Bands

The radio frequency is traditionally separated in separate "slices" or "bands" of frequencies that have all their own use. By convention, certain bands are reserve to certain uses, most of the time because of the physical properties of the frequency or the environment.

Radio Bands[edit]

Those are the bands of the radio spectrum relevant to amateur radio. Although ham radio operators have been very creative at exploring the full range of the radio spectrum, most operations hold in those areas.

• LF 30 – 300 kHz
• MF 300 kHz - 3 MHz
• HF 3 - 30 MHz (aka shortwave)
• VHF 30 - 300 MHz
• UHF 300 MHz - 3000 MHz (3 GHz)
• SHF 3,000 - 30,000 MHz (see also Microwave and other bands)

Band characteristics and usage[edit]

Each of those band have particular characteristics. Since the vast majority of operations (if we lump together the 160m band within HF) happens within HF, VHF and UHF, we're going only to look at those here.

HF Bands[edit]

There are a number of amateur HF bands used worldwide, although the bands and frequencies legally available vary from country to country. HF is renowned for its capability of long range communication, because of the way sky waves propagate.

HF bands used today include:

Band (wavelength)	Purpose
160 metres	Night, DX
80 metres	Night and local day
60 metres	?
40 metres	Night and local day, DX
30 metres	CW and digital
20 metres	Most popular DX, night and day
17 metres	DX, night and day
15 metres	Daytime
12 metres	Daytime
10 metres	Daytime during solar maximum

Note: although 160m is a Medium Frequency/MF band, it is often lumped in with the HF bands for simplicity.

VHF/UHF/Microwave Bands[edit]

VHF, UHF, and Microwave bands and frequencies available to amateurs vary more widely from country to country than HF bands do.

Amateur bands used today include:

• 6 metres
• 4 metres
• 2 metres
• 1.25 metres
• 70 centimetres
• 33 centimetres
• 23 centimetres
• 13 centimetres
• 9 centimetres
• 6 centimetres
• 3 centimetres
• 1.25 centimetres
• Bands above 24GHz

Most of those bands share similar propagation characteristic: we're usually talking about line of sight (ground wave) communication, although it is often taken up as a challenge for ham operators to go beyond those pesky restrictions with various techniques like Tropospheric ducting, moon bounce and bouncing off meteor scatter and aurora borealis. Certain frequencies (mostly 70cm and 2m) are often used to communicate with space satellites.

Actual allocations[edit]

What those band allocation mean in term of frequencies that the ham operators are allowed to work with varies according from region to region. This is regulated by the ITU, or more precisely the IARU, which manages regulations for each of the 3 ITU regions. Countries then make up their own local allocation in accordance (generally) with the region they are in.

Regional Band Plans[edit]

Within three regions around the world, different "plans" are agreed upon by Amateur Radio Operators to divide up the authorized band into sections. Each section is targeted to a specific operating mode (e.g., SSB, FM, Digital, etc.). The ITU separated the world in 3 separate regions:

• Region 1 encompasses Africa, the Mediterranean, Europe, and Asiatic Russia
• Region 2 encompasses North America, South America, and Greenland
• Region 3 encompasses India, Australia, Southeast Asia, China, Japan, New Zealand, and Pacific nations.

See also the IARU website for details of those allocations.

Country Band Plans[edit]

Each country has its own conventions that are an application of the general band plans.

• The Australian band plan (.pdf) from the Wireless Institute of Australia
• The Canadian band plan (.html) from Radio Amateurs Canada
• The Dutch band plan (.html) from VRZA
• The New Zealand Band Plan can be found at NZART
• The United Kingdom band plan (.pdf and .html) from the Radio Society of Great Britain
• The United States Band Plan

See also[edit]

• Amateur radio glossary
• Records - Distance
• Emergency Frequencies
• Propagation
• Antennas
• Electromagnetic Waves

External links[edit]

• ARRL band plan - includes diagrams and listings
• USA band plan - one band per page, notable frequencies, with space for notes (PDF)
• US Frequency Allocation Chart - good chart of all radio allocations (mediawiki, PDF, SVG, PNG)
• Canadian chart of radio allocations (PDF)
• Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum Poster - very complete (PDF, PNG, mail order)
• Amateur radio bands at eham.net - good simple overview for new hams