Jeep

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Bantam BRC 40

Jeep is an automobile marque (and registered trademark) of Chrysler. It is the oldest Sports utility vehicle (SUV) brand. Land Rover is the second oldest. The word "jeep" is often used as a generic term, uncapitalized, for any vehicle of this shape and function.

It was use by the United States military during World War I that brought the Jeep to the world's notice. Subsequently, its off-road ability and its rugged but light characteristics have helped to open up inaccessible places, facilitating transport and communication in some of the most isolated locations in the world. It has often been the first type of vehicle to penetrate some terrains, where it provides an essential life-line for those who live there. A house-hold name across the globe, the Jeep is an example of a technology that can be put to good use, or to less ideal uses, according to the circumstances. In one location, it carried troops, in another emergency supplies. Here, it transports narcotics, there it carries medicine. However, it has perhaps been as widely used by humanitarian agencies to reach disaster zones as it has been by the military in the prosecution of armed conflict.

History

The origin of the term "jeep"

There are many stories about where the word "jeep" came from. Although they make for interesting and memorable tales, they are difficult to verify.

Did you know?
The Jeep is the oldest Sports utility vehicle (SUV) brand

Probably the most popular notion has it that the vehicle bore the designation "GP" (for "General Purpose"), which was phonetically slurred into the word jeep. R. Lee Ermey, on his television series Mail Call, disputes this, saying that the vehicle was designed for specific duties, was never referred to as "General Purpose," and that the name may have been derived from Ford's nomenclature referring to the vehicle as GP (G for government-use, and P to designate its 80-inch wheelbase). "General purpose" does appear in connection with the vehicle in the WW2 TM 9-803 manual, which describes the vehicle as "… a general purpose, personnel, or cargo carrier especially adaptable for reconnaissance or command, and designated as ¼-ton 4x4 Truck," and the vehicle is designated a "GP" in TM 9-2800, Standard Military Motor Vehicles, September 1, 1943, but whether the average jeep-driving GI would have been familiar with either of these manuals is open to debate.

This version of the story may be confused with the nickname of another series of vehicles with the GP designation. The Electro-Motive Division of General Motors, a maker of railroad locomotives, introduced its "General Purpose" line in 1949, using the GP tag. These locomotives are commonly referred to as Geeps, pronounced the same way as "Jeep."

Many, including Ermey, claim that the likelier origin refers to the character Eugene the Jeep in the Thimble Theater (Popeye) comic strip. Eugene the Jeep was dog-like and could walk through walls and ceilings, climb trees, fly, and just about go anywhere it wanted; it is thought that soldiers at the time were so impressed with the new vehicle's versatility that they informally named it after the character. The character "Eugene the Jeep" was created in 1936.

The term "jeep" was first commonly used during World War I (1914–1918) by soldiers as a slang word for new recruits and for new unproven vehicles. This is according to a history of the vehicle for an issue of the U.S. Army magazine, Quartermaster Review, which was written by Maj. E.P. Hogan. He went on to say that the slang word "jeep" had these definitions as late as the start of World War II.

"Jeep" had been used as the name of a small tractor made by Modine.

The term "jeep" would eventually be used as slang to refer to an airplane, a tractor used for hauling heavy equipment, and an autogyro. When the first models of the jeep came to Camp Holabird for tests, the vehicle did not have a name yet. Therefore the soldiers on the test project called it a jeep. Civilian engineers and test drivers who were at the camp during this time were not aware of the military slang term. They most likely were familiar with the character Eugene the Jeep and thought that Eugene was the origin of the name. The vehicle had many other nicknames at this time, such as Peep and Pygmy and Blitz-Buggy, although because of the Eugene association, Jeep stuck in people's minds better than any other term.

