Rhodes Scholarship

The Rhodes Scholarship is an international award for study at the University of Oxford. This scholarship program was founded in 1902 by the will of Oxford alumnus Cecil John Rhodes, the British-born founder of the De Beers diamond company. Scholarships have been awarded to applicants annually since 1904 on the basis of academic achievement and strength of character. These scholarships bring highly accomplished students from a number of countries to study at Oxford; these students often return to their home countries to pursue leadership positions in academia, business, or politics. Rhodes Scholars may study any full-time postgraduate course offered by the University of Oxford, whether a taught Master’s program, a research degree, or a second undergraduate degree (senior status). Until 1976, candidates for these scholarships were unmarried males aged 19 to 25, citizens of the British Commonwealth or nations of the British Empire, South Africa, or the United States. Candidates were also accepted from Germany, except during World War I and World War II. In more recent times, the criteria for eligibility have been expanded to include other nations and women.

In the context of what has been called the Scramble for Africa, Rhodes was one of the most significant and influential promoters of Britain's imperial interests. An elitist, he thought the British were destined to rule other peoples, for whose rights he had little if any concern, except that he envisioned a world of peace. Rhodes had profited greatly by exploiting Southern Africa's natural resources, proceeds of which founded the Rhodes Scholarship upon his death. With idealistic thinking, Rhodes left instructions in his will that scholarships be established for students from British colonies, the United States, and Germany, with the aim of promoting cross-cultural understanding and peace between nations. He regarded such a common educational experience by future leaders of the world's major powers as the best way to prevent war. Despite an originally racist assumption, many people, including Africans, nevertheless have benefited from these scholarships, although they could not fulfill Rhodes' vision of preventing wars and achieving world peace in the twentieth century.

Overview

The Rhodes Scholarship is an international award for study at the University of Oxford. It was the first such large-scale program of international scholarships.^[1] The program was founded in 1902, by the will of Oxford alumnus Cecil John Rhodes.

The University of Oxford, located in the city of Oxford, England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. Academically, Oxford is consistently ranked in the world's top ten universities.^[2] Oxford's prestige makes the Rhodes' scholarship a competitive achievement for the world's scholars and academics. The scholarship is available to those who have already achieved an undergraduate (Bachelors) degree, and is for two years in the first instance, or it may be held for one year only; applications for a third year are considered during the course of the second year. There are other criteria for eligibility, which vary by country. University and college fees are paid by the Rhodes Trust. In addition, Rhodes scholars receive a monthly maintenance stipend to cover accommodation and living expenses. Although all scholars become affiliated with a residential college while at Oxford, they also enjoy access to Rhodes House, an early twentieth century mansion with numerous public rooms, gardens, a library, study areas, and other facilities.

History

Cecil John Rhodes was a British-born South African businessman, mining magnate, and politician. He was an ardent believer in colonialism and was the founder of the state of Rhodesia, which was named after him. Rhodesia, later Northern and Southern Rhodesia, eventually became Zambia and Zimbabwe respectively. Although Rhodes remained a leading figure in the politics of southern Africa, especially during the Second Boer War, he was dogged by ill health throughout his relatively short life. Rhodes died in 1902, at the time one of the wealthiest men in the world.

In the months before he died, Cecil Rhodes began an experimental scholarship program which was the precursor of the Rhodes Scholarship. This Rhodes Scholarship Experiment offered a scholarship to boys educated at The Diocesan College, or Bishops as it is more commonly known, a private, all-boys school situated in the suburb of Rondebosch in Cape Town, South Africa. Bishops was suggested as a suitable school for the experiment to Cecil Rhodes. Like Bishops' founder Robert Gray, he "mistrusted purely secular education."^[3] Two boys from Bishops received scholarships to attend Oxford University in 1902.

In his first will Rhodes wanted to create a secret society that would bring the whole world under British rule. The exact wording of that will is as follows:

To and for the establishment, promotion and development of a Secret Society, the true aim and object whereof shall be for the extension of British rule throughout the world, the perfecting of a system of emigration from the United Kingdom, and of colonization by British subjects of all lands where the means of livelihood are attainable by energy, labour and enterprise, and especially the occupation by British settlers of the entire Continent of Africa, the Holy Land, the Valley of the Euphrates, the Islands of Cyprus and Candia, the whole of South America, the Islands of the Pacific not heretofore possessed by Great Britain, the whole of the Malay Archipelago, the seaboard of China and Japan, the ultimate recovery of the United States of America as an integral part of the British Empire, the inauguration of a system of Colonial representation in the Imperial Parliament which may tend to weld together the disjointed members of the Empire and, finally, the foundation of so great a Power as to render wars impossible, and promote the best interests of humanity.^[4]

In his last will and testament, he provided for the establishment of the Rhodes Scholarships. The scholarship program enabled students from territories under British rule, formerly under British rule, or from Germany, to study at the University of Oxford. In his last will and testament, Rhodes said of the British, "I contend that we are the finest race in the world and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race."^[5] Rhodes included Americans in the Rhodes scholarships and said that he wanted to breed an American elite of philosopher-kings who would have the USA rejoin the British Empire. Rhodes also respected the Germans and allowed Germans to be included in the Rhodes scholarships. He believed that eventually Great Britain, the US, and Germany together would dominate the world and ensure peace together. However, the scholarships for Germany were eliminated during World War I and subsequent years until 1930, and again when World War II began. Rhodes' efforts failed to bring about the peaceful world he anticipated.

Rhodes, who attended Oxford University, chose his Alma mater as the site of his great experiment because he believed its residential colleges provided the ideal environment for intellectual contemplation and personal development.

