of $384,352.[34]

Todd Dry Dock and Construction Company, Tacoma
Yard# USSB# Name Type Launched[lower-alpha 1]
1 Req.[lower-alpha 2] Tacoma 7,500dwt cargo 28 Mar 18
2 Anacortes 4 Jul 18
3 Masuda 23 May 18
4 Puget Sound 19 Jul 18
5 Bellingham 28 Sep 18
6 Yukon 26 Oct 18
7 Cascade 21 Dec 18
8 2629 Olen 7,500dwt cargo 25 Jun 19
9 2630 Ophis 30 Jul 19
10 2631 Orcus 19 Jul 19
11 2632 St. Anthony 10 Sep 19
12 2633 Ossa
13 2634 Otho
14 2635 Padnsay
15 2636 Pallas
Point Clear
16 2637 Pansa
17 2638 Rotarian
18 2639 Parma cancelled
19 2640 Patmos
2641 - 2652 cancelled
20 105[lower-alpha 3] Ossining[35]
Point Lobos		 6 May 19
21 106 Higho[36] 27 Sep 19
26 111 Jacona[37] 30 Nov 18
27 112 Remus
Point Judith		 16 Apr 19
28 113 Zarembo 4 Jun 19
29 114 Quittacas 4 Jan 19
Yard# Owner Name Type Launched
30 Navy Omaha Omaha-class cruiser 14 Dec 20
31 Milwaukee
32 Cincinnati
33 Todd Red Hook
Point Estero
34 Hoboken
Point Vincente
35 Alaska SS Co. MS Kennecott[38] 6,500dwt cargo 6 Jan 21[39]
36 Alaska P&C 19 Apr 23[40]
43 Southern Pacific Co. Bienville 445ft. passenger 2 Jul 24[41]
  1. ↑ See List of ship launches in 1918, 1919, and 1920 for references
  2. ↑ Six Building For the Shipping Controller / the Cunard Line:
    • War Artist -> Tacoma
    • War Herald -> Bellingham
    • War Bard -> Yukon
    • War Comrade -> Anacortes
    • War Guide -> Puget Sound
    • War Regent -> Cascade
    One building for the Barber Steamship Lines: Masuda. All contracts were inherited from the Seattle Construction and Drydock Company
  3. ↑ USSB contract No. 13 inherited from the Seattle Construction and Drydock Company, minus 4 ships (107, 108, 109, 110) built there. USSB hull numbers by coincidence are very similar to alternative yard numbers from the Seattle DD scheme, not shown here.

Pacific Reserve Fleet, Tacoma

After the war the United States Navy took over the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding shipyard and for use as part of the United States Navy reserve fleets, also called a mothball fleet. The Pacific Reserve Fleet, Tacoma was used to store the now many surplus ships after World War II. Some ships in the Commencement Bay Reserve Fleet were reactivated for the Korean War. The Navy sold the shipyard to the Port of Tacoma in 1959. The ships stored at Pacific Reserve Fleet, Tacoma were either scrapped or moved to other reserve fleets.[42]

  • Example ships:
  • USS Lunga Point was placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet, Tacoma in 1946 and removed in June 1955 and recommissioned as CVU-94.
  • USS Kwajalein was placed in the Pacific Reserve Fleet, Tacoma in 1946 and removed in June 1955 and recommissioned as CVU-98 a utility aircraft carrier.
  • USS Tinian (CVE-123) a Commencement Bay-class escort carrier, was stored at Reserve Fleet, Tacoma, being completed in 1946, too late for World War II. On June 12, 1955, the ship was reclassified as an escort helicopter aircraft carrier and re-designated CVHE-123.