Words of the Fighting Forces, a dictionary of military slang, published in 1942, in the library at The Pentagon gives this definition:

Jeep: A four-wheel drive car of one-half to one-and-one-half ton capacity for reconnaissance or other army duty. A term applied to the bantam-cars, and occasionally to other motor vehicles (U.S.A.) in the Air Corps, the Link Trainer; in the armored forces, the ½ ton command car. Also referred to as "any small plane, helicopter, or gadget."[1]

Early in 1941, Willys-Overland demonstrated the vehicle's ability by having it drive up the U.S. Capitol steps, driven by Willy's test driver, Irving "Red" Haussman, who had recently heard soldiers at Fort Holabird calling it a "jeep." When asked by syndicated columnist Katherine Hillyer for the Washington Daily News (or by a bystander, according to another account) what it was called, Irving answered, "It's a jeep."

Katherine Hillyer's article was published on February 20, 1941, around the nation and included a picture of the vehicle with the caption:

LAWMAKERS TAKE A RIDE—With Senator Meade, of New York, at the wheel, and Representative Thomas, of New Jersey, sitting beside him, one of the Army's new scout cars, known as "jeeps" or "quads," climbs up the Capitol steps in a demonstration yesterday. Soldiers in the rear seat for gunners were unperturbed.

This exposure caused all other jeep references to fade, leaving the 4x4 truck with the name.

Willys-Overland Inc. was later awarded the sole privilege of owning the name "Jeep" as registered trademark, by extension, merely because it originally had offered the most powerful engine.

The origins of the vehicle: The first jeeps

Dashboard of WWII jeep

The first jeep prototype (the Bantam BRC) was built for the Department of the Army by American Bantam in Butler, Pennsylvania, followed by two other competing prototypes produced by Ford and Willys-Overland. Design was said to have been inspired by the Spartan Army uniform. The American Bantam Car Company actually built and designed the vehicle that first met the Army's criteria, but its engine did not meet the Army's torque requirements. Plus, the Army felt that the company was too small to supply the number needed and it allowed Willys and Ford to make second attempts on their designs after seeing Bantam's vehicle in action. Some people argue that Ford and Willys also had access to Bantam's technical paperwork.

Quantities (1,500) of each of the three models were then extensively field tested. During the bidding process for 16,000 "jeeps," Willys-Overland offered the lowest bid and won the initial contract. Willys thus designed what would become the standardized jeep, designating it a model MB military vehicle and building it at their plant in Toledo, Ohio.

Like American Bantam, Willys-Overland was a small company and, likewise, the military was concerned about their ability to produce large quantities of jeeps. The military was also concerned that Willys-Overland had only one manufacturing facility: Something that would make the supply of jeeps more susceptible to sabotage or production stoppages.

Based on these two concerns, the U.S. government required that jeeps also be built by the Ford Motor Company, who designated the vehicle as model GPW (G = governmental vehicle, P showed the wheelbase, and W = the Willys design). Willys and Ford, under the direction of Charles E. Sorensen (Vice-President of Ford during World War II), produced more than 600,000 jeeps.

Besides just being a "truck" the jeep was a vastly multi-purpose vehicle.

The jeep was widely copied around the world, including in France by Hotchkiss et Cie (after 1954, Hotchkiss manufactured Jeeps under license from Willys), and by Nekaf in the Netherlands. There were several versions created, including a railway jeep and an amphibious jeep. As part of the war effort, Jeeps were also supplied to the Soviet Red Army during World War II.

In the United States military, the jeep has been supplanted by a number of vehicles (for example, Ford's M151 MUTT) of which the latest is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV or "Humvee").

The M715
Jeep M715

In 1965, Jeep developed the M715 1 1/4 army truck, which served extensively in Vietnam. Today it serves other countries, and is being produced by Kia under license.

The Jeep marque

The marque has gone through many owners, starting in 1941, with Willys, which produced the first Civilian Jeep (CJ). Willys was sold to Kaiser in 1953, which became Kaiser-Jeep in 1963. American Motors (AMC) purchased Kaiser’s money-losing Jeep operations in 1970. The utility vehicles complemented AMC’s passenger car business by sharing components, achieving volume efficiencies, as well as capitalizing on Jeep’s international and government markets.