Rhodes' vision for the scholarships did not hold long; his bequest was whittled down considerably in the first decades after his death, due to the payment of various taxes. A change occurred in 1929, when an Act of Parliament established a fund separate from the original proceeds of Rhodes' will. This made it possible to expand the number of scholarships. For example, between 1993 and 1995, scholarships were extended to other countries in the European Community. However, the sentiment of exclusion remained for a long time.

Because the Sex Discrimination Act of 1975 in the United Kingdom did not affect wills, it took another Act of Parliament to change Rhodes' will in 1977 to include women. Since then, numerous women, almost three hundred by the end of the twentieth century, have been admitted into the Rhodes Scholarship program. Some of the most notable include Nancy-Ann Min DeParle, who was Administrator of the U.S. Health Care Financing Administration from 1997-2000, Heather Wilson, a U.S. Congresswoman from New Mexico, Elizabeth Kiss, President of Agnes Scott College, and Naomi Wolf, American author and feminist social critic. It should be noted that while the number of women accepted into the program has increased, they still represent a minority of Rhodes Scholarship winners.

In the twenty-first century, Rhodes' vision of world peace and prosperity through these scholarships has been made increasingly relevant, particularly through partnerships such as the Mandela Rhodes Foundation in South Africa.^[6] The bringing together of the names Rhodes and Mandela represents a "symbolic movement in the closing of the historic circle; drawing together the legacy of reconciliation and leadership and that of entrepreneurship and education."^[7]

Standards and administration

The scholarships are administered and awarded by the Rhodes Trust which was established in 1902 under the terms and conditions of Cecil John Rhodes will. Rhodes' legacy specified four standards by which applicants were to be judged:

• literary and scholastic attainments;
• energy to use one's talents to the full, as exemplified by fondness for and success in sports;
• truth, courage, devotion to duty, sympathy for and protection of the weak, kindliness, unselfishness and fellowship;
• moral force of character and instincts to lead, and to take an interest in one's fellow beings.

There have been more than 7,000 Rhodes Scholars since the inception of the Trust.^[8]

There were originally 52 scholarships. In subsequent years, the Trustees added approximately 40 additional scholarships, although not all have continued. Some of these extended the scheme to Commonwealth countries not mentioned in Rhodes' will.^[8] The Rhodes Trust website contains a more detailed allocation by region by year, as well as brief summaries of some of the terms and conditions.^[9]

By the beginning of the twenty-first century, scholars were selected from citizens of 14 specified geographic constituencies, namely: Australia; Bermuda; Canada; Germany; Hong Kong; India; Jamaica & Commonwealth Caribbean; Kenya; New Zealand; Pakistan; Southern Africa (South Africa and neighbors Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia and Swaziland); USA; Zambia; and Zimbabwe.^[10]

Notable Rhodes Scholarship recipients

Some examples of notable Rhodes Scholarship alumni follow.

• Albrecht Graf von Bernstorff: Awarded the Rhodes Scholarship in 1909, he was a Prussian Statesman, holding the office of Prussian Minister to England, and Foreign Minister of Prussia.

• Edwin Hubble: Awarded the Rhodes Scholarship in 1910, he was a famed American astronomer who profoundly changed astronomers' understanding of the nature of the universe by demonstrating the existence of other galaxies besides the Milky Way. He also discovered that the degree of redshift observed in light coming from a galaxy increased in proportion to the distance of that galaxy from the Milky Way. This became known as Hubble's law, and would help establish that the universe is expanding.

• Norman Manley: Awarded the Rhodes Scholarship in 1914, he became one of Jamaica's leading advocates of universal suffrage, which was granted the colony in 1944. HE served as the colony's Chief Minister from 1955 to 1959, and as Premier from 1959 to 1962.

• Howard Florey: Awarded the Rhodes Scholarship in 1921, he was an Australian pharmacologist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1945 with Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the extraction of penicillin.

• John Eccles: Awarded the Rhodes Scholarship in 1925, he was an Australian neurophysiologist who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse, sharing the prize together with Andrew Fielding Huxley and Alan Lloyd Hodgkin.

• James William Fulbright: Awarded the Rhodes Scholarship in 1925, he was a United States Senator representing Arkansas from 1945 to 1975. A Southern Democrat and a staunch multilateralist, he supported the creation of the United Nations and is remembered for his efforts to establish an international exchange program, which thereafter bore his name, the Fulbright Fellowships.

• John Turner: Awarded the Rhodes Scholarship in 1949, he was the seventeenth Prime Minister of Canada from June 30, 1984 to September 17, 1984.

• Tanjore R. Anantharaman: Awarded the Rhodes Scholarship in 1951, he became one of India's pre-eminent metallurgist and materials scientist, known for his pioneering contributions on Rapidly Solidified Alloys and Metallic Glasses.

• Wasim Sajjad: Awarded the Rhodes Scholarship in 1964, a Pakistani lawyer and senator, he also served twice as President of Pakistan.

• William Jefferson Clinton: Awarded the Rhodes Scholarship in 1968, he served as 42nd President of the United States from 1993-2001.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Kenny, Anthony, ed. The History of the Rhodes Trust: 1902-1999. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0199201914
• McIntyre, Donald. A Century of Bishops. Cape Town and Johannesburg: Juta and co. Ltd., 1950.
• Rotberg, Robert I. The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0195049688
• Thomas, Anthony. Rhodes: The Race for Africa. London Bridge, 1997. ISBN 0563387424
• Ziegler, Philip. Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarships. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0300118353

External links

All links retrieved December 8, 2022.

• The Rhodes Trust
• Bermuda Rhodes Scholarship
• The Rhodes Trust in Germany
• Committee for Jamaica and the Commonwealth Caribbean
• The Rhodes Trust, USA
• Association of American Rhodes Scholars
• Mandela Rhodes Foundation