Austronesian Vessels

Short description: Sailing vessels of Austronesian peoples

Traditional Austronesian generalized sail types. C, D, E, and F are types of crab claw sails. G, H, and I are tanja sails.^[1]
A Double sprit (Sri Lanka)
B Common sprit (Philippines )
C Oceanic sprit (Tahiti)
D Oceanic sprit (Marquesas)
E Oceanic sprit (Philippines )
F Crane sprit (Marshall Islands)
G Rectangular boom lug (Maluku Islands)
H Square boom lug (Gulf of Thailand)
I Trapezial boom lug (Vietnam)

Austronesian vessels are the traditional seafaring vessels of the Austronesian peoples of Taiwan, Maritime Southeast Asia, Micronesia, coastal New Guinea, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar .^[2] They also include indigenous ethnic minorities in Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Hainan, the Comoros, and the Torres Strait Islands.

They range from small dugout canoes to large lashed-lug plank-built vessels. Their hull configurations include monohulls as well as uniquely Austronesian catamarans and outrigger boats (single-outrigger boats and trimarans). Traditional sail types include a variety of distinctively Austronesian crab-claw and tanja configurations, though modern vessels are typically motorized. These vessels allowed the migrations of the Austronesian peoples during the Austronesian expansion (starting at around 3000 to 1500 BC from Taiwan and Island Southeast Asia) throughout the islands of the Indo-Pacific, reaching as far as Madagascar , New Zealand, and Easter Island. They were also used to establish trading routes, including the Austronesian maritime trade network which formed the maritime leg of the spice trade and later, the maritime silk road.

History

Map showing the migration and expansion of the Austronesians which began at about 3000 BC from Taiwan

Austronesians used distinctive sailing technologies, namely the catamaran, the outrigger ship, tanja sail and the crab claw sail. This allowed them to colonize a large part of the Indo-Pacific region during the Austronesian expansion starting at around 3000 to 1500 BC, and ending with the colonization of Easter Island and New Zealand in the 10th to 13th centuries AD.^[3]^[4] Prior to the 16th century Colonial Era, Austronesians were the most widespread ethnolinguistic group, spanning half the planet from Easter Island in the eastern Pacific Ocean to Madagascar in the western Indian Ocean.^[5]^[6] They also established vast maritime trading networks, among which is the Neolithic precursor to what would become the Maritime Silk Road.^[7]

The simplest form of all ancestral Austronesian boats had five parts. The bottom part consists of a single piece of hollowed-out log. At the sides were two planks, and two horseshoe-shaped wood pieces formed the prow and stern. These were fitted tightly together edge-to-edge by sewing or with dowels inserted into holes in between, and then lashed to each other with ropes (made from rattan or fibre) wrapped around protruding lugs on the planks. This characteristic and ancient Austronesian boatbuilding practice is known as the "lashed-lug" technique. They were commonly caulked with pastes made from various plants as well as tapa bark and fibres which would expand when wet, further tightening joints and making the hull watertight. They formed the shell of the boat, which was then reinforced by horizontal ribs. Shipwrecks of Austronesian ships can be identified from this construction, as well as the absence of metal nails. Austronesian ships traditionally had no central rudders but were instead steered using an oar on one side.^[8]^[9]^[10]

They also independently developed various sail types during the Neolithic, beginning with the crab claw sail (also misleadingly called the "oceanic lateen" or the "oceanic sprit") at around 1500 BCE. They are used throughout the range of the Austronesian Expansion, from Maritime Southeast Asia, to Micronesia, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar . Crab claw sails are rigged fore-and-aft and can be tilted and rotated relative to the wind. They evolved from V-shaped perpendicular square sails in which the two spars converge at the base of the hull. The simplest form of the crab claw sail (also with the widest distribution) is composed of a triangular sail supported by two light spars (sometimes erroneously called "sprits") on each side. They were originally mastless, and the entire assembly was taken down when the sails were lowered.^[11]

Hull and sail configurations

Austronesian rigs were used for double-canoe (catamaran), single-outrigger (on the windward side), or double-outrigger boat configurations, in addition to monohulls.^[8]^[9] There are several distinct types of crab claw rigs, but unlike western rigs, they do not have fixed conventional names.^[12]

File:CanoeTacking.webm The need to propel larger and more heavily laden boats led to the increase in vertical sail. However this introduced more instability to the vessels. In addition to the unique invention of outriggers to solve this, the sails were also leaned backwards and the converging point moved further forward on the hull. This new configuration required a loose "prop" in the middle of the hull to hold the spars up, as well as rope supports on the windward side. This allowed more sail area (and thus more power) while keeping the center of effort low and thus making the boats more stable. The prop was later converted into fixed or removable canted masts where the spars of the sails were actually suspended by a halyard from the masthead. This type of sail is most refined in Micronesian proas which could reach very high speeds. These configurations are sometimes known as the "crane sprit" or the "crane spritsail". Micronesian, Island Melanesian, and Polynesian single-outrigger vessels also used this canted mast configuration to uniquely develop shunting, where canoes are symmetrical from front to back and change end-to-end when sailing against the wind.^[11]^[12]