The French automaker Renault began investing in AMC in 1979. However, by 1987, the automobile markets had changed and even Renault itself was experiencing financial troubles. At the same time, Chrysler Corporation wanted to capture the Jeep brand, as well as other assets of AMC. Chrysler bought out AMC in 1987, shortly after the Jeep CJ was replaced with the AMC-designed Jeep Wrangler, or YJ. Chrysler merged with Daimler-Benz in 1998 to form DaimlerChrysler. DaimlerChrysler eventually sold most of their interest in Chrysler to a private equity company in 2007. Chrysler and the Jeep division now operate under the name Chrysler Holding LLC.

Toledo, Ohio, has been the headquarters of the Jeep marque since its inception, and the city has always been proud of this heritage. Although no longer produced in the same factory as the World War II originals, two streets in the vicinity of the old plant are named Willys Parkway and Jeep Parkway.

American Motors set up the first automobile-manufacturing joint venture in the People's Republic of China on January 15, 1984. The result was Beijing Jeep Corporation, Ltd., in partnership with Beijing Automobile Industry Corporation, to produce the Jeep Cherokee (XJ) in Beijing. Manufacture continued after Chrysler's buyout of AMC. This joint venture is now part of DaimlerChrysler and DaimlerChrysler China Invest Corporation. The current model is the Jeep 2500, an updated XJ Cherokee.

Jeep vehicles have "model designations" in addition to their common names. Nearly every civilian Jeep until the mid-2000s has an "xJ" designation, though not all are as well-known as the classic CJ. Chrysler has now changed to an "xK" designation.

A division of Chrysler Holdings, the most recent successor company to Willys, now holds trademark status on the word "Jeep" and the distinctive 7-slot front grille design. The original 9-slot grille associated with all WW2 jeeps was designed by Ford for their GPW, and because it weighed less than the original "Slat Grille" of Willys, (an arrangement of flat bars) was incorporated into the "Standardized jeep" design.

AM General

The history of the Humvee has ties with Jeep. In 1971, Jeep's Defense and Government Products Division was turned into AM General, a wholly-owned subsidiary of American Motors Corporation, which also owned Jeep. In 1979, while still owned by American Motors, AM General began the first steps toward designing the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle. AM General also continued manufacturing the DJ, which Jeep created in 1953.

Jeep model list

Historical models

Historical Jeep models:

WWII Willys jeep
WWII jeep built by Ford, using the Willys-Overland design
1974 Cherokee S in action.
1981 Jeep Scrambler
First generation ZJ
1997 Jeep Wrangler TJ

Current models

The Jeep brand currently produces five models, but 8 vehicles are under the brand name or use the Jeep logo:

Future models

Concept vehicles

Special vehicles

Jeeps around the world

Jeeps have been built and/or assembled around the world by various companies.[2]

Notes

  1. ↑ Clinton A. Saunders and Joseph W. Blackwell, Words of the Fighting Forces (1942).
  2. ↑ Jeeps around the world Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  3. ↑ IKA Jeeps in Argentina Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  4. ↑ History of Jeeps in Australia March 2, 2019.
  5. ↑ CJ-3Bs Built in Belgium Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  6. ↑ Jeeps in Brazil. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  7. ↑ Kaiser Jeep in Windsor, Canada, 1959-69. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  8. ↑ Colombia Loves Willys Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  9. ↑ Jeeps in France. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  10. ↑ Jeeps in India: Mahindra & Mahindra Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  11. ↑ Israel Jeeps Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  12. ↑ Jeeps in Italy. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  13. ↑ Mitsubishi Jeeps in Japan Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  14. ↑ Jeeps in South Korea Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  15. ↑ VAM Jeeps in Mexico Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  16. ↑ Jan Hogendoorn and Derek Redmond, NEKAF Jeeps in the Netherlands. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  17. ↑ Jeepneys of the Philippines. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  18. ↑ Los Jeeps in Spain. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  19. ↑ Review of The Jeep in Sweden by Stig Edqvist Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  20. ↑ Tuzla Jeeps in Turkey. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  21. ↑ Jeeps in Venezuela Retrieved March 2, 2019.

References
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External links

All links retrieved July 30, 2022.

Official sites

Other links

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