List Of Electoral Systems

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An electoral system (or voting system) is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined.

Some electoral systems elect a single winner (single candidate or option), while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors.

The study of formally defined electoral methods is called social choice theory or voting theory, and this study can take place within the field of political science, economics, or mathematics, and specifically within the subfields of game theory and mechanism design.

List of electoral systems by types

Key

Name (abbr.) and other names of the system (other names that may sometimes refer to other systems)
Type of representation: the most common division of electoral systems
- Majoritarian: winner-takes-all systems (including all single-winner systems)
- Proportional
- Semi-proportional
- Other: sortition, etc.
Mixed system (yes/no)
Single-winner/multiple winner system
List / candidate (personal election) based system
Decision rule
- Plurality (candidates with most votes win)
- Majority (candidates must receive support at least half of voters)
- Quota (candidates must at least reach the quota)
Type of ballot
- single choice
- multiple choice
- cumulative (more than one vote for one candidate possible)
- ranked (ordinal voting)
- score (cardinal voting)
Number of votes/voter
Number of tiers: number of levels e.g. local, regional, state, national

Systems


Name(s)	Variations	Type of representation	Mixed?	Single/multi-winner	List / candidate-based system	Type of decision rule	Type of ballot	Number of votes / voter	Number of tiers (if mixed)
First-past-the-post (FPTP/FPP)^[1] Single-member plurality (SMP/SMDP)	two-round system with lower than 50% requirement in first round	majoritarian	No	single-winner	candidate	plurality	single choice	1	N/A
General ticket Party-block voting (PBV)		majoritarian	No	multi-winner	list	plurality	single choice	1	N/A
Plurality block voting (BV) plurality-at-large voting (multiple non-transferable vote, MTNV)	limited party block voting	majoritarian	No	multi-winner	candidate	plurality	multiple choice	=number of winners	N/A
Limited voting (LV) limited block voting partial block voting (multiple non-transferable vote, MNTV)	limited party block voting	semi-proportional	No	multi-winner	candidate	plurality	multiple choice	<number of winners	N/A
Single non-transferable vote (SNTV)		semi-proportional	No	multi-winner	candidate	plurality	single choice	1	N/A
Single transferable vote (STV) Hare–Clark electoral system^[2] (proportional ranked-choice voting)^[3]		semi-proportional / proportional	No	multi-winner	candidate	quota	ranked choice (ordinal voting)	1 (effectively)	N/A
Instant-runoff voting (IRV)^[4] (Alternative vote - AV)^[5] (Ranked-choice voting - RCV)^[6] (Single-transferable vote - STV) (Hare's method)^[7]	contingent vote, supplementary vote, Coombs' method	majoritarian	No	single-winner	candidate	majority	ranked choice (ordinal voting)	1 (effectively)	N/A
Two-round system (TRS)^[8] Runoff voting	Non-partisan primary, multi-round voting	majoritarian	No	single-winner	candidate	majority	single choice	1 (each round)	N/A
Two-round block voting (majority block voting)(multiple non-transferable vote, MNTV)		majoritarian	No	multi-winner	candidate	majority	multiple choice	=number of winners (each round)	N/A
Multiple transferable vote (MTV) (Preferential block voting)		majoritarian	No	multi-winner	candidate	majority	ranked choice (ordinal voting)	=number of winners, effectively	N/A
Exhaustive ballot		majoritarian	No	single-winner /multi-winner	candidate	majority	single choice	1	N/A
Cumulative voting	panachage (certain types)	majoritarian / semi-proportional	No	single-winner /multi-winner	candidate	plurality	cumulative ballot	>1	N/A
Approval voting (AV)^[9]	block approval voting	majoritarian	No	single-winner /multi-winner	candidate	plurality	multiple choice	any number (max. one for one candidate)	N/A
Score voting Range voting	Approval voting (score voting 0-1)	majoritarian / semi-proportional	No	single-winner /multi-winner	candidate	plurality	score ballot(cardinal voting)		N/A
Borda count		majoritarian / semi-proportional	No	single-winner /multi-winner	candidate	plurality	ranked choice (ordinal voting)		N/A
Condorcet method	Copeland's method, Dodgson's method, Kemeny–Young method, Minimax, Nanson's method, ranked pairs, Schulze method, Tideman's alternative methods	majoritarian	No	single-winner	candidate	majority against every candidate	ranked choice (ordinal voting)		N/A
Party-list proportional representation list-PR	Largest remainderHighest averagesBinomial voting	semi-proportional / proportional	No	multi-winner	list (+ candidate, if open list)	quota or divisor method	single choice	1 (effectively)	N/A
Superposition - non-compensatory combination of FPTP + List-PR (Supplementary member system) (Parallel voting)^[10] (Mixed-member majoritarian representation - MMM)	Two-round system + List-PR mixed single vote version	semi-proportional	Yes	multi-winner(+ single-winner in districts)	candidate + list	mixed non-compensatory	single choice	2 (each tier)	2
Seat-linkage compensatory combination of FPTP + List-PR (Additional member system - AMS)^[11] (Mixed-member proportional representation - MMP)	mixed single vote version best-loser mixed-member proportional	semi-proportional / proportional	Yes	multi-winner(+ single-winner in districts)	candidate + list	mixed compensatory	single choice	2 (each tier)	2
Vote-linkage compensatory combination of FPTP + List-PR Positive vote transfer system (PVT)^[12] (mixed single vote - MSV^[13]) (Additional member system - AMS)	negative vote transfer	semi-proportional / proportional	Yes	multi-winner(+ single-winner in districts)	candidate + list	mixed compensatory	single choice	1	2
Dual member proportional (DMP)^[14]		semi-proportional / proportional	Yes	multi-winner	list or candidate	plurality	single choice	1	1