Taumako single-outrigger tepukei, an example of the basic mastless crab claw sail
Motuan catamaran lakatoi with crab claw sails on fixed masts
Visayan double-outrigger paraw with a "crane sprit" crab claw sail and a jib
Carolinian single-outrigger shunting wa with a "crane sprit" crab claw sail on a canted mast
Madurese paduwang with crab claw sails on fixed masts
Hokule'a, a fibreglass replica of a Hawaiian catamaran waʻa kaulua, with curved-spar, curved-leech crab claw sails
Iranun double-outrigger lanong with tanja sails on removable bipod masts
Makassar benawa with tanja sails on removable tripod masts and a jib

The conversion of the prop to a fixed mast led to the much later invention of the tanja sail (also known variously and misleadingly as the canted square sail, canted rectangular sail, boomed lugsail, or balance lugsail). Tanja sails were rigged similarly to crab claw sails and also had spars on both the head and the foot of the sails; but they were square or rectangular with the spars not converging into a point.^[11]^[12]

Another evolution of the basic crab claw sail is the conversion of the upper spar into a fixed mast. In Polynesia, this gave the sail more height while also making it narrower, giving it a shape reminiscent of crab pincers (hence "crab claw" sail). This was also usually accompanied by the lower spar becoming more curved.^[11]^[12]

Melanesian V-shaped square sail
New Zealand V-shaped square sail
Polynesian crab claw sail
New Guinea crab claw sail
Hawaiian crab claw sail with the upper spar merged with the fixed mast

List of Austronesian vessels by region

Ipanitika of the Tao people of Taiwan

The following is an incomplete list of traditional Austronesian vessels.

Taiwan

Orchid Island

Ipanitika
Tatara

Island Southeast Asia

The Kapal Nur Al Marege, a Makassar padewakang from Indonesia

Brunei

Bajak
Bangkong
Gubang
Jong
Kakap
Penjajap
Tongkang

Indonesia

A jukung from Indonesia

Abak
Bagan
Bago
Bajak
Bangkong
Banting
Benawa
Borobudur ship
Cerucuh
Chialoup
Eloha
Fakatora
Ghali
Ghurab
Golekan
Janggolan
Jellore
Jong
Jongkong
Juanga
Jukung
Jukung tambangan
Kakap
Kalulis
Kelulus
Kolay
Kolekole
Knabat bogolu
Kora kora
Kotta mara
K'un-lun po
Lancang
Lancaran
Lepa
Lepa-Lepa
Leti leti
Lis-alis
Londe
Malangbang
Mayang
Orembai
Padewakang
Paduwang
Pajala
Paledang
Penjajap
Pangkur
Patorani
Pelang
Pencalang
Perahu
Pinisi (Lambo, Palari)
Sampan panjang
Sandeq
Sarua
Sekong
Solu
Teneh
Tongkang
Toop

Malaysia

Bajak
Bangkong
Banting
Bedar
Buggoh
Birau
Cerucuh
Ghali
Ghurab
Jong
Juanga
Kakap
Kolek
Lancang
Lancaran
Lepa
Pelang
Pencalang
Penjajap
Perahu payang
Perahu tambangan
Pinas
Sampan panjang
Tongkang

Philippines

The double-outrigger paraw in Boracay, Philippines

An Iranun lanong warship from the Philippines

Armadahan
Avang
Awang
Balación
Balangay (Barangay)
Baloto
Bangka
Bangka anak-anak
Basnigan
Batil
Bigiw
Bilo
Birau
Biray
Biroko (Birok, Bidok)
Buggoh
Casco
Chinarem
Chinedkeran
Dinahit
Djenging (Balutu)
Falua
Garay
Guilalo
Juanga
Junkun
Junkung
Karakoa
Kulibo
Lanong
Lapis
Lepa (Kumpit, Pidlas)
Ontang
Owong
Panineman
Pasaplap
Pangayaw
Paraw
Salambaw
Salisipan
Sapyaw
Seberen
Tapake
Tataya
Tempel
Tilimbao (Tinimbao)
Tiririt (Buti)
Vinta (Dapang, Pilang)

Singapore

Sampan panjang
Tongkang

Micronesia

A single-outrigger wa from Yap, Caroline Islands

Caroline Islands

Wahr

Kiribati

Baurua

Marshall Islands

Tipnol
Walap

Mariana Islands, incl. Guam

Ladjak
Sakman (Flying proa)

