Daisy

Daisy
English or true daisy (Bellis perennis)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae
Species
See text

Daisy is the common name for a large number of dicotyledonous flowering plants within the Asteraceae (or Composite) family, and in particular is associated with the true, common, or English daisy (Bellis perennis) and the oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare, sny. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum). Daisies are characterized by the star-shaped flower head, consisting of a densely packed cluster of numerous, small, individual flowers (florets). Both of these species have a center composed of yellow disc florets surrounded by ray florets with long, white petals. In addition, the entire family sometimes is known as the daisy family.

The beauty of the flower head of daisies has made them a favorite of many people and a popular name of girls. They also provide food for pollinating insects, herbivorous insects, and even people consume their leaves. However, the introduction of the English daisy and oxeye daisy to non-native environments also has led to their being considered invasive species, which can be difficult to control or eradicate.

Overview and description

The daisy family, also known as the aster or sunflower family, is classified variously as Asteraceae or Compositae. The name "Asteraceae" is derived from the type genus Aster and refers to the star-shaped flower head of its members, epitomized well by the English or true daisy, Bellis perennis. "Compositae," an older but still valid name (McNeill et al. 2006), means "composite" and refers to the unique inflorescence (described below).

The daisy family is the the largest family of flowering plants in terms of number of species. According to the Royal Botanical Gardens of Kew, the family comprises more than 1,600 genera and 23,000 species. These are dicotyledonous flowering plants. In addition to the daisy, other well-known members of the family include lettuce, chicory, globe artichoke, safflower, dandelion, chrysanthemum, ragwort, and sunflower.

Plants belonging to the Asteraceae share all the following characteristics (Judd et al. 1999):

• The inflorescence is an involucrate capitulum (flower head)
• Tubular/disc florets are actinomorphic, ligulate/ray florets are zygomorphic
• Anthers are syngenesious, that is, with the stamens fused together at their edges, forming a tube
• The ovary has basal arrangement of the ovules
• One ovule per ovary
• The calyx (sepals) of the florets are modified to form a pappus, a tuft of hairs, which often appears on the mature fruit
• The fruit is an achene
• In the essential oils Sesquiterpenes are present, but iridoids are lacking.

The most common characteristic of all these plants is an inflorescence or "flower head:" A densely packed cluster of numerous, small, individual flowers, usually called "florets" (meaning "small flowers"). Daisies typically have two kinds of florets. The outer perimeter of a flower head, like that of the English daisy and the oxeye daisy, is composed of florets possessing a long strap-like petal, termed a ligule; these are the ray florets. The inner portion of the flower head (or disc) is composed of small flowers with tubular corollas; these are the disc florets.

It is thought that the name "daisy" is a corruption of "day's eye," because the whole head of the common daisy closes at night and opens in the morning. Chaucer called it "eye of the day."

Partial list of species with the common name daisy

The name daisy is associated with a very large number of flowers within Asteraceae, spanning a wide number of genera. The following is only a partial listing.

Aster amellus European Michaelmas daisy Bellis annua Annual daisy Bellis azorica Azores daisy Bellis bernardii Corsican daisy Bellis Habanera Quilled English daisy Bellis perennis Daisy, common daisy, English daisy Bellis rotundifolia Spanish daisy Bellis sylvestris Southern daisy Chaetopappa asteroides Arkansas leastdaisy Chaetopappa bellidifolia Whiteray leastdaisy Chaetopappa bellioides Manyflower leastdaisy Chaetopappa effusa Spreading leastdaisy Chaetopappa hersheyi Guadalupe leastdaisy Chaetopappa imberbis Awnless leastdaisy Chaetopappa parryi Parry's leastdaisy Chrysanthemum coronarium Crown daisy Erigeron aurantiacus Orange daisy Erigeron bellidiastrum Western daisy fleabane Erigeron chrysopsidis Golden daisy/fleabane Gerbera anandria Ghostly daisy Gerbera aurantiaca Hilton daisy Gerbera jamesonii Barberton daisy, Gerbera daisy Leucanthemum integrifolium Entire-leaf daisy Leucanthemum lacustre Portuguese daisy Leucanthemum maximum Shasta daisy Leucanthemum nipponicum Nippon daisy Leucanthemum x superbum Shasta daisy Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye daisy Microseris lanceolata yam daisy Osteospermum jucundum South African daisy

