Disproportionate Results

Racially disproportionate results or outcomes are differences out of proportion to the ratio of the races in a population. Often the difference in proportions is considered to be proof of discrimination. One report called racial differences in school discipline an "alarming ... problem", citing "evidence of a pervasive and systematic bias".^[1] Others say the outcomes are genuinely reflective of human behavior. Heather Mac Donald attributes disparate outcomes of arrests or shootings to higher rates of crime and violence:

... as long as crime rates are so disproportionate, policing will be more intense in minority neighborhoods, increasing the chances that when an encounter goes awry, it will have a minority victim.^[2]

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