Palau

Kaep
Wa

Yap

Chugpin^[13]
Popow^[13]
Wa

Island Melanesia

Lakatoi of the Motu people of Papua New Guinea

The traditional pōpao of Tonga

Fiji

Camakau
Drua (Wangga tabu)
Takia

Papua New Guinea

Lakatoi

Solomon Islands

Tepukei

Vanuatu

Aka
Angga
Wangga

Polynesia

Illustration of a Fijian camakau (1846)

The Hōkūleʻa, a waka hourua from Hawaii

Cook Islands

Vaka
Vaka katea

Hawaiʻi

Malia
Wa'a
Wa'a kaulua

Marquesas

Vaka touʻua

New Zealand

Waka ama
Waka hourua

Samoa

ʻAlia
Amatasi
Laʻau
Lualua (Foulua)
Paopao
Vaʻa
Vaʻa-alo
Vaʻa-tele

Society Islands

Ivahah
Pahi
Tipairua
Vaʻa

Tonga

Hamatafua
Kalia
Pōpao
Tongiaki

Tuvalu

Paopao

Madagascar

A single-outrigger lakana from Madagascar

Lakana

References

↑ Doran, Edwin B. (1981). Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9780890961070.
↑ Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal et al. (2014-01-21). "Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (3): 936–941. doi:10.1073/pnas.1321860111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 24395773. Bibcode: 2014PNAS..111..936P.
↑ Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). "Outrigger Ages". The Journal of the Polynesian Society 83 (2): 130–140. http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83,_No._2/Outrigger_ages,_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.,_p_130-140/p1.
↑ Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". in Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew. Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts. One World Archaeology. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. ISBN 978-0-415-10054-0.
↑ Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (2006). The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-1-920942-85-4. https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians.
↑ Bellwood, Peter (2014). The Global Prehistory of Human Migration. p. 213.
↑ Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". in Guy, John. Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 978-1-58839-524-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263007720.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Horridge, Adrian (2008). "Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs". in Di Piazza, Anne; Pearthree, Erik. Canoes of the Grand Ocean. BAR International Series 1802. Archaeopress. ISBN 9781407302898. http://adrian-horridge.org/downloads/Pacific canoes.pdf. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Lacsina, Ligaya (2016). Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques (PhD). Flinders University.
↑ Heng, Derek (2018). "Ships, Shipwrecks, and Archaeological Recoveries as Sources of Southeast Asian History". in Ludden, David. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.97. ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 Campbell, I.C. (1995). "The Lateen Sail in World History". Journal of World History 6 (1): 1–23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078617.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 Horridge, Adrian (April 1986). "The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs". The Journal of Pacific History 21 (2): 83–99. doi:10.1080/00223348608572530. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168892.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Tu, Karen Kan-Lun (2017). Wa and Tatala: The Transformation of Indigenous Canoes on Yap and Orchid Island (PDF) (PhD).

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian vessels. Read more

[Doran1981-1] Doran, Edwin B. (1981). Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9780890961070.

[2] Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal et al. (2014-01-21). "Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (3): 936–941. doi:10.1073/pnas.1321860111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 24395773. Bibcode: 2014PNAS..111..936P.

[Doran1974-3] Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). "Outrigger Ages". The Journal of the Polynesian Society 83 (2): 130–140. http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83,_No._2/Outrigger_ages,_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.,_p_130-140/p1.

[Mahdi1999-4] Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". in Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew. Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts. One World Archaeology. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. ISBN 978-0-415-10054-0.

[Bellwood2006-5] Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (2006). The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. Australian National University Press. ISBN 978-1-920942-85-4. https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians.

[Bellwood2014-6] Bellwood, Peter (2014). The Global Prehistory of Human Migration. p. 213.

[Bellina-7] Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". in Guy, John. Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 978-1-58839-524-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263007720.

[horridge2008-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Horridge, Adrian (2008). "Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs". in Di Piazza, Anne; Pearthree, Erik. Canoes of the Grand Ocean. BAR International Series 1802. Archaeopress. ISBN 9781407302898. http://adrian-horridge.org/downloads/Pacific canoes.pdf. Retrieved 22 October 2019.

[lacsina-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Lacsina, Ligaya (2016). Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques (PhD). Flinders University.

[Heng-10] Heng, Derek (2018). "Ships, Shipwrecks, and Archaeological Recoveries as Sources of Southeast Asian History". in Ludden, David. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.97. ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7.

[Campbell-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 Campbell, I.C. (1995). "The Lateen Sail in World History". Journal of World History 6 (1): 1–23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078617.

[Horridge1986-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 Horridge, Adrian (April 1986). "The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs". The Journal of Pacific History 21 (2): 83–99. doi:10.1080/00223348608572530. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168892.

[Tu-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Tu, Karen Kan-Lun (2017). Wa and Tatala: The Transformation of Indigenous Canoes on Yap and Orchid Island (PDF) (PhD).