Evolutionary biology[r]: The study of the origin and descent of species, as well as their change, multiplication, and diversity over time. [e]
Biological mathematics[r]: The subdiscipline of biology that explores and exploits the use of biological systems to perform mathematical/computational operations and achieve solutions to mathematical/computational problems — in particular, DNA computing. [e]
Emergence (biology)[r]: The exhibition of novel collective phenomena in living systems stemming from a complex organization of their many constituent parts. [e]
Brain morphometry[r]: The quantitative study of structures in the brain, their differences between individuals, correlations with brain function, and changes of these characteristics over time. [e]