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A withdrawal syndrome (also called a discontinuation syndrome) is a set of symptoms occurring in discontinuation or dosage reduction of some types of medications and recreational drugs. The risk of a discontinuation syndrome occurring increases with dosage and length of use.
- Alcohol withdrawal syndrome, symptoms seen when an individual reduces or stops alcohol consumption after periods of excessive alcohol intake
- Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, a syndrome that can occur following the interruption, dose reduction, or discontinuation of SSRI or SNRI medications
- Antipsychotic withdrawal syndrome or dopamine supersensitivity psychosis, symptoms seen when an individual reduces or suddenly stops antipsychotics
- Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, symptoms that appear when a long term user stops taking benzodiazepines or reduces the dosage
- Cannabis withdrawal, a form of withdrawal associated with the substance cannabis
- Drug withdrawal
- Neonatal withdrawal, a withdrawal syndrome of infants, caused by administration of drugs or the prenatal exposure to a substance
- Nicotine withdrawal, the effects felt by a person who is nicotine dependent and suddenly stops or significantly reduces his or her nicotine intake
- Opioid withdrawal, symptoms seen with the cessation or rapid reduction of intake of opioid class drugs
See also
- Physical dependence
- Psychological dependence
- Rebound effect
- Substance dependence
External links
| Classification | D - ICD-10: F10.3—F19.3
- ICD-9-CM: 292.0
- MeSH: D013375
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Psychoactive substance-related disorder (F10–F19, 291–292; 303–305) |
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| General |
- SID
- Substance intoxication / Drug overdose
- Substance-induced psychosis
- Withdrawal:
- Craving
- Neonatal withdrawal
- Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome (PAWS)
- SUD
- Substance abuse / Substance-related disorders
- Physical dependence / Psychological dependence / Substance dependence
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Combined substance use |
- SUD
- SID
- Combined drug intoxication (CDI)
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| Alcohol | | SID | | Cardiovascular diseases |
- Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
- Alcohol flush reaction
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| Gastrointestinal diseases |
- Alcoholic liver disease (ALD):
- Auto-brewery syndrome
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| Endocrine diseases |
- Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA)
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Nervous system diseases |
- Alcohol-related dementia (ARD)
- Alcohol intoxication
- Hangover
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Neurological disorders |
- Alcoholic hallucinosis
- Alcoholic polyneuropathy
- Alcohol-related brain damage
- Alcohol withdrawal syndrome:
- Alcoholic hallucinosis
- Delirium tremens (DTs)
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
- Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
- Korsakoff syndrome
- Korsakoff psychosis
- Positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN)
- Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS)
- Wernicke encephalopathy (WE)
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| Respiratory tract diseases |
- Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions
- Alcoholic lung disease
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| SUD |
- Alcoholism (alcohol use disorder (AUD))
- Binge drinking
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| Caffeine |
- SID
- Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder
- Caffeine-induced sleep disorder
- Caffeinism
- SUD
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| Cannabis |
- SID
- Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS)
- SUD
- Amotivational syndrome
- Cannabis use disorder (CUD)
- Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder
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| Cocaine |
- SID
- Cocaine intoxication
- Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE)
- SUD
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| Hallucinogen |
- SID
- Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)
- Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD)
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| Nicotine |
- SID
- Nicotine poisoning
- Nicotine withdrawal
- SUD
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| Opioids |
- SID
- SUD
- Opioid use disorder (OUD)
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Sedative / hypnotic |
- SID
- Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)
- benzodiazepine: SID
- Benzodiazepine overdose
- Benzodiazepine withdrawal
- SUD
- Benzodiazepine use disorder (BUD)
- Benzodiazepine dependence
- barbiturate: SID
- SUD
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| Stimulants | |
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Volatile solvent |
- SID
- Sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS)
- Toluene toxicity
- SUD
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Unnecessary health care |
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| Causes |
- Direct-to-consumer advertising
- Overscreening
- Overdiagnosis
- Fee-for-service
- Defensive medicine
- Unwarranted variation
- Overmedication
- Overmedicalization
- Prescription cascade
- Quaternary prevention
- Disease mongering
- Political abuse of psychiatry
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| Overused health care |
- Caesarean delivery on maternal request
- Antibiotic misuse
- Benzodiazepine use disorder
- Effects of long-term benzodiazepine use
- Opioid use disorder
- Psychoactive drug
- Proton-pump inhibitor
- Polypharmacy
- treatment of incidentaloma
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| Tools and Situations |
- Deprescribing
- Choosing Wisely
- Medication discontinuation
- Withdrawal syndrome
- Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome
- Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
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| Works about unnecessary health care |
- Overtreated
- The Treatment Trap
- Selling Sickness
- Overdosed America
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