Shipbuilding in Puget Sound

Map this section's coordinates using: OpenStreetMap 
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
  • Elliott Bay
    • Seattle waterfront
      • Skinner & Eddy No. 1 [ ⚑ ] 47°35′22″N 122°20′29″W / 47.58939°N 122.34125°W / 47.58939; -122.34125 (Skinner & Eddy)
      • Moran Brothers Shipyard [ ⚑ ] 47°35′42″N 122°20′15″W / 47.594979°N 122.337502°W / 47.594979; -122.337502 (Moran Bros)
        • Moran Company
        • Seattle Construction and Drydock Company
        • Skinner & Eddy No. 2
      • Nielson & Kelez [ ⚑ ] 47°35′10″N 122°20′31″W / 47.58610°N 122.34184°W / 47.58610; -122.34184 (Nielsen & Kelez)
    • West Seattle
      • Seattle North Pacific Shipbuilding Corporation [ ⚑ ] 47°33′55″N 122°21′05″W / 47.56523°N 122.35135°W / 47.56523; -122.35135 (Seattle N. Pacific)
      • Ames Shipbuilding and Drydock Company [ ⚑ ] 47°34′32″N 122°21′43″W / 47.57561°N 122.36191°W / 47.57561; -122.36191 (Ames)
    • Harbor Island
      • Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding [ ⚑ ] 47°35′21″N 122°20′53″W / 47.58903°N 122.3481°W / 47.58903; -122.3481 (Todd Seattle)
      • Puget Sound Bridge and Dredging Company [ ⚑ ] 47°34′36″N 122°21′29″W / 47.5766°N 122.3581°W / 47.5766; -122.3581 (Puget Sound Bridge & Dredge)
        • Associated Shipbuilders
        • Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company
      • J. F. Duthie & Company [ ⚑ ] 47°34′27″N 122°20′47″W / 47.57428°N 122.34644°W / 47.57428; -122.34644 (J.F. Duthie)
  • Commencement Bay
    • Todd Construction and Drydock Company [ ⚑ ] 47°16′46″N 122°24′25″W / 47.27949°N 122.40705°W / 47.27949; -122.40705 (Todd Tacoma)
      • Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding
    • Western Boat Building Co
    • Tacoma Boatbuilding Company
  • Bainbridge Island
    • Winslow Marine Railway and Shipbuilding Company [ ⚑ ] 47°37′20″N 122°30′49″W / 47.62218°N 122.51360°W / 47.62218; -122.51360 (Winslow Shipbuilding)
  • Bremerton
    • Puget Sound Naval Shipyard [ ⚑ ] 47°33′31″N 122°38′39″W / 47.5585°N 122.6442°W / 47.5585; -122.6442 (Puget Sound Navy Yard)
  • Everett
    • Everett-Pacific Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company [ ⚑ ] 47°59′12″N 122°13′16″W / 47.98678°N 122.22115°W / 47.98678; -122.22115 (Everett-Pacific Shipbuilding)
  • Lake Union
    • Lake Union Dry Dock Company [ ⚑ ] 47°38′00″N 122°19′39″W / 47.63327°N 122.32758°W / 47.63327; -122.32758 (Lake Union Dry Dock Company)
  • Lake Washington
    • Lake Washington Shipyard [ ⚑ ] 47°39′24″N 122°12′26″W / 47.65659°N 122.20726°W / 47.65659; -122.20726 (Lake Washington shipyard)

See also

  • Boeing Plant 2 – located a few miles upstream the Duwamish River
  • California during World War II § Ship building
  • List of Emergency Fleet Corporation shipyards
  • Moore Dry Dock Company § Shipbuilding in Oakland and Alameda
  • Naval Station Bremerton
  • Pacific Reserve Fleet, Bremerton
  • Todd Shipyards – overview of shipyards operated by Todd

