Changhsingian

Changhsingian
	254.14 ± 0.07 – 251.902 ± 0.024 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Chronology
	Permian graphical timeline This box: view · talk · edit -300 — – -295 — – -290 — – -285 — – -280 — – -275 — – -270 — – -265 — – -260 — – -255 — – -250 — P; a; l; e; o; z; o; i; c M; Z C P; e; r; m; i; a; n white;">T P L; P C; i; s; u; r; a; l; i; a; n G; u; a; d; a; l; u; p. L; o; p; i; n. white;">E; T Gzhelian Asselian Sakmarian Artinskian Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Induan ← Permian-Triassic mass extinction event ← end-Capitanian extinction event ← Olson's Extinction Subdivision of the Permian according to the ICS, as of 2021.; Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.;
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Name ratified	1981
Alternate spelling(s)	Changxingian
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Age
Stratigraphic unit	Stage
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	Meishan, Zhejiang, China
Lower boundary GSSP	FAD of the Conodont Clarkina wangi; 31°04′55″N 119°42′23″E / 31.0819°N 119.7064°E
GSSP ratified	2005
Upper boundary definition	FAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus.
Upper boundary GSSP	Meishan, Zhejiang, China; 31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E
GSSP ratified	2001

In the geologic time scale, the Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian Epoch or Series. The Changhsingian lasted from 254.14 to 251.902 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Wuchiapingian and followed by the Induan.^[4]

The greatest mass extinction in the Phanerozoic eon, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, occurred during this age. The extinction rate peaked about a million years before the end of this stage.

Stratigraphic definitions

The Changhsingian is named after Changxing (Chinese: 长兴; pinyin: Chángxīng; Wade–Giles: Ch’ang-hsing) in northern Zhejiang, China. The stage was named for the Changhsing Limestone.^[5] The name was first used for a stage in 1970^[6]^[7] and was anchored in the international timescale in 1981.^[8]

The base of the Changhsingian Stage is at the first appearance of the conodont species Clarkina wangi. The global reference profile is profile D at Meishan, in the type area in Changxing.^[8] The top of the Changhsingian (the base of the Induan Stage and the Triassic System is at the first appearance of the conodont species Hindeodus parvus.

The Changhsingian stage contains only one ammonite biozone: that of the genus Iranites.

Palaeontology

The Changhsingian ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event when both global biodiversity and alpha diversity (community-level diversity) were devastated.^[9] The world after the extinction was almost lifeless, deserted, hot, and dry. Ammonoids, fishes, insects, and the tetrapods (cynodonts, amphibians, reptiles, therapsids, etc.) remained rare and terrestrial ecosystems did not recover for 30 million years.^[9]

References

↑ "Chart/Time Scale". International Commission on Stratigraphy. http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale.
↑ Jin, Yugan; Wang, Yue; Henderson, Charles; Wardlaw, Bruce; Shen, Shuzhong; Cao, Changqun (September 2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian)". Episodes 29 (3): 175-182. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003. http://www.episodes.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
↑ Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary". Episodes 24: 102-114. https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/induan.pdf. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
↑ Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press
↑ Grabau, A.W.; 1923: Stratigraphy of China, Part 1: Palaeozoic and lower, Geological Survey of China, 529 pp.
↑ Furnish, W.M. & Glenister, B.F.; 1970: Permian ammonite Cyclolobus from the Salt Range, West Pakistan, in: Kummel, B. & Teichert, G. (eds.): Stratigraphic boundary problems, Permian and Triassic of west Pakistan, Geological Department of Kansas University, Special Publication 4, pp 158–176.
↑ Furnish, W.M. & Glenister, B.F.; 1973: Permian stages names, in: Logan, A. & Hills, L.V.: The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 2, pp 522–548.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Jin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Henderson, C.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Shen, S. & Cao, C.; 2006: The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian) Episodes 29(3), p. 175-182, PDF.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMID 18198148.

External links

GeoWhen Database - Changhsingian
Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic chart at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS

Coordinates: 31°04′55″N 119°42′23″E / 31.0819°N 119.7064°E / 31.0819; 119.7064

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[1] "Chart/Time Scale". International Commission on Stratigraphy. http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale.

[2] Jin, Yugan; Wang, Yue; Henderson, Charles; Wardlaw, Bruce; Shen, Shuzhong; Cao, Changqun (September 2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian)". Episodes 29 (3): 175-182. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003. http://www.episodes.org/journal/view.html?doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003. Retrieved 23 December 2020.

[3] Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary". Episodes 24: 102-114. https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/files/induan.pdf. Retrieved 8 December 2020.

[4] Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press

[5] Grabau, A.W.; 1923: Stratigraphy of China, Part 1: Palaeozoic and lower, Geological Survey of China, 529 pp.

[6] Furnish, W.M. & Glenister, B.F.; 1970: Permian ammonite Cyclolobus from the Salt Range, West Pakistan, in: Kummel, B. & Teichert, G. (eds.): Stratigraphic boundary problems, Permian and Triassic of west Pakistan, Geological Department of Kansas University, Special Publication 4, pp 158–176.

[7] Furnish, W.M. & Glenister, B.F.; 1973: Permian stages names, in: Logan, A. & Hills, L.V.: The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 2, pp 522–548.

[Jin-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Jin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Henderson, C.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Shen, S. & Cao, C.; 2006: The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian) Episodes 29(3), p. 175-182, PDF.

[SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMID 18198148.

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Changhsingian
254.14 ± 0.07 – 251.902 ± 0.024 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Chronology
Permian graphical timeline This box: view · talk · edit -300 — – -295 — – -290 — – -285 — – -280 — – -275 — – -270 — – -265 — – -260 — – -255 — – -250 — P a l e o z o i c M Z C P e r m i a n white;">T P L P C i s u r a l i a n G u a d a l u p. L o p i n. white;">E T Gzhelian Asselian Sakmarian Artinskian Kungurian Roadian Wordian Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Induan ← Permian-Triassic mass extinction event ← end-Capitanian extinction event ← Olson's Extinction Subdivision of the Permian according to the ICS, as of 2021.^[1] Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
Etymology
Name formality	Formal
Name ratified	1981
Alternate spelling(s)	Changxingian
Usage information
Celestial body	Earth
Regional usage	Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used	ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit	Age
Stratigraphic unit	Stage
Time span formality	Formal
Lower boundary definition	Meishan, Zhejiang, China
Lower boundary GSSP	FAD of the Conodont Clarkina wangi 31°04′55″N 119°42′23″E / 31.0819°N 119.7064°E / 31.0819; 119.7064
GSSP ratified	2005^[2]
Upper boundary definition	FAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus.
Upper boundary GSSP	Meishan, Zhejiang, China 31°04′47″N 119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E / 31.0798; 119.7058
GSSP ratified	2001^[3]