Ligroin

Ligroin
Names
	IUPAC name Ligroin
Identifiers
CAS Number	8032-32-4 ;
UNII	5OQ4BMR99T ;
Properties
Boiling point	90–140 °C (194–284 °F)
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	Infobox references

Short description: Chemical compound

Ligroin is the petroleum fraction consisting mostly of C₇ and C₈ hydrocarbons and boiling in the range 90‒140 °C (194–284 °F). The fraction is also called heavy naphtha.^[1]^[2] Ligroin is used as a laboratory solvent. Products under the name ligroin can have boiling ranges as low as 60‒80 °C and may be called light naphtha.^[3]

The name ligroin (or ligroine or ligroïne) appeared as early as 1866.^{[note 1]}

Standards

Ligroin is assigned the CAS Registry Number 8032-32-4, which is also applied to many other products, particularly the lower boiling ones, called petroleum spirit, petroleum ether and petroleum benzine.^[3]

Use as fuel

Ligroin was used to refuel the world's first production automobile, the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, on a long distance journey between Mannheim and Pforzheim. Bertha Benz added ligroin to the vehicle at a pharmacy in Wiesloch, making it the first filling station in history.

The first functional diesel engine could also run on ligroin.^[4]

References

↑ David R. Lide, ed. (2010), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.), CRC Press, pp. 2–56
↑ "Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Third Edition", Meyer, E., Prentice Hall, 1998, page 458.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Alan Phenix (2007), "Generic Hydrocarbon Solvents: a Guide to Nomenclature", WAAC Newsletter 29 (2), http://cool.conservation-us.org/waac/wn/wn29/wn29-2/wn29-204.pdf
↑ Rudolf Diesel: Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors, Springer, Berlin 1913, ISBN:978-3-642-64940-0. p. 110

The Merck index an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals (11th. ed., 2. print. ed.). Rahway, NJ: Merck. 1990. p. 864. ISBN 091191028X. https://archive.org/details/merckindexency00buda/page/864.

Notes

↑
The name "ligroin" was coined in the United States:
- Heppe, G., ed (1890) (in German). Klemens Merck's Warenlexikon für Handel, Industrie und Gewerbe. Leipzig, Germany: G. A. Gloeckner. p. 349. From p. 349: "Ligroine; der in Amerika erfundene Name für einen der flüchtigeren Teile des rohen Petroleums, … " (Ligroin: the name that was coined in America for one of the more volatile parts of crude petroleum, … )
Early use in English:
- (Editorial staff) (24 October 1866). "Polytechnic Association of the American Institute". The American Artisan and Patent Record 3: 389. https://books.google.com/books?id=WA83AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA389. From p. 389: "Dr. Van der Weyde then exhibited some samples of the products of distillation of tar, and a safety-lamp for burning the lighter hydro-carbons, which is mainly a reproduction of the "Ligroine" lamp invented and put into the market first by C. Schreiber in Munich (Bavaria), and described in the March number of Dingler's Polytechnic Journal."
- See also: Van der Weyde, P. H. (7 November 1866). "Uses of refuse acid of petroleum distilleries – oxydability of petroleum". The American Artisan and Patent Record 4: 6. https://books.google.com/books?id=WA83AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA6.
Early use in German:
- Schafhäutl (1866). "Ueber die neue Li-gro-ine- oder Petroleum-Gaslampe" (in German). Dinglers Polytechnisches Journal 179: 472–475. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015063570363;view=1up;seq=500. From p. 474: "Das einzige Gefährliche ist die Aufbewahrung des Leuchtstoffes, der sogenannten Li-gro-ine selbst. Diese Naphta oder Li-gro-ine muß, wenn in großen Quantitäten vorhanden, in wohl verschlossenen Gefäßen aufbewahrt werden." (The one danger is the storage of the lamp fuel, the so-called "ligroin" itself. This naphtha or "ligroin" must, if present in large quantities, be stored in well sealed containers.)

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[1] David R. Lide, ed. (2010), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.), CRC Press, pp. 2–56

[2] "Chemistry of Hazardous Materials, Third Edition", Meyer, E., Prentice Hall, 1998, page 458.