References

  1. ↑ "Shipbuilding Notes - Tacoma". Pacific Marine Review: 82. January 1917. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev1417paci/page/n47/mode/1up. 
  2. ↑ "Chebaulip (ID 3141)". http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/173141.htm. 
  3. ↑ "Tacoma's Place in Steel Shipbuilding". Pacific Marine Review: 108. July 1918. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev1518paci/page/n561/mode/1up. 
  4. ↑ "IJA Naruo Maru Class Transport". http://www.combinedfleet.com/Naruo_c.htm. 
  5. ↑ https://wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?232067 [bare URL]
  6. ↑ "(picture without article)". Pacific Marine Review: 74. October 1939. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev3639paci/page/n561/mode/1up. 
  7. ↑ "Seattle-Tacoma Shipyard Under Way". Pacific Marine Review: 32. December 1939. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev3639paci/page/n637/mode/1up. 
  8. ↑ The Log, October 1939, https://books.google.com/books/download/The_Log.pdf?id=TIAPAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf
  9. ↑ "Index to Vol. 23". https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/research-guides/shipbuilding-contracts/index-to-vol-23.html. 
  10. ↑ Pacific Marine Review, February 1941, p. 55 (includes photograph of the yard on December 31)
  11. ↑ United States Congress, House, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries (1946). Investigation of Shipyard Profits. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 421–423. https://books.google.com/books?id=DxUoAAAAMAAJ. 
  12. ↑ The Log, August 1947, https://books.google.com/books/download/The_Log.pdf?id=QncPAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf
  13. ↑ https://books.google.com/books/download/The_Port_of_Seattle_Washington.pdf?id=2TWHcl9YahsC&output=pdf, page 56
  14. ↑ The Log, November 1940, p. 6
  15. ↑ The Log Vol 35, No. 5, August 1940, p. 6
  16. ↑ The Log Vol. 36, No. 1, October 1940, p. 6
  17. ↑ The Log Vol. 36, No. 9, June 1941, p. 5
  18. ↑ The Log Vol. 36, No. 10, July 1941, p. 49
  19. ↑ Pacific Marine Review. October 1939. p. 52. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev3639paci/page/n539/mode/1up. 
  20. ↑ Pacific Marine Review. April 1940. p. 48. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev3740paci/page/n215/mode/1up. 
  21. ↑ "Cape Alava (1941) - Lloyds Register of Ships". https://southampton.spydus.co.uk/cgi-bin/spydus.exe/ENQ/WPAC/BIBENQ?SETLVL=&BRN=1404470. 
  22. ↑ "Cape Fairweather (1941) - Lloyds Register of Ships". https://southampton.spydus.co.uk/cgi-bin/spydus.exe/ENQ/WPAC/BIBENQ?SETLVL=&BRN=1404499. 
  23. ↑ "Cape Flattery (1941) - Lloyds Register of Ships". https://southampton.spydus.co.uk/cgi-bin/spydus.exe/ENQ/WPAC/BIBENQ?SETLVL=&BRN=1404503. 
  24. ↑ "Oregon (1941) - Lloyds Register of Ships". https://southampton.spydus.co.uk/cgi-bin/spydus.exe/ENQ/WPAC/BIBENQ?SETLVL=&BRN=1404503. 
  25. ↑ "Idaho (1941) - Lloyds Register of Ships". https://southampton.spydus.co.uk/cgi-bin/spydus.exe/ENQ/WPAC/BIBENQ?SETLVL=&BRN=1410241. 
  26. ↑ Pacific Marine Review. January 1940. p. 54. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev3740paci/page/n29/mode/1up. 
  27. ↑ Pacific Marine Review. January 1941. p. 62. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev3841paci/page/n31/mode/1up. 
  28. ↑ "Thirteenth Naval District (Cochrane Collection)". https://www.shipscribe.com/cochrane/shipyards/13th-ND.htm. 
  29. ↑ Pacific Marine Review, February 1941, p. 55
  30. ↑ Friedman, US destroyers, p. 449
  31. ↑ Friedman, US destroyers, p. 450
  32. ↑ "Todd Corporation's Model Shipyard at Tacoma". Marine Engineering 26: 921. December 1921. https://books.google.com/books?id=GAw0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA921. 
  33. ↑ Committee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries,68th congress (1924). Conversion of Ships Into Motor Types. https://books.google.com/books?id=NU2yYe8vMQsC&pg=PA47. 
  34. ↑ "Nearly 1,750,000 is spent on Japanese ships in Seattle". Weekly Commercial News 61 (19): 9. 6 November 1920. https://books.google.com/books?id=8NxPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA46-PA9. 
  35. ↑ "Tacoma". Pacific Marine Review: 157. June 1919. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev1619paci/page/n656/mode/1up. 
  36. ↑ "Tacoma". Pacific Marine Review: 102. November 1919. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev1619paci/page/n1203/mode/1up. 
  37. ↑ "Tacoma News Notes". Pacific Marine Review: 119. January 1919. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev1619paci/page/n56/mode/1up. 
  38. ↑ "The Kennecott - An American Motor Freighter". Pacific Marine Review: 275–276. May 1921. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev1821paci/page/n398/mode/1up. 
  39. ↑ "In West Coast Yards". Pacific Marine Review: 112. February 1921. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev1821paci/page/n173/mode/1up. 
  40. ↑ "American Shipbuilding". Pacific Marine Review: 304. June 1923. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev2023paci/page/n389/mode/1up. 
  41. ↑ "Shipbuilding and Ship Repairing". Pacific Marine Review: 440. August 1924. https://archive.org/details/pacificmarinerev2124paci/page/n531/mode/1up. 
  42. ↑ shipbuildinghistory.com Todd Tacoma
  • Todd Pacific Shipyards Incorporated Tacoma WA WWII construction record.
  • Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation, from the Destroyer History website.
  • Ships built at Todd Dry Dock, Seattle-Tacoma, and Todd Pacific at ShipbuildingHistory.com
  • https://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/large/toddseattle.htm
  • Friedman, Norman (1982). US Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History. Naval Institute Press. 




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