Perityle aglossa Bluff rock daisy Perityle ajoensis Ajo rock daisy Perityle congesta Grand Canyon rock daisy Perityle coronopifolia Crowfoot rock daisy Perityle emoryi Emory's rock daisy Perityle incana Guadalupe Island rock daisy Perityle intricata Delicate rock daisy Perityle inyoensis Inyo rock daisy Perityle megalocephala Nevada rock daisy Perityle microglossa Short-rayed rock daisy Perityle quinqueflora Five-flowered rock daisy Perityle saxicola Roosevelt Dam rock daisy Perityle specuicola Alcove rock daisy Perityle villosa Hanaupah rock daisy Townsendia alpigena Wyoming Townsend daisy Townsendia annua Annual Townsend daisy Townsendia aprica Last chance Townsend daisy Townsendia condensata Cushion Townsend daisy Townsendia exscapa Stemless Townsend daisy Townsendia florifer Showy Townsend daisy Townsendia gypsophila Gypsum-loving Townsend daisy Townsendia incana Hoary Townsend daisy Townsendia leptotes Common Townsend daisy Townsendia nuttalli Nuttall's Townsend daisy Townsendia parryi Parry's Townsend daisy Townsendia scapigera Tufted Townsend daisy Townsendia smithii Black Rock Townsend daisy Townsendia spathulata Sword Townsend daisy Townsendia texensis Texas Townsend daisy

Common daisy

Bellis perennis is a common European species of daisy, often considered the archetypal species of that name. Since related plants also share the name "daisy," the name of this species is sometimes qualified as common daisy, English daisy, true daisy, or lawn daisy. It is native to western, central and northern Europe. The species is widely naturalized in North America, where it is considered an invasive weed.

The common daisy is a herbaceous plant with short creeping rhizomes and small rounded or spoon-shaped evergreen leaves two to five centimeters long. It grows close to ground. The flower heads are two to three centimeters in diameter, with white ray florets (often tipped red) and yellow disc florets. These flowerheads are produced on leafless stems two to ten centimeters (rarely 15 centimeters) tall.

The common daisy is not affected by mowing, regrowing quickly, and is therefore often considered a weed on lawns, though many also value the appearance of the flowers.

The common daisy has a number of uses. Several cultivars and hybrids have been selected for aesthetic purposes with much larger flower heads, up to five to six centimeters diameter and with light pink to purple-red ray florets. Bellis perennis has astringent properties and has been used in folk medicine as well (Howard 1987). The green leaves are edible and can be part of culinary dishes, but should be consumed moderately.

Oxeye daisy

Leucanthemum vulgare (synonym Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), known as the oxeye daisy, marguerite, moon daisy, or dog daisy, is a widespread flowering plant native to Europe and the temperate regions of Asia. Just one of a number of plants to be called by the common name daisy, the oxeye daisy is is a perennial prostrate herb with a small flower head (not larger than 5 centimeters) that consists of about 20 white ray florets and numerous yellow disc florets, growing on the end of the stem. The stem is mostly unbranched and sprouts laterally from a creeping rootstock.

The leaves are darkgreen on both sides. The basal and middle leaves are petiolate, obovate to spoon-shaped, and serrate to dentate. The upper leaves are shorter, sessile and borne along the stem. The oxeye daisy produces an abundant number of flat seeds without pappus. It spreads also vegetatively by rooting underground stems.

The oxeye daisy is a typical meadow flower, growing in a variety of plant communities such as dry fields, meadows, but also under scrubs, open-canopy forests, and waste places. It thrives in a wide range of conditions and prefers heavy and damp soils.

The oxeye daisy was introduced in parts of North America, Australia, and New Zealand, where it is now a common weed displacing native plant species in some areas. It is difficult to control or eradicate, since a new plant can regenerate from rhizome fragments. However, in North Carolina it is planted on roadsides by the highway department (Barringer 2007).

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Barringer, F. 2007. Wildflowers find favor with highway gardeners. New York Times August 29, 2007.
• Howard, M. 1987. Traditional Folk Remedies: A Comprehensive Herbal. London: Century. ISBN 0712617310.
• Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg, and P. F. Stevens. 1999. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0878934049.
• McNeill, J., F. R. Barrie, H. M. Burdet, et al. 2006. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. International Association of Plant Taxonomy (IAPT). Retrieved November 17, 2008.