List of electoral systems used for national elections

Electoral system for national legislatures (lower house or unicameral)

Majoritarian representation (winner-take-all) Proportional representation Mixed-member majoritarian representation Mixed-member proportional representation Semi-proportional representation (non-mixed) No election (e.g. Monarchy)

References

↑ "First past the post" (in en). Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 13 January 2016. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/fpp-to-mmp/first-past-the-post.
↑ George Howatt, Democratic Representation under the Hare-Clark System – The Need for Seven-Member Electorates
↑ "How RCV Works". https://www.fairvote.org/how_rcv_works.
↑ Cary, David (1 January 2011). "Estimating the Margin of Victory for Instant-runoff Voting". Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Electronic Voting Technology/Workshop on Trustworthy Elections. EVT/WOTE'11: 3. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2028012.2028015. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
↑ "Alternative Vote" (in en-US). https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/alternative-vote/.
↑ FairVote.org. "Ranked Choice Voting / Instant Runoff". https://www.fairvote.org/rcv.
↑ Pacuit, Eric (3 August 2011). Voting Methods. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/voting-methods/. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
↑ "Two-Round System". https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/two-round-system/.
↑ Brams, Steven; Fishburn, Peter (1978). "Approval Voting". American Political Science Review 72 (3): 831–847. doi:10.2307/1955105.
↑ "Parallel —". https://aceproject.org/main/english/es/ese01.htm.
↑ "Additional-member system: Politics". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/topic/additional-member-system. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
↑ Bochsler, D (2014). "Which mixed-member proportional electoral formula fits you best? Assessing the proportionality principle of positive vote transfer systems". Representation 50: 113–127. doi:10.1080/00344893.2014.902222.
↑ Golosov, G. V. (2013). "The Case for Mixed Single Vote Electoral Systems". The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies.
↑ Graham, Sean (April 4, 2016). Dual-Member Mixed Proportional: A New Electoral System for Canada. doi:10.7939/r3-qppp-b676. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/e3ab993a-d264-4d30-b819-290ab5fd6b62. Retrieved June 11, 2022.

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[1] "First past the post" (in en). Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 13 January 2016. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/fpp-to-mmp/first-past-the-post.

[2] George Howatt, Democratic Representation under the Hare-Clark System – The Need for Seven-Member Electorates

[3] "How RCV Works". https://www.fairvote.org/how_rcv_works.

[4] Cary, David (1 January 2011). "Estimating the Margin of Victory for Instant-runoff Voting". Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Electronic Voting Technology/Workshop on Trustworthy Elections. EVT/WOTE'11: 3. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2028012.2028015. Retrieved 11 June 2022.

[5] "Alternative Vote" (in en-US). https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/alternative-vote/.

[6] FairVote.org. "Ranked Choice Voting / Instant Runoff". https://www.fairvote.org/rcv.

[7] Pacuit, Eric (3 August 2011). Voting Methods. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/voting-methods/. Retrieved 11 June 2022.

[8] "Two-Round System". https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/two-round-system/.

[9] Brams, Steven; Fishburn, Peter (1978). "Approval Voting". American Political Science Review 72 (3): 831–847. doi:10.2307/1955105.

[10] "Parallel —". https://aceproject.org/main/english/es/ese01.htm.

[Additional-member_system:_Politics-11] "Additional-member system: Politics". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/topic/additional-member-system. Retrieved 24 March 2016.

[12] Bochsler, D (2014). "Which mixed-member proportional electoral formula fits you best? Assessing the proportionality principle of positive vote transfer systems". Representation 50: 113–127. doi:10.1080/00344893.2014.902222.

[:0-13] Golosov, G. V. (2013). "The Case for Mixed Single Vote Electoral Systems". The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies.

[dmpreport-14] Graham, Sean (April 4, 2016). Dual-Member Mixed Proportional: A New Electoral System for Canada. doi:10.7939/r3-qppp-b676. https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/e3ab993a-d264-4d30-b819-290ab5fd6b62. Retrieved June 11, 2022.

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List Of Electoral Systems

Contents

List of electoral systems by types

Key

Systems

List of electoral systems used for national elections

See also

References