[phenix-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Alan Phenix (2007), "Generic Hydrocarbon Solvents: a Guide to Nomenclature", WAAC Newsletter 29 (2), http://cool.conservation-us.org/waac/wn/wn29/wn29-2/wn29-204.pdf

[5] Rudolf Diesel: Die Entstehung des Dieselmotors, Springer, Berlin 1913, ISBN:978-3-642-64940-0. p. 110

[4] The name "ligroin" was coined in the United States:
Heppe, G., ed (1890) (in German). Klemens Merck's Warenlexikon für Handel, Industrie und Gewerbe. Leipzig, Germany: G. A. Gloeckner. p. 349. From p. 349: "Ligroine; der in Amerika erfundene Name für einen der flüchtigeren Teile des rohen Petroleums, … " (Ligroin: the name that was coined in America for one of the more volatile parts of crude petroleum, … )
Early use in English:
(Editorial staff) (24 October 1866). "Polytechnic Association of the American Institute". The American Artisan and Patent Record 3: 389. https://books.google.com/books?id=WA83AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA389. From p. 389: "Dr. Van der Weyde then exhibited some samples of the products of distillation of tar, and a safety-lamp for burning the lighter hydro-carbons, which is mainly a reproduction of the "Ligroine" lamp invented and put into the market first by C. Schreiber in Munich (Bavaria), and described in the March number of Dingler's Polytechnic Journal."

See also: Van der Weyde, P. H. (7 November 1866). "Uses of refuse acid of petroleum distilleries – oxydability of petroleum". The American Artisan and Patent Record 4: 6. https://books.google.com/books?id=WA83AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA6.
Early use in German:
Schafhäutl (1866). "Ueber die neue Li-gro-ine- oder Petroleum-Gaslampe" (in German). Dinglers Polytechnisches Journal 179: 472–475. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015063570363;view=1up;seq=500. From p. 474: "Das einzige Gefährliche ist die Aufbewahrung des Leuchtstoffes, der sogenannten Li-gro-ine selbst. Diese Naphta oder Li-gro-ine muß, wenn in großen Quantitäten vorhanden, in wohl verschlossenen Gefäßen aufbewahrt werden." (The one danger is the storage of the lamp fuel, the so-called "ligroin" itself. This naphtha or "ligroin" must, if present in large quantities, be stored in well sealed containers.)

[6] Heppe, G., ed (1890) (in German). Klemens Merck's Warenlexikon für Handel, Industrie und Gewerbe. Leipzig, Germany: G. A. Gloeckner. p. 349. From p. 349: "Ligroine; der in Amerika erfundene Name für einen der flüchtigeren Teile des rohen Petroleums, … " (Ligroin: the name that was coined in America for one of the more volatile parts of crude petroleum, … )

[7] (Editorial staff) (24 October 1866). "Polytechnic Association of the American Institute". The American Artisan and Patent Record 3: 389. https://books.google.com/books?id=WA83AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA389. From p. 389: "Dr. Van der Weyde then exhibited some samples of the products of distillation of tar, and a safety-lamp for burning the lighter hydro-carbons, which is mainly a reproduction of the "Ligroine" lamp invented and put into the market first by C. Schreiber in Munich (Bavaria), and described in the March number of Dingler's Polytechnic Journal."

[8] See also: Van der Weyde, P. H. (7 November 1866). "Uses of refuse acid of petroleum distilleries – oxydability of petroleum". The American Artisan and Patent Record 4: 6. https://books.google.com/books?id=WA83AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA6.

[9] Schafhäutl (1866). "Ueber die neue Li-gro-ine- oder Petroleum-Gaslampe" (in German). Dinglers Polytechnisches Journal 179: 472–475. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015063570363;view=1up;seq=500. From p. 474: "Das einzige Gefährliche ist die Aufbewahrung des Leuchtstoffes, der sogenannten Li-gro-ine selbst. Diese Naphta oder Li-gro-ine muß, wenn in großen Quantitäten vorhanden, in wohl verschlossenen Gefäßen aufbewahrt werden." (The one danger is the storage of the lamp fuel, the so-called "ligroin" itself. This naphtha or "ligroin" must, if present in large quantities, be stored in well sealed containers.)

Ligroin

Standards

Use as fuel

See also

References

Notes